About India’s First Immersive Language Museum:

• Museum of Word, also known as Shabdalok, at the National Library campus in Kolkata, is India’s first immersive language museum.
• It was developed by the National Library under the Union Culture Ministry.
• It showcases the country’s linguistic heritage and traces the evolution of oral and written traditions through interactive, technology-driven exhibits.
• The first phase of the museum chronicles the diversity of Indian languages, scripts, and literature.
• Instead of being a conventional repository, it has been designed as an immersive cultural experience with digital displays, holograms, and motion-sensor technology to engage visitors.
• The museum has nine galleries that explore different facets of the history of languages and their influence on India’s civilization and culture.
• Shabdalok celebrates India’s 22 official languages and traces their journey from oral traditions and ancient manuscripts to printed works and modern electronic texts.
• One of its key attractions allows visitors to trace the evolution of words over centuries, illustrating how their pronunciation, meaning, and usage have changed over time.

About Aral Sea:

• It is a saline lake in Central Asia straddling the boundary between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to the south and north.
• It was once a large saltwater lake in Central Asia and the world’s fourth-largest body of inland water.
• The remnants of it nestle in the climatically inhospitable heart of Central Asia, to the east of the Caspian Sea.
• Formation:
  • The Aral Sea depression was formed toward the end of the Neogene Period.
  • It was made by waters from the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya rivers that were dependent on glacial melt.
• Climate:
  • The Aral Sea is located within the harsh climate region of Central Asia.
  • The area experiences a desert-continental climate, characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and varying diurnal air temperature.
• Reason for its Disappearance:
  • The lake once covered large area between the Kyzylorda and Aktobe regions in Kazakhstan and the Karakalpakstan region of Uzbekistan.
  • However, the lake started shrinking in the 1960s, when the Soviet government decided to divert the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya, to irrigate the surrounding desert region.
  • By the 1980s, the Aral Sea had shed 80% of its volume, resulting in the extinction of native fish species and severe ecological degradation, including the emergence of the Aralkum Desert.
  • Today it is on the verge of complete disappearance.

About Hoollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is located in the Jorhat district of Assam.
• It is named after the Hoolock Gibbon, the only ape species found in India. It has the thickest gibbon populations in Assam.
• River: The Bhogdoi River creates a waterlogged region dominated by semi-hydrophytic plants along the border of the sanctuary.
• Vegetation: Most of the vegetation is evergreen in character and is composed of several canopy layers.
• Flora: Hollong trees, Nahar trees and many shrubs.
• Fauna:
  • It is home to the only nocturnal primate found in the northeast Indian states, the Bengal slow loris.
  • Other primates include the stump-tailed macaque, northern pig-tailed macaque, eastern Assamese macaque, rhesus macaque, and capped langur.
  • Also found at the sanctuary are Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boar, three types of civet, four types of squirrel, etc.
  • The sanctuary is home to many species of birds, including several rare and endangered species, such as the white-winged wood duck, the Bengal florican, and the great hornbill.

About Narwar Fort:

• It is a historical fort located in the Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It is spread atop the Vindhya ranges.
• Madhav National Park is located a short distance to the west.
• History:
  • The Narwar town, which lies below the fort, is said to have been the capital of Raja Nala of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, and it was called Nalapura until the 12th century.
  • Constructed by the Kachwaha Rajputs in the 10th century, Narwar Fort has witnessed the rise and fall of various dynasties.
  • Successively held by the Kachwaha, Parihara, and Tomara Rajputs, it eventually fell under Mughal rule in the 16th century.
  • It was conquered by the Maratha chief Scindia in the early 19th century.
• Architecture:
  • The interior of the fort is divided by cross walls into four sections known as “ahata” and “dholaahata,”
  • The architecture of the fort and palaces is basically Rajput in style with flat ceilings, fluted columns, and multifold arches.
  • The inner walls of the palaces have been decorated with bright paint and glass beads.
  • Outside the walled town are memorial pillars of the Tomar chiefs.

