About Himalayan Brown Bear:

• It is the largest mammal found in the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas.
• It is one of the most ancient brown bear lineages.
• Scientific Name: Ursus arctos isabellinus
• It is also known as the “Himalayan Red Bear” and the “Isabelline Bear”. It is known as Denmo in the Ladakhi language.
• Distribution:
  • They are found in northwestern and central Himalayas, including Pakistan, India, Nepal, the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China, and Bhutan.
  • They are found above the timberline, between 3,000 and 5,500 meters (9,800 and 18,000 feet) above sea level.
  • In India, this species exists in small isolated populations in the fragmented alpine and subalpine habitats of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.
• It is believed by some that the bear’s ability to walk upright probably gave rise to the legend of the Yeti or “Abominable Snowman.”
• Features:
  • Males are larger than females, with an average length of 1.9 m and weight of 135 kg, in comparison to the female averages of 1.6 m and 70 kg.
  • It has thick fur which is most often sandy or reddish-brown in colour.
  • Food: Omnivorous, eating grasses, roots, bulbs and other plants, insects, and small mammals such as marmots, pikas, and voles.
  • They hibernate in dens during the winter.
  • They are solitary and only interact with each other to mate or fight over mates. The only exception to this is a mother and her cubs.
  • Life span: 20 to 30 years in the wild.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972: Schedule I
  • CITES – Appendix I.

About Tomahawk Missile:

• It is a long-range, subsonic cruise missile developed by the United States Navy.
• It is launched from ships or submarines through a Vertical Launch System and used for precision strikes on land-based targets.
• Tomahawks were first deployed in combat during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Since then, they have been used in several major conflicts, including strikes in Syria in 2017.
• Features:
  • Tomahawks can fly at low altitudes, avoiding radar detection, and are guided by advanced GPS, inertial navigation, and terrain contour mapping.
  • This makes them highly accurate-with a margin of error of just 10 meters.
  • They are built to follow a non-linear path, reducing the chance of interception.
  • These missiles have a range between 1,000 and 1,500 miles (1,550 to 2,500 km).
  • Tomahawks measure 18.3 feet in length and weigh about 3,200 pounds (4,400 with booster).
  • They carry a 1,000-pound conventional warhead or cluster munitions.
  • It is powered by a solid propellant during its launch phase. Thereafter, it is powered by a turbofan engine that does not emit much heat, which makes infrared detection difficult.
  • Each Tomahawk missile reportedly costs around $2 million.

About Chios Island:

• It is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea.
• It is the fifth-largest island in Greece, with a surface area of 842.29 sq.km.
• It is situated 5 miles (8 km) off the western coast of Turkey.
• It is about 30 miles (50 km) long north-south and from 8 to 15 miles (13 to 24 km) wide.
• It is traversed north-south by mountains culminating in Mount Pelinaíon (1,297 meters).
• The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Chios town.
• Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum, and the island is also known as "the Mastic Island."
• It is a very attractive island because of its lush vegetation, fine beaches, and unique medieval  villages,  which  are kept in very good condition.
• It is also famously rich in history, said to be the birthplace of Homer as well as several Greek writers and politicians, and historic records date back to the Neolithic Age, and examples of Byzantine architecture can be found across the island.

About Lake Tahoe:

• It is a cobalt blue freshwater lake located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, on the border of California and Nevada, United States.
• It is the largest freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada and the largest alpine lake in North America.
• It is situated at an elevation of 1,897 m above sea level and is the highest lake in the United States.
• It is 22 miles long and 12 miles wide with 75 miles of shoreline. The surface area covers 191 square miles.
• Lake Tahoe’s deepest point is 1,645 feet, making it the second-deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon.
• Lake Tahoe, with a water volume of 150 km³ is the largest lake by volume in the United States after the Great Lakes.
• There are 63 streams that flow into Lake Tahoe and only one, the Truckee River, that flows out and into Pyramid Lake. Unlike most bodies of water in North America, Tahoe’s water never reaches the ocean.
• Lake Tahoe is one of the purest bodies of water in the world, with 99.994% of the water pure.
• The lake and the surrounding area of national forests have been developed as tourist resorts.

About INS Nilgiri:

• It is the first of the indigenously built Project 17A stealth frigates of the Indian Navy.
• It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and built at the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai.
  • The Nilgiri class is a design derivative of the indigenous Shivalik class stealth frigates (Project 17).
• It would be an integral part of the Eastern Naval Command.
• Features:
  • INS Nilgiri is 149 meters long, with a displacement of approximately 6,670 tonnes.
  • It is powered by a sophisticated combined diesel and gas (CODAG) propulsion
  • It can achieve speeds of up to 28 knots.
  • The warship is enabled to operate independently without supporting vessels and to function as the flagship of the Naval task force.
  • Armed with 16 Barak-8 Surface-to-Air Missiles, INS Nilgiri offers strong anti-aircraft protection.
  • Additionally, it includes 8 BrahMos missiles for anti-ship and surface-to-surface combat.
  • The radar systems on board include MF-STAR for 360-degree cover, 3D AESA radar for the tracking of multi-targets, and Nishant radar for targeting.
  • The Combat Management System (CMS) integrates all systems, which enables the smooth execution of network-centric warfare and cooperative operations with other platforms.
• Other Ships in the Class: The remaining six frigates — Himgiri, Taragiri, Udaygiri, Dunagiri, Vindhyagiri, and Mahendragiri— are under construction at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata.

