{"id":26859,"date":"2026-10-17T13:24:22","date_gmt":"2026-10-17T07:54:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/?p=26859"},"modified":"2026-10-17T13:24:22","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T07:54:22","slug":"upsc-anthropology-optional-syllabus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-anthropology-optional-syllabus\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 for Paper I and II"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> covers human evolution, biological anthropology, culture, society, research methods, genetics and Indian tribal communities. It is divided into Paper I and Paper II, carrying 250 marks each and covering a total of 500 marks. Understanding the complete syllabus helps candidates organise their preparation, select relevant books, practise previous years\u2019 questions and prepare focused notes for the UPSC 2027 target. A systematic approach to both papers helps build conceptual clarity and improve answer writing skills.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">combines scientific concepts with the study of human societies and cultures. Paper I focuses on the foundations of anthropology, human evolution, social and cultural systems, anthropological theories, genetics and research methods. Paper II covers Indian civilisation, social institutions, demographic patterns, tribal communities, social change and tribal development. Candidates preparing for UPSC Mains 2027 should use the prescribed syllabus as a checklist to ensure that every topic and subtopic receives adequate attention.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 for Paper I<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 for Paper I <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">covers the fundamental concepts, scientific foundations and theoretical approaches of anthropology. It includes human evolution, prehistoric archaeology, social institutions, economic and political organisation, religion, genetics, human development and applied anthropology.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><b>A. Meaning, Scope and Development of Anthropology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.1 Meaning, Scope and development of Anthropology.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.2 Relationships with other disciplines:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Sciences<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Behavioural Sciences<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Life Sciences<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medical Sciences<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth Sciences<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Humanities<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Social-cultural Anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Biological Anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Archaeological Anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Linguistic Anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>B. Human Evolution and Emergence of Man<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Theories of Organic Evolution:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pre Darwinian<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Darwinian<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Post Darwinian<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; evolutionary biology concepts:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doll\u2019s rule<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cope\u2019s rule<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gause\u2019s rule<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parallelism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Convergence<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adaptive radiation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mosaic evolution<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arboreal and Terrestrial adaptations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Primate Taxonomy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Primate Behaviour<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Living Major Primates<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Australopithecines<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Homo erectus:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Africa: Paranthropus<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europe: Homo erectus (heidelbergensis)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Asia: Homo erectus javanicus<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Asia: Homo erectus pekinensis<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Neanderthal man:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">La-chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mt. Carmel (Progressive type)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Rhodesian man<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(e) Homo sapiens:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cromagnon<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Grimaldi<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chancelade<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.7 The biological basis of Life:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Cell<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA structure and replication<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Protein Synthesis<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gene<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mutation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chromosomes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cell Division<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.8 Prehistoric Archaeology and Cultural Evolution:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chronology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Relative Dating methods<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Absolute Dating methods<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Broad outlines of prehistoric cultures:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(i) Paleolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(ii) Mesolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(iii) Neolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(iv) Chalcolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(v) Copper-Bronze age<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(vi) Iron Age<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>C. Culture and Society<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.1 The Nature of Culture:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concept and Characteristics of culture and civilization<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ethnocentrism vis-a-vis cultural Relativism<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.2 The Nature of Society:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concept of Society<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Society and Culture<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social Institution<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social groups<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social stratification<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.3 Marriage:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Definition and universality<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Laws of marriage:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Endogamy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Exogamy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hypergamy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hypogamy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Incest taboo<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Types of marriage:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monogamy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polygamy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polyandry<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Group marriage<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Functions of marriage<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marriage regulations:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Preferential<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prescriptive<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proscriptive<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marriage payments:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bride wealth<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dowry<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.4 Family:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Definition and universality<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Family, household and domestic groups<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Functions of family<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Types of family:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structure<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blood relation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marriage<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Residence<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Succession<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2.5 Kinship:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Consanguinity and Affinity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Principles and types of descent:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unilineal<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Double<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bilateral<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ambilineal<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forms of descent groups:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lineage<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Clan<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phratry<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moiety<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kindred<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kinship terminology:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Descriptive<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Classificatory<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Descent and Alliance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>D. Economic Organisation<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"3\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Economic Organization:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formalist and Substantivist debate<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Principles governing production, distribution and exchange:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reciprocity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Redistribution<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Market<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic