About Agentic AI:

• Agentic AI is an advanced form of artificial intelligence focused on autonomous decision-making and action.
• It consists of AI agents—machine learning models that mimic human decision-making to solve problems in real time.
• Unlike traditional AI, which primarily responds to commands or analyzes data, agentic AI can set goals, plan, and execute tasks with minimal human intervention.
• "Agentic" indicates agency — the ability of these systems to act independently, but in a goal-driven manner.
• At its core, this technology is built on several key components:
  • Perception: Agentic AI starts by gathering information from its surroundings and different sources, such as sensors, databases, and user interfaces.
  • Reasoning: Using a large language model (LLM), agentic AI analyzes the gathered data to understand the context, identify relevant information, and formulate potential solutions.
  • Planning: The AI then uses the information it gathered to develop a plan. This involves setting goals, breaking them down into smaller steps, and figuring out the best way to achieve them.
  • Action: Based on its plan, the AI takes action. This could involve performing tasks, making decisions, or interacting with other systems.
  • Reflection: After taking action, the AI learns from the results. It evaluates whether its actions were successful and uses this feedback to adjust its plans and actions in the future.
• Agentic AI builds on generative AI (GenAI) techniques by using large language models (LLMs) to function in dynamic environments.
• While generative models focus on creating content based on learned patterns, agentic AI extends this capability by applying generative outputs toward specific goals.
• For example, a generative AI model like OpenAI’s ChatGPT might produce text, images, or code, but an agentic AI system can use that generated content to complete complex tasks autonomously by calling external tools.

About Pallas's Gull:

• Pallas's Gull, also called the Great Black-headed Gull, is a large bird species.
• It is the world's largest black-headed gull and the third-largest species of gull in the world.
• It belongs to the family Laridae.
• Scientific Name: Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
• Distribution:
  • It breeds in colonies in marshes and islands from southern Russia to Mongolia.
  • It is migratory, wintering in the Mediterranean Sea, the Arabian Peninsula, and India.
• Habitat: It prefers wetlands, salt lakes, lagoons, and slow-flowing rivers.
• Features:
  • It measures 55–72 cm in length with a 142 to 170 cm wingspan.
  • Summer adults are unmistakable, since no other gull of this size has a black hood.
  • The adults have grey wings and back, with conspicuous white "mirrors" at the wing tips.
  • The legs are yellow, and the bill is orangey-yellow with a red tip.
  • In all other plumages, a dark mask through the eye indicates the vestiges of the hood.
  • Pallas's Gulls feed on fish, including dead fish. They also prey upon insects, crustaceans, reptiles, other birds, and small mammals.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Least Concern

Key Facts about Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary:

• It is located in the Sahebganj district of Jharkhand.
• It is the state's only bird sanctuary.
• It comprises two interconnected wetlands, Pataura Lake and Berhale Lake, which are part of the Ganga River floodplain and surrounded by the Rajmahal Hills.
• It was declared a Ramsar Site in 2025.
• It supports a diverse ecosystem with over 146 species of birds, including endangered ones like the band-tailed fish eagle, lesser adjutant stork, and common pochard.
• It also hosts a variety of aquatic plants, fish, reptiles, and mammals, such as fishing cats and otters.
• The sanctuary is an important habitat within the Central Asian flyway, attracting migratory birds during the winter.

About Boreendo:

• The boreendo, or bhorindo, is a traditional musical instrument from Pakistan’s Sindh region.
• It is a 5,000-year-old musical instrument with a rich history that originates in Mohenjo Daro, part of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
• It has a hollow, spherical shape with sound holes and is made of clay that is sun-dried and kiln-fired.
• It is played by men, while women are involved in decorating the instrument with clay paint.
• The boreendo produces sound when air is blown into it, and its tone can be adjusted by tilting the mouthpiece.
• Its size affects its sound, and recent changes include extra holes to widen its musical range.
• The boreendo is mainly played at winter bonfires, weddings, and festivals.

