About Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is situated in the Balasore District of Odisha.
• It is spread across the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
• It is connected to Simlipal National Park through hills called Sukhupada and Nato.
• It is characterized by its complex topography, which includes rolling hills, valleys, and plateaus that contribute to its microclimates.
• The local tribal communities, including the Santhal and Munda, maintain a deep-rooted spiritual connection to Kuldiha.
• The sanctuary is also home to unique geological formations, such as the ancient rock shelters adorned with petroglyphs that date back thousands of years.
• Vegetation: It contains mixed deciduous forest.
• Flora: It is dominated by species such as Sal (Shorea robusta) and various bamboo species.
• Fauna:
  • The dense forests of the region are home to wild animals like the elephants, leopards, deer, bison and Malabar giant squirrels.
  • The forest also houses a variety of birds. Some of them are like white-rumped shama, parrot, hornbills, and peafowl.

About State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 Report:

• It is the UN system’s flagship assessment of global hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition,
• It is produced jointly by FAO, IFAD,(International Fund for Agricultural Development), UNICEF, WFP (World Food Programme) and
• It tracks progress toward SDG 2 through the latest global and regional estimates on food insecurity, diet quality and the global nutrition targets.

Key Highlights of the report 2026

• It showed that while global food security and nutrition improved modestly in 2025, progress remains uneven and insufficient to meet the 2030 targets.
• Hunger affected 7.8 percent of the world’s population, and 2.1 billion people experienced moderate or severe food insecurity.
• Persistent disparities remain, particularly for women, young children and rural communities, and diet quality continues to lag worldwide. 
• The share of undernourished Indians has more than halved over the past two decades, from 21.1 per cent in 2004-06 to 9.8 per cent in 2023-25.
• India’s healthy-diet cost has risen faster since 2017 — up nearly 48 per cent — compared to about 32 per cent in the US over the same period.

About Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme:

• It was launched in 2016.
• It is a sub-scheme of the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
• Objective: To implement the Government's efforts to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty and unemployment in the villages by helping start and support rural enterprises.
• Features of Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme
  • The programme supports Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their family members in establishing small enterprises in the non-farm sector.
  • It provides financial assistance, institutional support, business management training, soft skill development, and business development services.
  • SVEP also facilitates access to banking linkages and convergence with government schemes.
  • A key feature of SVEP has been community-based decision-making for funding and supporting enterprises locally.
  • It has adopted an all-inclusive approach, with a strong focus on supporting women, marginalized communities, and individuals with limited educational attainment.
  • Implemented By: SVEP is implemented through the State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs).
    • At the block level, Block Resource Centres–Enterprise Promotion (BRC-EPs) coordinate programme implementation.
    • Trained Community Resource Persons–Enterprise Promotion (CRP-EPs) provide technical assistance to the Block Resource Centres on enterprise promotion.

About Spain:

• Location: It is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe.
• Bordering Countries: It shares its borders with Portugal (to the west), France and Andorra (to the northeast), and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar (to the south).
• Maritime borders: It is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea (to the southeast and east), the Bay of Biscay (to the north), and the Atlantic Ocean (to the northwest and southwest).
• Capital City: Madrid
• Geographical Features of Spain:
  • Mountain ranges: The Pyrenees Mountains form a natural barrier between Spain and France.
  • Plateaus: The Meseta Central is a vast interior plateau, dominating the central part of Spain.
  • Rivers: Spain is traversed by important rivers such as:
  • Ebro River – flows into the Mediterranean.
  • Tagus River – shared with Portugal.
  • Desert feature: Spain hosts the Tabernas Desert in Andalusia, recognized as the only true desert in mainland Europe.
  • Natural Resources: It mainly consists of copper, fluorspar, gypsum, iron ore, kaolin, lead, magnesite, mercury, pyrites, sepiolite, tungsten, uranium, and zinc.

About Chenab River:

• It is a tributary of the Indus River.
• Origin: It is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, in the Lahaul and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
• In its upper reaches, it is also known as the
• It flows through Jammu and Kashmir union territory, Himachal Pradesh and after receiving the Jhelum River near Trimmu, the Chenab empties into the Sutlej River.
• Major Tributaries:
  • Left Bank: Niru, Tawi, Neeru, and Liddrari
  • Right Bank: Ans, Bhut Nalla, Bichleri, Kalnai Marusudar and Miyar Nalla.
• Major Dams on Chenab River: Salal (rockfill dam), Baglihar, and Dul. 
• The waters of the Chenab are shared by India and Pakistan as per the terms of the Indus Water Treaty.

