UPSC Prelims 2023 Question:

With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements

1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin.
2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics.
3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition.
   
   

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Explanation:

• • The term "stupa" originates from the Sanskrit word "stūpa," which means "heap" or "pile." Initially, stupas were simple mounds of earth or stones used as commemorative markers for significant events or burial sites. These structures date back to pre-Buddhist times and were used to bury śramaṇas (ascetics) in a seated position, known as chaitya. So, statement 1 not is correct.
  • According to Buddhist sources, the remains of the Buddha's body (relics) were divided into eight parts and placed under the stupas.  So, statement 2 is correct.
  • According to A. Cunningham, Maisey and Foucher the Stupas can be classified into five categories 
    • Relic stupas 
      • Relic stupas are those in which the relics of Buddha and other religious persons are buried. - SANCHI.  
    • Object stupas 
      • Object stupas are those in which the objects belonging to the Buddha or his disciples are buried. - VAISHALI . 
        
        

• Commemorative stupas 

• • • • Commemorative stupas are those which are built to commemorate events in the life of Buddha and his disciples. - ANURADHAPURA 
    • Symbolic stupas 
      • Symbolic stupas are those which are built to symbolise various aspects of Buddhist theology. - LEH 
        
        

• Votive stupas 

• • • Votive stupas are constructed to commemorate visits or gain spiritual benefits. can be made from metal, stone, glass, etc. So, statement 3 is correct.
      
      

Therefore, option (2) is the correct answer. 

Subject: History | Architecture and Sculptures