About Context Window in AI:

• The Context Window of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model measures how much information the AI model can remember, working similarly to humans’ short-term memory.
• AI models don’t read words; instead, they read chunks of characters called tokens.
• Context Window is the amount of text, in tokens, that the model can consider or “remember” at any one time.
• A larger context window enables an AI model to process longer inputs and incorporate a greater amount of information into each output.
• A Large Language Model’s (LLM’s) context window can be thought of as the equivalent of its working memory.
• It determines how long of a conversation it can carry out without forgetting details from earlier in the exchange.
• It also determines the maximum size of documents or code samples that it can process at once.
• When a prompt, conversation, document, or code base exceeds an AI model’s context window, it must be truncated or summarized for the model to proceed.
• Generally speaking, increasing an LLM’s context window size translates to increased accuracy, fewer hallucinations, more coherent model responses, longer conversations and an improved ability to analyze longer sequences of data.
• However, increasing context length is not without tradeoffs: it often entails increased computational power requirements—and therefore increased costs—and a potential increase in vulnerability to adversarial attacks.

About Bhairav Battalions:

• They are a new class of compact, high-tech combat units of the Indian Army.
• Each battalion comprises personnel from infantry, artillery, air defence, signals, and other combat support arms.
• They are specially equipped for swift, surprise, and high-impact operations in diverse combat environments.
• Unlike Para Special Forces, which handle strategic missions deep inside enemy territory, Bhairav Battalions are positioned closer to the border.
• Their job is to handle tactical, fast-breaking situations, the kind that require immediate response rather than detailed planning.
• In the Army’s own words, Bhairav units are built to “fight tonight”, meaning they must be ready to move at short notice, often without waiting for larger formations.
• The Bhairav units will act as a bridge between Special Forces and regular infantry, aimed at freeing up Special Forces for more critical assignments.
• The battalions are being placed under corps and division-level formations, especially in sectors considered sensitive, Rajasthan, Jammu, Ladakh, and the Northeast.
• Their structure allows them to be deployed for multi-domain tasks, a mix of ground action, drone operations, and electronic support.

About Central Ground Water Board (CGWB):

• It is a multidisciplinary scientific organization of the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India.
• It is the National Apex Agency entrusted with the responsibilities of providing scientific inputs for management, exploration, monitoring, assessment, augmentation, and regulation of groundwater resources of the country.
• It was established in 1970 by renaming the Exploratory Tube wells Organization under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
• It was merged with the Ground Water Wing of the Geological Survey of India during 1972.
• Mandate: Develop and disseminate technologies and monitor and implement national policies for the scientific and sustainable development and management of India’s groundwater resources.
• Organization Setup:
  • It is headed by the Chairman and has five members.
  • CGWB is a multidisciplinary scientific organization consisting of Hydrogeologists, Geophysicists, Chemists, Hydrologists, Hydrometeorologists, and Engineers.
  • It has four main wings, namely
    • Sustainable Management & Liaison (SML)
    • Survey, Assessment & Monitoring (SAM)
    • Exploratory Drilling & Materials Management (ED&MM)
    • Water Quality & Training and Technology Transfer (WQ&TT).
  • Headquarters: Bhujal Bhawan, Faridabad, Haryana.
• The major activities of the CGWB are:
  • National Aquifer Mapping and Management (NAQUIM) involving the preparation of Aquifer Maps and Management Plans.
  • Groundwater explorations to delineate groundwater-worthy areas and potential aquifers.
  • Geophysical surveys to delineate groundwater bearing zones, etc.
  • Periodic assessment of the country’s groundwater resources.
  • Monitoring of groundwater levels and quality through groundwater observation wells.
  • Dissemination of Ground Water Data and knowledge.
  • Groundwater modelling.
  • GIS and Remote sensing.
  • Regulation and control of groundwater development and management by Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) in coordination with State Government Organizations.
  • Coordination with the State Government with a view to establish benchmark methodologies for groundwater studies.
  • R&D studies in the ground water sector and application and operationalization of new technologies/techniques for groundwater investigation, development, and management.
  • Water conservation and artificial recharge to groundwater.
  • Capacity building and knowledge transfer.

About Hatti Tribe:

• The Hattis are a close-knit community who take their name from their age-old professional practice of selling their homegrown crops at small markets called ‘Haat’ in nearby cities.
• Hatti men traditionally don distinctive white headgear on ceremonial occasions.
• These tribal people reside in the Himachal-Uttarakhand border in the basin of the Giri and Tons rivers, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
• There are two main Hatti clans: one in the Trans-Giri area of the Sirmaur district in Himachal Pradesh and the other in Jaunsar Bawar of Uttarakhand.
• The two Hatti clans have similar traditions, and intermarriages are common.
• Jodidara is a traditional form of polyandrous marriage practised among the Hatti tribe in Himachal Pradesh, where a woman marries two or more brothers.
  • Polyandry is legally recognised in Himachal Pradesh under revenue laws.
• Harris is governed by a traditional council called ‘khumbli’ which decides community matters.
• Economy: The Hatti population relies on agriculture for livelihood and bare subsistence since their climate is ideal for growing “Cash Crops.”
• The Indian government has granted Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Hatti community in Himachal Pradesh.
• The Jaunsar-Bawar region of Uttarakhand was granted tribal status in 1967.
• Boda Tyohar, also called Magho ko Tyohar, is the biggest annual festival of the Hatti tribe.