About PM Vishwakarma Scheme:

• It is a central sector scheme launched by the Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises.
• It aims to strengthen and nurture the Guru-Shishya parampara, or family-based practice of traditional skills by artisans and craftspeople working with their hands and tools. 
• It offers services like market linkage support, skill training, and incentives for digital transactions to artisans and craftspeople engaged in specified trades.
• Time period: Five years (FY 2023-24 to FY 2027-28). 
• Eligibility & coverage:
  • It is available for rural and urban artisans and craftsmen across India.
  • It covers 18 traditional crafts such as Boat Maker; Armourer; Blacksmith; Hammer and Tool Kit Maker; etc.
  • Aged 18+, engaged in traditional trade, no similar loans in the past 5 years.
• Key Features of PM Vishwakarma Scheme:
  • Recognition: Recognition of artisans and craftspeople through PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card.
  • Skill Upgradation: Basic Training of 5-7 days and Advanced Training of 15 days or more, with a stipend of Rs. 500 per day;
  • Toolkit Incentive: A toolkit incentive of upto Rs. 15,000 in the form of e-vouchers at the beginning of Basic Skill Training.
  • Credit Support: Collateral free ‘Enterprise Development Loans’ of upto Rs. 3 lakh in two tranches of Rs. 1 lakh and Rs. 2 lakh at a concessional rate of interest fixed at 5%
  • Coverage: Five lakh families will be covered in the first year and 30 lakh families over five years.

About Italy:

• Location: It is located in South-central Europe on the Apennine Peninsula.
• Bordering Countries: It shares its border with Switzerland and Austria in the north, Slovenia in the northeast and France in the northwest.  
• Vatican City and San Marino are the two enclaved sovereign states within Italy.
• Its southern boundary extends into the Mediterranean Sea.
• Maritime boundaries: Italian Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Sea of Sicily in the south, the Ionian Sea in the southeast, the Ligurian Sea, and the Tyrrhenian Sea in the southwest.
• Capital City: Rome
• Geographical Features of Italy
  • Terrain: It is mostly rugged and mountainous and has some plains, coastal lowlands.
  • Major Rivers: Po (It is Italy's longest river) and Adige
  • Highest Point: Mont Blanc 
  • Natural Resources: Coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves.
  • Italy is volcanic in origin, and a few of its many volcanoes are active, including Sicily's Mt. Etna, Stromboli in the Aeolian Islands.

About Western Tragopan:

• It is also known as the western horned tragopan, is amongst the rarest of all living pheasants.
• Due to its beautiful plumage and large size, this bird is locally known as ‘jujurana’ or ‘king of birds’
• It is one of the rarest and most stunning pheasant species in the world.
• These birds are shy and ground-dwelling and usually active during dawn and dusk.
• It is the state bird of Himachal Pradesh.
• Distribution: It is endemic to the northwest Himalaya, within a narrow range from Hazara in north Pakistan through Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, to the western part of Garhwal.
  • The upper part of Great Himalayan National Park’s (GHNP) forest zone holds the world’s largest known population of western tragopan.
• Habitat: It prefers a habitat of ringal (dwarf) bamboo beneath dense forest.
• Diet: It feeds mostly on leaves, shoots and seeds, but also consumes insects and other invertebrates.
• Breeding: It breeds during May to June, laying 3–5 eggs in concealed nests on the forest floor.
• Threats: Habitat loss, hunting pressure and anthropogenic disturbances which includes livestock grazing, minor forest produce collection like medicinal herbs etc.
• Conservation status: IUCN:

About Champions of the Earth Award:

• It was established in 2005 and awarded by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
• It is the UN’s highest environmental honour, recognises trailblazers at the forefront of efforts to protect people and the planet.
• Every year, UNEP honours individuals and organizations working on innovative and sustainable solutions to address the triple planetary crisis of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution and waste
• Champions of the Earth are celebrated in four categories:
  • Policy leadership: Public sector officials leading global or national action for the environment. They shape dialogue, lead commitments and act for the good of the planet.
  • Inspiration and action: Leaders taking bold steps to inspire positive change to protect our world. They lead by example, challenge behavior and inspire millions.
  • Entrepreneurial vision: Visionaries challenging the status quo to build a cleaner future. They build systems, create new technology and spearhead a groundbreaking vision. 
  • Science and innovation: Trailblazers pushing the boundaries of technology for profound environmental benefit.

About Diving Support Craft A20:

• It is the first vessel of the indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Craft.
• DSC A20 is the lead ship in a series of five Diving Support Craft being built by M/s Titagarh Rail Systems Limited (TRSL), Kolkata.
• Purpose: It is built for a wide spectrum of diving and underwater missions in coastal waters.
• Features of Diving Support Craft A20:
  • It has a catamaran hull design form, the ship offers superior stability, enhanced deck area, and improved seakeeping characteristics,
  • It is equipped with advanced, state-of-the-art diving systems that meet the highest standards of safety and operational efficiency.
  • Capacity: It has a displacement capacity of approximately 390 tons.
  • It is designed and built in accordance with the Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping (IRS),
  • DSC A20 will be based at Kochi and operate under Southern Naval Command.
• Significance: The Indian Navy’s capability in diving support, underwater inspection, salvage assistance, and coastal operational deployment will be substantially strengthened.