systems among communities subsisting on:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hunting and gathering<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fishing<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Swiddening<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pastoralism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Horticulture<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Agriculture<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Globalization and indigenous economic systems<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Also Check: <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-geography-optional-syllabus\/\" target=\"_blank\">UPSC Geography Optional Syllabus<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h3><b>E. Political Organisation and Social Control<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Political Organization and Social Control:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Band<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribe<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chiefdom<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kingdom<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">State<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concepts of power, authority and legitimacy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social control, law and justice in simple Societies<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>F. Religion<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"5\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Religion:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropological approaches to the study of religion:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evolutionary<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Psychological<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Functional<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monotheism and polytheism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sacred and profane<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Myths and rituals<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forms of religion in tribal and peasant Societies:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Animism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Animatism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fetishism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naturism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Totemism<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Religion, magic and science distinguished<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Magico-religious functionaries:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Priest<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shaman<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medicine man<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sorcerer<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Witch<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>G. Anthropological Theories<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Anthropological theories:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Classical evolutionism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tylor<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Morgan<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Frazer<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Historical particularism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boas<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diffusionism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">German<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Functionalism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Malinowski<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structural Functionalism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Radcliffe-Brown<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Structuralism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">L\u2019evi-Strauss<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">E. Leach<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(e) Culture and personality:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Benedict<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mead<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Linton<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kardiner<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cora-du Bois<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(f) Neo evolutionism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Childe<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">White<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Steward<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sahlins<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Service<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(g) Cultural materialism:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harris<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(h) Symbolic and interpretive theories:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Turner<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schneider<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geertz<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(i) Cognitive theories:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tyler<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conklin<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(j) Post modernism in anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>H. Culture, Language and Communication<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"7\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Culture, Language and Communication:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nature, origin and characteristics of language<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Verbal and non verbal communication<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social context of language use<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>I. Research Methods in Anthropology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"8\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Research methods in Anthropology:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Distinction between technique, method and methodology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Tools of data collection:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Interview<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schedules<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Questionnaire<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Case study<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genealogy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Life history<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oral history<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Secondary sources of information<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Participatory methods<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>J. Human Genetics<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.1 Human Genetics: Methods and Application:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Methods for study of genetic principles in man-family study:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pedigree analysis<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twin study<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foster child<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Co-twin method<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cytogenetic method<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chromosomal and karyo type analysis<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biochemical methods<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Immunological methods<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">D.N.A. technology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recombinant technologies<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Single factor inheritance<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Multifactor inheritance<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lethal inheritance<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sub lethal inheritance<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polygenic inheritance in man<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.3 Genetic polymorphism and population genetics:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mendelian population<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hardy Weinberg law<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Causes and changes which bring down frequency:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mutation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Isolation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Migration<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Selection<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inbreeding<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic drift<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Consanguineous and non consanguineous mating<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic load<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Methodology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Sex chromosomal aberration:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Klinefelter (XXY)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Turner (XO)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Super female (XXX)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Intersex<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other syndromic disorders<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Autosomal aberrations:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Down syndrome<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patau syndrome<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Edward syndrome<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cri-du-chat syndrome<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Genetic imprints in human disease<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic screening<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic counseling<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Human DNA profiling<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gene mapping<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genome study<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.5 Race and racism:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological basis of morphological variation of non metric and characters<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Racial criteria<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Racial traits in relation to heredity and