About Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In):

• It is the national nodal agency for responding to computer security incidents as and when they occur.
• It is a functional organisation of the Ministry of Information & Electronics Technology, Government of India.
• Objective: Securing Indian cyberspace.
• CERT-In has been operational since 2004.
• The constituency of CERT-In is the Indian cyber community.
• CERT-In has been designated under Section 70B of the Information Technology Act, 2000, to serve as the national agency to perform the following functions in the area of cyber security:
  • Collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on cyber incidents.
  • Forecasts and alerts of cybersecurity incidents.
  • Emergency measures for handling cybersecurity incidents.
  • Coordination of cyber incident response
  • Issue guidelines, advisories, vulnerability notes, and white papers relating to information security practices, procedures, prevention, response, and reporting of cyber incidents.
  • Such other functions relating to cyber security as may be prescribed.
• To perform these functions, CERT-In is empowered to call for information and issue directions to service providers, intermediaries, data centres, body corporates, and any other person.
• CERT-In provides services to organizations in the Government, Public, and Private sectors. In addition, CERT-In provides services to individuals and home users as well.
• CERT-In collaborates with international counterparts to share information regarding emerging threats, vulnerabilities, and malware.
• CERT-In creates awareness on security issues through dissemination of information on its website (https://www.cert-in.org.in) and operates a 24x7 incidence response help desk.
• Disclosure of information will be followed in accordance with Indian Constitutional laws.
• To ensure effective governance, a Review Committee oversees CERT-In’s operations. This committee includes but is not limited to representatives from various government ministries, such as:
  • Ministry of Law and Justice
  • Department of Telecommunications
  • Ministry of Home Affairs
  • Group Coordinator for Cyber Law and e-Security
• The committee meets regularly to assess CERT-In’s performance and provide strategic direction.

About Satcom Industry Association of India (SIA-India):

• The SIA-India is a non-profit body representing India’s space and satellite sector.
• Its members include satellite operators, manufacturers, startups, academia, and legal firms, working to shape policy and promote global collaboration.

About Pangong Lake:

• Pangong Lake, also known as Pangong Tso, is an endorheic (hydrologically landlocked) lake in the
• It is situated in eastern Ladakh, extending into the China (Tibet region).
• It derives its name from the Tibetan word, “Pangong Tso”, which means “high grassland lake”.
• It is one of the world’s highest brackish water lakes, situated at a height of 4350 meters.
• It is famed for its colour changing water, from blue to red and green.
• During winter, the lake freezes completely, despite being saline water.
• The lake is also a breeding ground for different types of birds during the summer
• Bar-headed geese, Brahminy ducks, black-necked cranes and seagulls are commonly spotted here.
• It is not part of the Indus River basin area and is geographically a separate landlocked river basin.
• It is in disputed territory. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) passes through the lake.

About Amur Falcon:

• It is a migratory raptor of the falcon family.
• Scientific Name: Falco amurensis
• This falcon is known by a few other names, such as Eastern Red-footed Falcon, Eastern Red-footed Kestrel, Manchurian Falcon, and Red-legged Falcon.
• Distribution:
  • They breed in southeastern Siberia and Northern China and migrate long distances in large flocks to winter in Southern and East Africa.
  • Along the way, large numbers pass through India, with the biggest congregations seen in the northeastern states.
  • It undertakes the longest regular overwater passage of any raptor.
• Features:
  • A distinctive feature of both the male and the female is the orange of the eye-ring, beak base (the cere) and feet.
  • As in many birds of prey, the male is smaller than the female.
  • In addition to speed and strength, these birds are known to have keen eyesight for detecting prey from a distance or during flight.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Least Concern

About Amondawa Tribe:

• They are an indigenous community living deep inside Brazil’s Amazon rainforest.
• They have no linguistic or cultural equivalent for words such as “time", “week", “month" or “year".
• The tribe can describe events and their sequence but lacks an abstract concept of time as an independent dimension.
• One of the most striking aspects of Amondawa society is the absence of numerical age.
• Members of the tribe do not track birthdays or calculate how old they are.
• Instead, personal growth is marked through identity changes.
• As children mature, they receive new names, and a person may change names several times over the course of a lifetime.
• In this system, social identity rather than numerical measurement defines stages of life.