About Chenab River:

• It is a tributary of the Indus River.
• Origin: It is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, in the Lahaul and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
• In its upper reaches, it is also known as the
• It flows through Jammu and Kashmir union territory, Himachal Pradesh and after receiving the Jhelum River near Trimmu, the Chenab empties into the Sutlej River.
• Major Tributaries:
  • Left Bank: Niru, Tawi, Neeru, and Liddrari
  • Right Bank: Ans, Bhut Nalla, Bichleri, Kalnai Marusudar and Miyar Nalla.
• Major Dams on Chenab River: Salal (rockfill dam), Baglihar, and Dul. 
• The waters of the Chenab are shared by India and Pakistan as per the terms of the Indus Water Treaty.

About Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in Udalguri district & Baksa District of Assam.
• The sanctuary is sited on the eastern Himalayan foothills and shares the Indo-Bhutan international transboundary
• This sanctuary is named after the river Bornadi which flows on its western border.
• The Nalapara River which originates from Bhutan flows from north to south along its eastern edge.
• It was established in 1980 to protect the hispid hare(Caprolagus hispidus) and pigmy hog (Porcula salvania). 
• Climate: It has a typical subtropical monsoon climate.
• Vegetation: It consists of tropical semi-evergreen, moist and dry deciduous.
• Flora: Euphorbiaceous Scrub, Alstonia scholaris, Garuga pinnata, Aphanamixis polystachya, Toona ciliata, Mesua ferrea, Terminalia chebula, Bischofia javanica, Bridelia retusa, Mellotus
• Repandus etc.
• Fauna: Pigmy Hog and Hispid hare, Asiatic Elephant, Royal Bengal Tiger, India Bison, Hog Deer, Wild Boar, etc.

About BHAVYA Rasayan Scheme:

• It was launched for the establishment of three dedicated chemical parks across the country.
• It is designed to promote the development of the chemical industry across the entire value chain, including upstream, downstream and ancillary industries.
• Time Period: The scheme will be implemented over five years, from FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31.
• Features of BHAVYA Rasayan Scheme:
  • Financial Assistance: The Centre will provide financial assistance of up to ₹1,000 crore for each chemical park, subject to a minimum contribution of ₹500 crore by the respective state government.
  • Selection Process: The chemical parks will be developed by state governments through a challenge-based selection process, with each park requiring at least 2,000 acres (8 sq. km.) of contiguous, encumbrance-free land.
  • The parks will feature plug-and-play infrastructure tailored to the needs of the chemical sector, including
    • Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs), Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs), water supply and distribution systems, solvent recovery and distillation facilities, steam generation and distribution networks, interconnected pipeline systems, and logistics and warehousing infrastructure.

About Portfolio Management Service:

• It is registered under the SEBI (Portfolio Managers) Regulations, 2020.
• It is a professional investment service where a qualified fund manager takes charge of the equity, debt and other securities portfolio of a customer — who is a high net-worth individual.
• Who can offer: Only corporate entities, companies or LLPs with SEBI registration can legally offer these services in India.
• Types of PMS:
  • Discretionary PMS: In this type of PMS services, the portfolio manager has complete autonomy to make investment decisions on behalf of the investor.
  • Non-Discretionary PMS: In non-discretionary PMS, the portfolio manager provides recommendations, but the final decision to buy or sell rests with the investors themselves.
  • Advisory PMS: In Advisory PMS, the portfolio manager offers investment advice, and the investor executes transactions independently.
• Key regulations about PMS:
  • Registration: All PMS providers must register with SEBI.
  • Minimum Investment Requirement: SEBI mandates a ₹50 lakhs minimum investment, targeting high net worth investors capable of managing associated risks.
  • Disclosure Obligations: PMS providers must regularly update investors with performance reports, fees, and risk disclosures.
  • Custodian Engagement: An independent custodian is required to hold investor assets to eliminate conflicts of interest.
  • Compliance Monitoring: Each PMS provider is required to appoint a compliance officer to ensure adherence to SEBI regulations.