About Osteoarthritis:

• Arthritis is a general term that means inflammation of the joints.
• Osteoarthritis (OA), commonly known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis.
• What Causes OA?
  • It is associated with a breakdown of cartilage in joints.
  • Cartilage is a firm, rubbery material that covers the ends of bones in normal joints.
  • Its main function is to reduce friction in the joints and serve as a "shock absorber.
  • The shock-absorbing quality of normal cartilage comes from its ability to change shape when compressed (flattened or pressed together).
  • Osteoarthritis causes the cartilage in a joint to become stiff and lose its elasticity, making it more susceptible to damage.
  • Over time, the cartilage may wear away in some areas, greatly decreasing its ability to act as a shock absorber.
  • As the cartilage deteriorates, tendons and ligaments stretch, causing pain.
  • If the condition worsens, the bones could rub against each other.
• It commonly occurs in the weight-bearing joints of the hips, knees, and spine.
• It also affects the fingers, thumbs, neck, and large toe.
• It usually does not affect other joints unless previous injury, excessive stress, or an underlying disorder of cartilage is involved.
• It is more likely to develop as people age. But it can affect much younger people, too, especially those who have had a prior joint injury.
• Symptoms: Symptoms of osteoarthritis most often develop gradually and include:
  • Joint aching and soreness, especially with movement
  • Pain after overuse or after long periods of inactivity
  • Stiffness after periods of rest
  • Bony enlargements in the middle and end joints of the fingers (which may or may not be painful)
  • Joint swelling
• Treatment:
  • Although there is no cure for osteoarthritis, there are many treatment options available to help manage pain and keep people active.
  • As a last resort, a damaged joint may be surgically fused or replaced with one made of a combination of metal, plastic, and/or ceramic.

About Graphene:

• It is an allotrope of carbon, along with diamond and graphite. 
• It is a two-dimensional material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure.
• The stacked form of graphene is graphite.
• Graphene was first isolated in 2004.
• Applications: Graphene has found hundreds of innovative applications, from sensors and electronics to energy storage and healthcare.
• Properties of Graphene
  • Thickness: Graphene is the world’s thinnest material – it is only one atom thick, one million times thinner than a human hair.
  • Strength: It is stronger than steel. 
  • Flexibility: It is extremely flexible and stretchable.
  • Conductivity: It is an excellent electrical and thermal conductor.
  • Transparency: It is almost perfectly transparent.
  • It is impermeable to gases, even those as light as hydrogen or helium.

About Pradhan Mantri-Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana:

• It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) operating under Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
• It is aimed at accelerating agricultural growth and improving farmers’ income.
• Objectives of Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana:
  • To encourage States to increase public investment in agriculture and allied sectors.
  • To enhance agricultural productivity and overall farm growth.
  • To strengthen agricultural and post-harvest infrastructure and reduce losses.
  • To promote diversification into high-value crops, horticulture, livestock, and fisheries.
  • To encourage adoption of modern, innovative, and climate-resilient farming practices.
  • To reduce regional disparities in agricultural development.
• Features of Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana:
  • State-Led and Decentralized Approach: States have the flexibility to plan and implement agricultural projects according to local priorities.
  • Growth-Oriented Scheme: The scheme aims to achieve a sustained annual growth rate of around 4 percent in agriculture and allied sectors.
  • Wide Sectoral Coverage: It supports crop production, horticulture, livestock, fisheries, organic farming, agricultural research, and marketing infrastructure.
  • Incentive-Based Funding: States receive financial assistance based on their commitment to increasing public investment in agriculture.
• Funding Pattern of Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana:
  • General States: 60 percent Centre and 40 percent State
  • North-Eastern and Hilly States: 90 percent Centre and 10 percent State
  • Union Territories: 100 percent central funding.

About Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
• It is situated just near the Pulicat Lake, which is the second-largest salt lake in all of India.
• It is an important breeding site for spot-billed pelicans.
• Vegetation: The sanctuary is filled of significant plant communities like the Barringtonia swamp forests and the southern dry evergreen scrub.
• Flora: Plants like Buchnania angustifolia, barringtonia actutangula, Acacia arabica, Albizzia amara, Borassus flabellifer, Euphorbia antiquorum, etc are found here.
• Fauna: In addition to the spot-billed pelican, it is an important breeding site for black-headed ibis, Asian openbill, black-crowned night heron, and little cormorant.

About International Renewable Energy Agency:

• It is an intergovernmental organisation that was founded in 2009 to support countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future.
• It serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. 
• Member countries: It has 170 Members (169 States and the European Union). India is also one of the founder members of IRENA.
• Governance of International Renewable Energy Agency:
  • Assembly: It is IRENA’s ultimate decision-making authority, made up of one representative from each Member.
  • Council: It is composed of 21 Member States elected for a two-year term and is accountable to the Assembly.
    • Council members serve on a rotating basis to ensure the effective participation of both developing and developed countries and a fair and equitable geographical distribution.
  • Secretariat: It comprises the Director-General and his staff, provides administrative and technical support to the Assembly, the Council and their subsidiary bodies.
• Its head quarter is in Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates.
• It is an official United Nations observer.

About Charophytes:

• Charophytes are a type of green algae.
• Fossils of Charophytes have been found going back to the Silurian Period (443 million years ago).
• This was the period when plants moved from water to land—and Charophytes are considered the closest living relatives to land plants.
• Habitat: They grow in silt, mud, peat or sand, often as the first plants to colonize newly-cleared areas.
• Distribution: These “plants” are found on all continents except Antarctica.
• Features of Charophyte:
  • They have no true leaves, stems nor fruits.
  • These are generally submergent and are loosely attached to the sediment by thin rhizome- like structures called ‘holdfasts’.
  • Seeds can remain dormant for years.
  • They are unable to grow or are restricted in growth in turbid or murky waters.
• Benefits of Charophyte:
  • They play a crucial role in the water quality and biodiversity of lakes;
  • They stabilize the lake bed, produce oxygen, promote water clarity, and provide habitat for numerous aquatic organisms.