About Mangal Pandey:

• He was a brave Indian soldier during the pre-independence era.
• His attack on British officers on March 29, 1857 is widely regarded as one of the earliest triggers of the Revolt of 1857, referred to in different historical traditions as the First War of Independence or the Sepoy Mutiny.
• He was born on July 19, 1827, Ballia district in Uttar Pradesh.
• In 1849, Pandey joined the army of the British East India Company at the age of 22.
• He served as a sepoy in the 6th Company of the 34th Bengal Native Infantry in Barrackpore.
• He revolted against the East India Company for introducing cartridges that were greased with animal fat, as it hurt the religious sentiments of the soldiers.
• Mangal Pandey attacked two British officers on March 29, 1857.
• Following this, he was hanged to death on April 8, 1857, in Barrackpore. He was only 29 years old when he was executed.
• However, his act of revolt, subsequent arrest, and hanging triggered a nationwide uproar and marked the beginning of the revolt of 1857.
• Following this huge mass movement, the British were forced to recognise the trouble and passed new rules through the Government of India Act, 1858.

About Mexico:

• Location: It is located in the southern part of North America.
• Bordering Countries: It shares its land border with the United States of America to the north and with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast. 
• Maritime boundaries: It is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean to the south and west; by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the east. 
• Capital City: Mexico City.
• Geographical Features of Mexico:
  • It is a part of the circum-Pacific “Ring of Fire”—a region of active volcanism and frequent seismic activity. 
  • Peninsulas: It consists of the Baja Peninsula and Yucatan Peninsula.
  • Major Rivers: Rio Grande River and Colorado river (which is shared with US)
  • Lakes: Lake Chapala and Lake Cuitzeo.
  • Major mountain range: Sierra Madre.
  • Natural Resources: Petroleum, silver, Antimony, Copper, Gold, Lead, zinc, natural gas.

About NAMASTE Scheme:

• The National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) ensures the safety, dignity and social security of sanitation workers while accelerating the transition towards mechanised sanitation across the country.
• It is jointly implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
• It aims to eliminate hazardous manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks by promoting mechanised cleaning practices, skill development and comprehensive welfare measures for sanitation workers.
• Implementing agency: It is implemented by the National Safai Karmacharis Finance Development Corporation (NSKFDC) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE)
• Duration: It would be implemented for three years from FY 2023-24 to FY 2025-26.
• The scheme targets the following objectives:
  • Zero fatalities in sanitation work,
  • Eliminates direct contact with human faecal matter,
  • Ensures all cleaning is done with safety devices by skilled workers,
  • Strengthens Emergency Response Sanitation Units (ERSUs), and empowers workers through Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and entrepreneurship.

About Electronic Gold Receipts:

• Electronic Gold Receipts (EGRs) are exchange-traded securities representing ownership of physical gold (specified purity) stored in SEBI-regulated vaults.
• They can be held electronically in a demat account, bought and sold in different denominations on the bourse and converted into physical gold via prescribed process.
• Buying and Selling of Electronic Gold Receipts:
  • Like shares, EGRs follow a T+1 settlement cycle with the receipts credited to the buyer’s demat account the next trading day.
  • Retail investors, jewellers, bullion traders, refiners, institutional investors and other eligible market participants can buy EGRs via registered stockbrokers.
  • Investors need both trading and demat accounts to buy and sell EGRs.
• The EGRs are available in two purity standards: 999 (99.9% pure gold) and 995 (99.5% pure gold).
  • In each purity category, investors have six different denominations such as 10 mg, 100 mg, 1 g, 10 g, 100 g and 1 kg. 
• Those who prefer physical gold can convert EGRs into gold whenever needed.
• Advantage: This offers a transparent and standardised way to own gold while removing concerns over purity and personal storage.

About Kolleru Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in the West Godavari and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh.
• It was established in November 1999, under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
• The sanctuary covers wetlands and marshes that provide a vital habitat for diverse flora and fauna.
  • The sanctuary protects part of the Kolleru Lake wetland, which was designated as a Ramsar Site of International Importance in 2002.
  • The Lake is fed directly by the seasonal Budameru and Tammileru rivers and is connected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by 67 inflowing drains and channels.
• It is a crucial wetland ecosystem and serves as a stopover point for migratory birds.
• Flora: The sanctuary’s flora includes various aquatic plants, submerged macrophytes, and wetland vegetation that provide essential food and shelter for the diverse bird species.
• Fauna: 
  • It is home to many species of resident and migratory birds.
  • Commonly found birds in the sanctuary are: little egret, cattle egret, pied kingfisher, small blue kingfisher, blackcapped kingfisher, pond heron, reef heron, grey heron, night heron, etc.