In August 2018, Researchers from the IISc, Bengaluru for the first time, achieved Ambient superconductivity (i.e. Superconductivity at room temperature and pressure), which normally requires extremely low temp. and/or extremely high pressure. Now, IISc Bengaluru has confirmed it, thus putting to rest all doubts and criticism.
About:
Meaning: Materials are said to be exhibiting superconductivity when they exhibit the following two characteristics after being cooled below their critical temperature -
zero electrical resistance and
expulsion of magnetic fields (Meissner effect)
Superconductor materials: Property of superconductivity is inherent to variety of materials –
Chemical elements(e.g. mercury or lead),
Alloys(such as niobium-titanium, germanium-niobium, and niobium nitride),
Ceramics(YBCO and magnesium diboride) and
Organic superconductors(fullerenes and carbon nanotubes);
Properties:
Phase Transition (at critical temp): In superconducting materials, the characteristics of superconductivity appear when the temperatureT is lowered below a critical temperature Tc.
Zero resistance to current: When the superconductor material is cooled below its critical temperature then it shows zero resistance to electric current.
Meissner effect: This means expulsion of a magnetic fieldfrom a superconductor when it is cooled below its critical temperature. This property is used for making high speed, magnetically-levitated trains (MAGLEV).
London moment: It is a phenomenonwhereby a ‘spinning’ superconductor generates a ‘magnetic field’ whose ‘axis’ lines up exactly with the ‘spin axis’.
High-temperature superconductors (HTS): These are materials that behave as superconductors at unusually high temperatures.
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