About Amphora:

• It is an ancient vessel form used as a storage jar, particularly in Mediterranean cultures.
• It is a two-handled pot with a neck that is considerably narrower than the body.
• The term "amphora" originates from the Greek word meaning "carried on both sides."
• There are two types of amphora:
  • the neck amphora, in which the neck meets the body at a sharp angle;
  • the one-piece amphora, in which the neck and body form a continuous curve.
• These vessels served both practical and ornamental purposes:
  • While functional amphorae were designed for trade and typically had a pointed base for upright storage, decorative versions were crafted for display within homes, often featuring a flat base.
• Initially appearing in the late Iron Age, amphorae were crucial for transporting various goods, such as wine, oil, and grains and played a significant role in the development of the wine industry.
• Over time, the design of amphorae varied by region and era, leading to distinctive shapes that helped identify their origins.
• Archaeological discoveries of amphorae provide valuable insights into ancient trade, dietary practices, and societal structures, as they were commonly found in shipwrecks and excavation sites.

About Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Program (PMNDP):

• It is a centrally-funded health scheme rolled out in 2016 with the objective to strengthen the district hospitals under National Health Mission (NHM) to make dialysis services affordable and accessible to the community.
• Under PMNDP, dialysis services are provided free of cost to all Below Poverty Line (BPL) beneficiaries at the public health facilities while non- BPL patients are benefitted of accessing the services close to the community at the subsidized rates.
• Initially, the Government recommended the setting up of haemodialysis centres in all district hospitals.
• Based on local requirements, States have been encouraged to scale down the facilities to Community Health Centres (CHCs) at the taluka level, especially in remote and tribal regions.
• The programme has two components namely Hemodialysis (HD) services & Peritoneal dialysis (PD) services.
• PMNDP supports establishment of dialysis centres (In-house & public private partnership/hybrid models) for HD service delivery as per the state/UT requirement.
• Currently, HD Services under PMNDP is operational in Private Public Partnership (PPP) mode in 14 States/UTs, in-house mode in 16 States/UTS and hybrid mode in 6 States/UTs.
• Under this initiative the PMNDP portal was launched in 2022.
  • The portal will integrate all the dialysis centres operational in the state under NHM and facilitate building of renal registry and ensuring portability within the state (one state one dialysis) and later throughout the country (One Nation-One Dialysis).
• Funding: The NHM provides financial assistance to States and UTs for establishing and operating dialysis centres to ensure equitable access to kidney care services for all, regardless of geography.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

About Sangeet Natak Akademi:

• It is India’s national academy for music, dance, and drama.
• It is the first national academy of the arts set up by the Republic of India.
• History:
  • It was set up in 1952 and became functional the following year, with the appointment of its first chairman, Dr. P. V. Rajamannar.
  • Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, inaugurated it on 28 January 1953.
• Currently, it is an autonomous body of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Functions:
  • The academy functions as the apex body of the performing arts in the country to preserve and promote the vast cultural heritage of India expressed in music, dance, and drama.
  • It also works with governments and art academies in states and territories of the country.
• In addition, the Akademi:
  • Subsidizes the work of institutions engaged in teaching, performing, or promoting music, dance, or theatre.
  • Gives grants to aid research, documentation, and publishing in the performing arts.
  • Organises and subsidises seminars and conferences of subject specialists.
  • Documents and records the performing arts for its audio-visual archive.
  • Renders advice and assistance to the government of India in the task of formulating and implementing policies and programmes in the field.
  • Carries a part of the responsibilities of the state for fostering cultural contacts between regions in the country, as well as between India and the world.
  • Organises its annual festival of music, dance, and theatre in NCT Delhi.
• The Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition conferred on practising artists.
• The Akademi also confers Fellowships on eminent artists and scholars of music, dance, and drama; and in 2006 instituted annual awards to young artists – the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar.
• The Akademi’s archive, comprising audio and video tapes, photographs, and films, is one of the largest in the country and is extensively drawn upon for research in the performing arts.
• Management:
  • The management of the Akademi vests in its General Council.
  • The Chairman of the Akademi is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years.

About Hallaniyat Islands:

• The Hallaniyat Islands, also known as the Kuria Muria Islands, is an archipelago of five islands located off the southeastern coast of Oman in the Arabian Sea.
• From west to east, the islands are Al-Hasikiyah, Al-Sawda, Al-Hallaniyah, Qarzawit, and Al-Qibliyah.
• Al-Hallaniyah, the largest of the islands, is the only one inhabited.
• The habitat is characterised by rocky patches, coral reefs, and sandy substrates.
• The area overlaps with the Halaaniyaat Islands Key Biodiversity Area and the Oman Arabian Sea Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area.
• The shallow water of the islands is characterized by high diversity of corals, sponges, seaweeds, algae, fish, and other species.
• The Arabian Sea here is defined by the Somali Current and seasonal upwelling that creates one of the most productive marine zones in the Indian Ocean.
• Cold, nutrient-rich water rises from the deep during and after the monsoon season, fuelling plankton blooms that attract everything from whale sharks to humpback whales.
• The islands have significant strategic importance, as they lie along sea routes connecting the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea.