environment<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological basis of racial classification<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Racial differentiation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Race crossing in man<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ABO blood groups<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rh blood groups<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HLA<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hp<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transferring<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gm<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blood enzymes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physiological characteristics:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hb level<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Body fat<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pulse rate<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Respiratory functions<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio economic groups<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bio cultural Adaptations:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic factors<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Non genetic factors<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Man\u2019s physiological responses to environmental stresses:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hot desert<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cold<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">High altitude climate<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Health and disease<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infectious diseases<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Non infectious diseases<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nutritional deficiency related diseases<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>K. Human Growth and Development<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"10\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Concept of human growth and Development:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stages of growth:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pre natal<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natal<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infant<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Childhood<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adolescence<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maturity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Senescence<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Factors affecting growth and development:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biochemical<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nutritional<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cultural<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Socio economic<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ageing and senescence<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theories and observations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological and chronological longevity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Human physique and somatotypes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Methodologies for growth studies<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>L. Fertility and Demographic Theories<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fertility patterns<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Differentials<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11.2 Demographic theories:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cultural<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">11.3 Biological and socio ecological factors influencing:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fecundity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fertility<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natality<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mortality<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>M. Applications of Anthropology<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"12\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Applications of Anthropology:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropology of sports<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nutritional anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forensic Anthropology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applied human genetics:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paternity diagnosis<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Genetic counseling<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eugenics<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DNA technology in diseases and medicine<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 for Paper II<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 for Paper II <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">focuses on Indian civilisation, population diversity, traditional social institutions, caste, villages, tribal communities and socio cultural change. It also examines tribal administration, constitutional safeguards, development programmes and the application of anthropology to rural and tribal development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><b>A. Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilisation<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prehistoric:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Palaeolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mesolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Neolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Neolithic-Chalcolithic<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Protohistoric:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indus Civilization<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pre Harappan cultures<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harappan cultures<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Post Harappan cultures<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contributions of the tribal cultures to Indian civilization<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.2 Palaeo Anthropological evidences from India:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Siwaliks<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Narmada basin<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ramapithecus<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sivapithecus<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Narmada Man<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1.3 Ethno archaeology in India:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concept of ethno archaeology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Survivals and Parallels among:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hunting communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foraging communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fishing communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pastoral communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peasant communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arts and crafts producing communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>B. Demographic Profile of India<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Demographic profile of India:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ethnic elements in the Indian population and their distribution<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian population: factors influencing its structure and growth<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>C. Traditional Indian Social System<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.1 The structure and nature of traditional Indian social system:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varnashram<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Purushartha<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Karma<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rina<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rebirth<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.2 Caste system in India:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Structure and characteristics<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varna and caste<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theories of origin of caste system<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dominant caste<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caste mobility<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Future of caste system<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jajmani system<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribe-caste continuum<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature-Man-Spirit Complex<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3.4 Impact of religions on Indian society:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jainism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Islam<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christianity<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>D. Emergence and Development of Anthropology in India<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<ol start=\"4\">\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Emergence, growth and development in India:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar administrators<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>E. Indian Village and Socio-Cultural Change<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.1 Indian Village:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Significance of village study in India<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian village as a social system<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter caste relations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Agrarian relations in Indian villages<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Impact of globalization on Indian villages<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social status<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Political status<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic status<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio cultural change in Indian society:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanskritization<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Westernization<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modernization<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inter play of little and great traditions<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Panchayati Raj and social change<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Media and Social change<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>F. Tribal