About Kariyachalli Island:

• It is one of the 21 islands in the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park region, located on the southeastern coast of India between Rameshwaram and Thhothukudi.
• The Gulf of Mannar is home to one of the four major coral reefs in India and is one of India’s most ecologically sensitive marine zones.
• The uninhabited island has sunk significantly over the past few decades due to rapid erosion, rising sea levels, and degradation of the surrounding coral reef and seagrass meadows.
• About a third of the coral around the island has bleached on average, and further degradation and disappearance of coral reefs would make the island more vulnerable to erosion, the report stated.
• The Tamil Nadu Government is undertaking restoration under the Tamil Nadu SHORE (Sustainably Harnessing Ocean Resources) project, with World Bank support.

About Key Facts about Adi Tribe:

• The Adi are one of the major indigenous tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh.
• The name Adi means 'hill man'.
• They primarily reside in the lower part of the Lower Dibang Valley district, particularly in Roing and Dambuk areas.
• They are believed to have come from southern China in the 16th century.
• The Adis have two main divisions (the Bogums and Bomis), and under each there are a number of sub-tribes.
  • The Minyonfs, Karkos, Shimongs, Bomdo, Janbos, Panggis, Palibos, Bogums, Padams, Milangs, and so on form one group, while the Gallong and seven other groups constitute another group of Adis.
• Racially the Adi tribes belong to the Mongoloid stock with well-built features.
• Language:
  • The language spoken by Adis is called Adi, which is distantly related to the Chinese and Tibetan languages.
  • It is spoken with minor variations among all the Adi tribes.
• Society:
  • The father is considered the head of the family.
  • The Adis by nature are democratic and have a nicely organised village council, better known as "Kebang".
  • The Adi tribe is organized into several clans.
  • This tribe is determinant of the social relationship and kinship.
  • Family is the lowest unit of social organization and nuclear in character.
  • Monogamy is the common form of marriage, though polygamy is socially restricted.
  • Adi houses are constructed using wood and bamboo, featuring raised floors called "chang," made from split bamboo over beams supported by wooden or bamboo stilts.
• Occupation:
  • Agriculture forms the backbone of Adi livelihoods, with both wet rice cultivation and shifting cultivation being practiced.
  • In addition to agriculture, fishing and hunting play significant roles in supplementing food sources.
  • Handicrafts of the Adi tribes are best seen in their cane and bamboo works like baskets, trays, haversacks, mats, and hats and headgears with artistic designs that are produced for domestic use.
  • Women belonging to the Adi tribal group are expert weavers.
• Religion:
  • The majority of Adi traditionally followed the animist Donyi-Polo religion, which involves the worship of the sun, the moon, and the ancestral god, the shaman, called Miri, can be a female.
  • But, in modern times, many of the Adis have moved away from Donyi-Polo, especially the Adi youths, and have converted to Christianity.
• Festivals:
  • Their main festivals are Solung, Etor, and Aaran.
  • Popular dances are the Ponung, Delong, Yakjong, and Tapu, which is in-fact, a war dance.
  • Dances performed are in-group lead by a main singer (Miri).

About AIM-120 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM):

• It is an active, radar-guided, medium-range, supersonic air-to-air missile.
• It is among the most widely used beyond-visual-range (BVR) air combat weapons in the world.
• Developed in the US in the late 1970s and 1980s, it became operational in 1991 with the US Air Force, replacing older radar-guided missiles.
• The AIM-120 is currently employed by over 35 countries, including key S. allies in NATO, the Asia-Pacific region, and the Middle East.
  • Notable users include the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and several NATO member countries.
• From American F-15s, F-16s, and F-35s to European aircraft like the Typhoon and Gripen, it is installed on a wide variety of fighter jets.
• The missile's primary role is to achieve air superiority by engaging and destroying enemy fighters, bombers, and cruise missiles from beyond visual range.
• Features:
  • The missile features four cropped delta wings for lift and four control fins at the rear for steering.
  • It is powered by a solid-fuel rocket motor capable of propelling it to speeds exceeding Mach 4.
  • The missile can be launched in all weather, day or night.
  • It has a range exceeding 160 kilometers under optimal launch conditions.
  • It has a blast fragmentation warhead detonated by a proximity fuse.
  • It utilizes a sophisticated guidance system that includes inertial guidance for the mid-course phase and terminal active radar homing for the final approach to the target.
    • The missile also supports optional mid-course update data links, which enhance its accuracy by refining its trajectory during flight.
    • This guidance system provides "fire-and-forget" capability, allowing the launching aircraft to disengage and focus on other threats.
  • AMRAAM-ER (Extended Range):
    • It is a ground-launched variant with extended range and altitude
    • It is intended for use in ground-based air defense systems like the NASAMS (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System).

About Ravi River:

• It is a transboundary river that flows through northwestern India and northeastern Pakistan.
• It is one of the five tributaries of the Indus River that give Punjab (meaning “Five Rivers”) its name.
• It was originally known as Iravati and Parushni/Purushni in Vedic times and later called Hydraotes by the Ancient Greeks.
• Course:
  • It originates from the northern face of Rohtang Pass in Himachal Pradesh and flows through the junction formed by the BaraBang-Dhauladhar range of the Himalayas as two channels, namely Budhil and Tantgari.
  • After joining, it flows through Himachal Pradesh, mainly the Chamba district, where it receives many tributaries.
  • From there, it flows southwards through India, crossing through Punjab before crossing into Pakistan, where it finally merges with the Chenab River, a major tributary of the Indus River.
• Often called “The River of Lahore,” the historical city of Lahore, Pakistan, sits on its eastern bank.
• The hydrology is controlled by spring snowmelt and the South Asian monsoon that brings heavy rains from June to September.
• Major Tributaries: Siul, Baira, and Ujh

Major Dams:

• Thein Dam (Ranjit Sagar Dam) – Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
• Chamera Dam – Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
• Shahpurkandi Dam – Pathankot, Punjab
• Ujh Dam – Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir
• Ravi-Beas Link (Proposed)
• Upper Bari Doab Canal–Irrigation canal system in Punjab

• The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 between India and Pakistan allocated the Ravi River, along with the Beas and Sutlej rivers, to India.

About Kendriya Grihmantri Dakshata Padak:           

• It has been instituted by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India in 2024.
• The award aims to encourage professional standards and boost the morale of officers and officials across the country.
• It is given to recognize excellent work, promote high professional standards and boost the morale of the concerned official/officer in the following fields:
  • Special Operation
  • Investigation
  • Intelligence
  • Forensic Science
• It was created by merging the 4 previously existing MHA awards –The Special Operation Medal, Medal for Excellence in Investigation, Exceptional Intelligence Efficiency Medal, and Union Home Minister’s Award for Meritorious Service.
• Eligibility: It is conferred on members of the Police Forces, Security Organization, Intelligence Wing/Branch/Special Branch of State/Union Territories/Central Police Organizations (CPOs)/Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and Forensic Science (Central / State / Union Territories) throughout the Indian Union.
• The medal is announced on 31st of October every year, on the occasion of the Birth Anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

About Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in Bihar.
• It is known for its natural hot springs.
• Vegetation: It predominantly has Northern Tropical Moist Deciduous Sal.
• Flora: It mainly consists of Shorea robusta (Sal), Terminalia tomentosa, Adina cordifolia, Syzygium cumini, aquatic macrophytes
• Fauna: It is home to leopard, sloth bear, hyena, wolf, large Indian civet and barking deer.