About Exercise Vayu Shakti-26:

• It was conducted by the Indian Air Force (IAF) at Pokhran air-to-ground range, near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
• The exercise showcased the operational preparedness, tactical capabilities, and combat efficiency of the IAF.
• Guided by the core values of “Achook, Abhedya aur Sateek,” the exercise was aimed to reassure the nation by reaffirming the IAF’s role as a key component of India’s national security architecture.
• It showcased the air force's capability to execute complex, integrated air operations within a dynamic and realistic battlefield environment.
• For the first time, Exercise Vayushakti was executed along a defined operational storyline, transforming into a simulated live combat theatre.

About Forest Rights Act Cells:

• FRA cells, sanctioned under the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan (DAJGUA) scheme launched in 2024.
• Aim: To provide technical and administrative support without intervening in statutory decision-making.
• Functions of FRA Cell:
  • To assist in completing the process of recognition of rights.
  • Digitization of records, preparation of plans for IFR and CFR beneficiaries to avail the benefits of Govt. schemes,
  • Assist in convergence of Forest villages to revenue villages, and to create awareness amongst all stakeholders ensuring effective implementation of FRA.
  • Assisting claimants and Gram Sabhas in preparing claim documents.
  • Aiding in collection of necessary evidence and resolutions.
  • Helping in digitisation of land records and tracking claim status.
  • Facilitating conversion of forest habitations into revenue villages
• Funding: Ministry of Tribal Affairs

About Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation:

• It is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India for the medical devices industry under the provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
• Nodal Ministry: It works under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.
• Headed by: The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) is the head of the CDSCO.
• Functions: It is responsible for overseeing the import, manufacture, sale, and distributionof medical device in the country. The CDSCO ensures that medical devices comply with safety, quality, and efficacy standards.
• Under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, CDSCO is responsible for:
  • Approval of new drugs; Conduct of clinical trials; Laying down the standards for drugs; Control over the quality of imported drugs in the country; Coordination of the activities of State Drug Control Organizations.
• CDSCO, along with state regulators, is jointly responsible for the grant of licenses for certain specialized categories of critical Drugs such as blood and blood products, I. V. Fluids, Vaccine, and Sera.
• Headquarters: New Delhi.

About Nilgiri Wood Pigeon:

• It is a species of pigeon endemic to the Western Ghats in India.
• Appearance: They are best identified in the field by their large size, dark colours and the distinctive checkerboard pattern on their nape.
• Habitat: It inhabits in high-elevation wet evergreen forest, moist evergreen and semi-evergreen forest, including densely wooded ravines and hollows known as ‘sholas’.
  • It occurs primarily in foothills and mountains.
• Distribution: It is mainly found in regions such as the Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Isolated populations are also reported from locations such as the Biligirirangan Hills, Nandi Hills, and northern Maharashtra.
• Diet: They are mainly frugivorous and forage in the canopy of dense hill forests.
• Threats: These are threatened by hunting, deforestation, agricultural and infrastructure expansion, plantation development and climate change.
• Conservation Status
  • IUCN: Least Concern
  • Wild Life Protection Act: Schedule-I

About Meningococcal Infection:

• Meningococcal infection is a severe, rapidly progressing disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides.
• It leads to life-threatening meningitis (infection of the lining of the brain) or meningococcemia (blood poisoning).
• It infects meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed.
• Transmission:
  • People spread meningococcal bacteria to other people by sharing respiratory and throat secretions (saliva or spit).
  • Generally, it takes close or lengthy contact to spread these bacteria. 
  • They are not as contagious as germs that cause the common cold or the flu.
• Symptoms: It includes high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, and a non-blanching rash.
• Treatment: It is treated with antibiotics. Other treatments may be needed, including:
  • Help with breathing, such as oxygen therapy.
  • Drugs to treat low blood pressure.
  • Ways to treat damaged or dead skin, including surgeries.

About Very Short-Range Air Defence System:

• It is a Man Portable Air Defence system.
• It is designed and developed indigenously by Research Center Imarat in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories and Development cum Production Partners.
• Features of Very Short-Range Air Defence System
  • It is short-range, lightweight and portable surface-to-air missiles that can be fired by individuals or small groups to destroy aircraft or helicopters. 
  • Range: They have a maximum range of 8 kilometres and can engage targets at altitudes of 4.5 km. 
  • The missile incorporates many novel technologies including a miniaturized Reaction Control System (RCS) and integrated avionics, which have been successfully proven during the tests. 
    • The RCS is responsible for attitude control and steering by the use of thrusters and is also capable of providing small amounts of thrust in any desired direction or combination of directions.
  • The missile system has the capability to meet the needs of all the three branches of the Armed Forces, viz. Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force.