Situation in India<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.1 Tribal situation in India:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bio genetic variability<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Linguistic characteristics of tribal populations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Socio economic characteristics of tribal populations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Distribution of tribal populations<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Land alienation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Poverty<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indebtedness<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low literacy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Poor educational facilities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unemployment<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under employment<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Health and nutrition<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">6.3 Developmental projects and their impact:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribal displacement<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Problems of rehabilitation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Development of forest policy and tribals<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Impact of urbanisation on tribal populations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Impact of industrialization on tribal populations<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>G. Exploitation, Safeguards and Contemporary Tribal Societies<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scheduled Castes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scheduled Tribes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other Backward Classes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal societies:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Impact of modern democratic institutions<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Development programmes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7.3 Ethnicity and political developments:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concept of ethnicity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ethnic conflicts and political developments<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unrest among tribal communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regionalism and demand for autonomy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pseudo tribalism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social change among the tribes during colonial and post Independent India<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>H. Religion, Tribes and the Nation-State<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8.1 Impact of religions on tribal societies:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hinduism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christianity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Islam<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other religions<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">8.2 Tribe and nation state:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>I. Tribal Administration and Development<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.1 History of administration of tribal areas:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribal policies<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plans and programmes of tribal development<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Implementation of tribal development programmes<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Distribution of PTGs<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Special programmes for their development<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regionalism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Communalism<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ethnic movements<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Political movements<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Preparation Strategy<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Effective <\/span><b>Anthropology Optional Preparation Strategy for UPSC 2027<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> requires complete syllabus coverage, conceptual clarity, regular answer writing practice and systematic revision. Use previous years' papers to identify question patterns and organise topic wise preparation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Understand the syllabus:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Divide both papers into topics and subtopics, maintain a checklist and track completed portions to prevent gaps in coverage.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Build conceptual clarity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Begin with fundamental concepts, human evolution, anthropological theories, social institutions and Indian tribal studies before revising advanced topics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Prepare concise notes: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Organise notes according to syllabus headings, include definitions and important scholars and keep related concepts together for faster revision.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Practise previous years' questions: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Solve PYQ of Anthropology Optional UPSC papers to understand question patterns, identify recurring themes and improve the relevance of your answers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Use diagrams and examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Practise labelled diagrams, flowcharts and relevant cultural or tribal examples wherever they help explain anthropological concepts clearly.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Revise and practise answers: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schedule regular revision, practise timed answers and evaluate whether each response directly addresses the question and covers its key dimensions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Also Check: <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-public-administration-optional-syllabus\/\" target=\"_blank\">UPSC Public Administration Optional Syllabus<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h2><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Books List 2027<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select a limited set of relevant books and study them alongside the syllabus. Use subject specific references selectively and combine reading with previous years' question practice and regular revision. The <\/span><b>UPSC Anthropology Optional Books List 2027 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">has been listed below:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Basic Understanding:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Relevant Chapters of Class XI and XII NCERT Sociology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Relevant Chapters of Class XI and XII NCERT Biology<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Anthropology Optional Books List for Paper I:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physical Anthropology by P. Nath<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropology Simplified by Vivek Bhasme<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anthropology by Ember and Ember<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Anthropology Optional Books List for Paper II:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian Anthropology by Nadeem Hasnain<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribal India by Nadeem Hasnain<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tribal Culture of India by L. P. Vidyarthi<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Xaxa Report<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yojana Articles on Tribal and Marginalized Communities<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 87.0742%;height: 147px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 91.4646%;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\">Other Related Post of UPSC 2027<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-2027\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC 2027<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.4646%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-syllabus\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Syllabus<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/ias-salary\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>IAS Salary<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.4646%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-age-limit\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Age Limit<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-exam-pattern\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Exam Pattern<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.4646%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-calendar\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Calendar<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-mains\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Mains<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.4646%;height: 22px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-csat-syllabus\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC CSAT Syllabus<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-prelims-syllabus\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Prelims Syllabus<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.4646%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/upsc-books-list\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UPSC Books List<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Check the UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus 2027 for Paper I and II, including important topics, recommended books, exam pattern and preparation tips.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":26844,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1804],"class_list":{"0":"post-26859","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-cse-exam","8":"tag-upsc-anthropology-optional-syllabus"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26859","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/40"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26859"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26859\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26872,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26859\/revisions\/26872"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26859"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26859"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramias.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26859"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}