Why in news?

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) system came under intense scrutiny during the FIFA World Cup clash between Egypt and Argentina in Atlanta. A well-crafted Egyptian goal was disallowed after VAR intervention flagged a foul in the build-up, sparking outrage from the Egyptian camp.

Egypt, which surrendered a two-goal lead to lose 2-3, argued that certain fouls by Argentina were ignored in the same passage of play.

The episode has reignited debate over VAR's consistency and transparency.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What is VAR and How Does It Work?
• When Can VAR Intervene?
• The Egypt-Argentina Controversy
• Key Criticisms of VAR

What is VAR and How Does It Work?

• VAR refers to both the video review system and the chief referee who monitors play, typically from a central hub.
• The system was proposed in the early 2010s and approved by the International Football Association Board (IFAB) in 2016, with the primary objective of avoiding "clear and obvious errors" during key match incidents.
• The setup includes multiple high-quality cameras positioned around the venue and a pitch-side monitor near the dugouts.
• The VAR official recommends that the on-field referee review certain incidents, but the final call rests with the on-field referee, who can accept or reject the recommendation even after review.

When Can VAR Intervene?

• VAR is primarily used to review four categories of decisions: goal or no goal, penalty or no penalty, direct red cards (including reversals), and cases of mistaken identity.
• At this World Cup, its third consecutive edition since introduction in 2018, VAR has taken on additional responsibilities, including reviewing wrongly awarded corner kicks and correcting incorrectly issued second yellow cards.

The Egypt-Argentina Controversy

• Egyptian player Mostafa Zico scored following an impressive attacking move, but the goal was disallowed after VAR official Jerome Brisard flagged a possible foul by Egypt's Marwan Attia on Argentina's Lisandro Martinez elsewhere on the pitch.
• On-field referee Francois Letexier reviewed the footage and ruled that Attia had unfairly won the ball in the build-up, disallowing the goal.
• Egypt contested this decision on two grounds:
  • that the foul occurred away from where the goal-scoring move began, and
  • that no similar review was granted for alleged fouls on Egyptian players inside Argentina's box just before Argentina's winning goal.
• FIFA's chief refereeing officer clarified that there is no defined limit on distance or time between a foul and a goal for VAR to intervene in the build-up.
• FIFA's Response
  • Following the backlash, FIFA introduced a significant operational change: two in-house VAR officials will now be appointed for every match from the quarterfinals through the final.
  • This is aimed at improving oversight and consistency in decision-making.

Key Criticisms of VAR

• Inconsistency: Similar incidents are often judged differently by different referees, creating confusion over what constitutes a penalty or red card.
• Over-officiating: Critics argue VAR is making football "soft" by flagging fouls barely visible to on-field officials, as seen in Germany's disallowed goal against Paraguay in the round-of-32.
• Lack of transparency: Fans, players, and coaching staff are frequently left uninformed about the reasoning behind VAR's recommendations to the on-field referee.

Conclusion

The Egypt-Argentina episode has exposed persistent flaws in VAR's application, particularly around consistency and communication. While FIFA's move to add a second VAR official signals responsiveness, the deeper challenge remains balancing technological precision with football's fast-paced, human character.

About Molluscs:

• Molluscs are extremely diverse invertebrate animals.
• Habitat: They are found in nearly all freshwater and marine environments, and some are found also on land. 
• They come in all shapes and sizes, and some of them grow external shells to protect their soft bodies.
• These are a quarter of all living marine species and also have importance as food sources.
• The molluscs include many familiar animals, including clams, snails, slugs, and squid, as well as some less familiar animals, like tusk shells and chitons.
• Major groups within the Mollusca
• Polyplacophora: It consists of chitons, snail-like molluscs with eight-part overlapping scale shells
• Gastropoda: These are true snails and slugs. They represent the most diverse class within phylum Mollusca with 60,000 to 80,000 extant species in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
• Bivalvia: These are molluscs with hinged two-part shells. Examples include clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops.
• Cephalopoda: These are molluscs with large heads, large eyes, and grasping tentacles
• Examples include octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and nautiloids.