About Colletes bhutanicus:

• It is a rare solitary Himalayan plasterer bee, recorded from Arunachal Pradesh for the first time.
• Distribution: It has been recorded from Bhutan and China, including the Xizang region.
• Features:
  • Unlike honeybees, Colletes bees are solitary and do not live in large colonies.
  • Individual bees generally nest separately and play an important role in pollination by moving between flowers to collect pollen and nectar.
• Ecological Role of Bees:
  • Honey bees are vital to agriculture because their pollination activities directly influence crop yields and quality.
  • They are the main pollinators of plants. 
  • They contribute significantly to maintaining biodiversity. By pollinating a diverse range of wild plants, honey bees help sustain the balance of ecosystems.
  • Bees are sensitive to environmental changes, making them excellent bioindicators.

About Namibia:

• Location: It is located on the southwestern coast of the African continent.
• Bordering Countries:  It is bordered by Zambia and Angola to the north, South Africa to the east and south, and Botswana to the east.
• A small stretch of the Zambezi River separates Namibia from Zimbabwe.
• Water Bodies: The Atlantic Ocean borders it to the west. 
• Capital City: Windhoek
• Geographical Features of Namibia
  • Topography: Namibia’s extent can be divided into three topographic zones from west to east: the Namib Desert, the Central Plateau, and the Kalahari.
    • The Central Plateau to the west with the Kalahari Desert located further inwards. The coastal Namib Desert runs along the country’s West coast on the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Rivers: It is drained by the rivers Kunene, the Okavango, the Mashi and the Zambezi on the northern border and the Orange on the southern.
  • Mountain: Brandberg, also known as Mount Brand is Namibia’s highest mountain and is located along the plateau’s western escarpment.
  • Natural Resources: It mainly consists of uranium, lithium, graphite, and manganese.

About Shruti Patrol Vessel:

• It is the Next Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel (NGOPV).
• Construction by: The construction of NGOPVs is concurrently being undertaken at two shipyards — Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd (GRSE), Kolkata.
  • These ships derive their name from India’s rich heritage, with this ship being named as ‘Shruti’, referring to four Vedas.
  • The crest design of the ship depicts the constellation of Ursa Major and a red & white coloured light house.
• Functions: It is indigenously designed and will augment the existing OPVs/ NOPVs for multi domain operations, such as maritime surveillance, search and rescue, protection of offshore assets, HADR and anti-piracy missions. 
• Key Features of NGOPVs:
  • The NGOPVs are significantly larger and more capable than the Offshore Patrol Vessels
  • Capacity: They are with a displacement of 3,000 tonnes and achieve speeds of up to 23 knots and have an endurance of 8,500 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 14 knots.
  • Significance: It helps Indian Navy’s pursuit towards indigenous shipbuilding and is in consonance with Government of India’s vision of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ and ‘Make in India’ initiative.

About Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in the Kumaon region of the Himalayas, in the state of
• It is named after the Bineshwar Mahadev temple, a 16th-century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. 
• Vegetation: Western Himalayan sub-alpine coniferous forests; Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows.
• Highest Point: From Zero Point, also known as Jhandi Dhaar, this is the highest point in the sanctuary.
• Apart from protecting wildlife, the sanctuary was established with an aim to conserve the broadleaf oak forests, mainly located in the Central Himalayan region. 
• Flora: It is covered by oak and rhododendron forests at higher altitudes and by chir pine forests at a lower height.
• Fauna: It is home to Barking Deer, Himalayan bear, leopard, fox, musk deer, langur, porcupine, flying squirrel, chital, jungle cat, etc. 
  • It has been declared an Important Bird Area by Bird Life International.

About NAVYA Programme:

• The NAVYA (Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational training for Young Adolescent Girls) was launched in 2025.
• It aims to empower adolescent girls (AGs) aged 16–18 years in aspirational districts by equipping them with relevant skills for socio-economic independence.
• It is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and the Ministry of Women & Child Development.
• It is being implemented under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0).
• Features
  • Skill Training: It focuses on empowering trained candidates to pursue diverse career pathways by providing industry-relevant skill courses with embedded On-the-Job Training (OJT).
  • Main Focus: Under NAVYA, special emphasis is placed on training in futuristic job roles, along with a mandatory Holistic Development Module covering digital literacy, financial literacy, career readiness, and entrepreneurship orientation etc.
  • Monitoring: The Government monitors and evaluates the implementation and outcomes of this programme through a robust monitoring framework under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
  • The Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) is leveraged for real-time tracking of beneficiary registration, attendance, training progress, certification and other key performance indicators.
    • Regular review meetings are conducted with Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs), State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs) and other stakeholders to assess progress and address implementation-related issues.