About Sariska Tiger Reserve:

• Location: It is located in the state of Rajasthan.
• It is spread over the world’s oldest mountain range- the
• It was once a hunting ground of the Maharaja of Alwar before being proclaimed a natural reserve in 1955 and a national park in 1979.
• It is also famous for old temples, palaces, and lakes such as Pandu Pol, Bhangarh Fort, Ajabgarh, Pratapgarh, Siliserh Lake, and Jai Samand Lake.
• Topography: It possesses a rocky landscape, scrub thorn arid forests, grasses, hilly cliffs, and semi deciduous wood. 
• Vegetation: The vegetation of Sariska corresponds to Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests and Northern Tropical Thorn Forest.
• Flora:The area of this reserve is covered with dhok trees. 
• Other species found include salar, kadaya, gol, ber, Banyan, gugal, bamboo, kair, adusta, etc.
• Fauna: A variety of other wild animals, like the leopard, sambhar, chital, nilgai, four-horned antelope, wild boar etc are found in the reserve apart from the tiger.

About Palm tree:

• Palm is a member of the Arecaceae, or Palmae, a single family of monocotyledonous flowering plants of the order Arecales.
• It is an evergreen plant which can grow in the form of shrubs, trees, or long, woody vines called lianas.
• Distribution: It is distributed in America and in Asia, from India to Japan and south to Australia and the islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans, with Africa and Madagascar as a third but much less important palm region. 
• Characteristics of Palm tree
  • They are characterized by a tall, unbranched stem or, rarely, by a dichotomous branching stem (Hyphaene), and of the same diameter all along from base to top;
  • Palmate leaves, like hands, grow in a bunch at the end of a stem. Pinnate leaves are like feathers, growing all along either side of a stem.
• Though many species of palms are sturdy and plentiful, as many as 100 species are endangered due to deforestation and unsustainable cultivation practices.
• The palms with the greatest importance in world commerce are the coconut and the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis); both are prime sources of vegetable oil and fat.

About Kounis Syndrome:

• It is a rare medical condition where an allergic reaction triggers a heart problem.
• It is classified as a form of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)–a term typically used for conditions like heart attacks–brought on by an allergic or hypersensitivity response.
• It is sometimes referred to as allergic angina or allergic myocardial infarction.
• It occurs when a person is exposed to a trigger–such as an insect sting, drug, or food–the body’s immune system activates mast cells, which release chemicals including histamine and cytokines. These substances:
  • Cause sudden spasm or tightening of coronary arteries
  • May rupture or erode existing plaque, worsening any blockages
  • Reduce blood flow to the heart, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen) or infarction (tissue death)
• Types of Kounis Syndrome
  • Type I: Occurs in individuals with normal coronary arteries. The allergic reaction causes spasms, reducing blood flow and potentially leading to a heart attack.
  • Type II: Affects those with existing coronary disease. The allergic reaction destabilises plaques, causing rupture and a full heart attack.
  • Type III: Seen in patients with coronary stents. The allergic response may lead to clot formation within the stent.
• What can trigger it?
  • Insect stings or bites (such as bees and wasps)
  • Certain medications, particularly antibiotics and NSAIDs (painkillers)
  • Foods, such as shellfish, nuts, or kiwi
  • Environmental allergens such as latex or contrast dyes
  • Underlying health conditions like mastocytosis (a disorder involving excess mast cells)
• Symptoms: Chest pain, Rash, hives, or swelling (angioedema), shortness of breath or wheezing, low blood pressure, ECG changes such as ST-segment elevation or depression
• Treatment
  • For the allergic reaction: antihistamines, corticosteroids, and sometimes epinephrine is given
  • For the heart: standard cardiac care like oxygen, nitrates, and blood thinners.

About Gwada negative:

• It is named EMM-negative and colloquially dubbed “Gwada negative” in reference to the Guadeloupean origin of the woman who carries it.
• It is the informal name given to the newly classified EMM-negative blood group system, officially registered by ISBT as ISBT042.
• It is defined by the absence of the EMM antigen, which is normally found on red blood cells and is considered a high-incidence antigen.
• High-incidence antigens are present in nearly all humans but lacking in this new system which is extremely rare and medically significant.
• Criteria to consider a new blood group a new system: It should be genetically determined, inherited, identifiable via serological or molecular techniques, and have an associated antibody -- criteria that EMM-negative meets.
• The identification of the EMM-negative blood type adds to the previously known 47 blood group systems, making it the 48th globally recognised system in transfusion science.
• As of now, the woman from Guadeloupe is the only known person in the world to possess this blood type.
  • Her case is especially unique because she inherited the mutated gene from both her mother and her father, each of whom likely carried a single copy of the rare gene variant. This dual inheritance led to a complete lack of the EMM antigen in her red blood cells.

Key Facts about International Society of Blood Transfusion

• It was founded in 1935 in Paris.
• Functions
  • It aids in the solution of scientific and practical problems in blood transfusion.
  • It facilitates the development of closer ties among those concerned with such problems, and to promote standardization of methods, equipment, and norms for its field.
• Headquarter: Amsterdam.

About INS Tamal:

• It is the stealth multi-role frigate belongs to the series of Krivak class frigates inducted from Russia over the past two decades. 
• The ship’s name, Tamal, symbolises the mythical sword used for combat by Indra - the King of the Gods.
• It is the second ship of the Tushil Class, which are the upgraded versions of their predecessors, Talwar and Teg classes having three ships each. 
• It has been built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia, and is the last warship to be inducted from a foreign source, in line with the Government of India’s impetus on Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives.
• Features of INS Tamal:
  • It has 26% indigenous components, including the BrahMos long-range cruise missile for targeting both at sea and land.
  • It has significant upgrades in its arsenal in comparison to its predecessors, such as vertically launched surface-to-air missiles, improved 100 MM gun, new age EO/IR system in addition to the standard 30 MM CIWS, heavyweight torpedoes, urgent-attack anti-submarine rockets, and a host of surveillance and fire control radars and systems.
  • Force multipliers include Air Early Warning and Multi Role helicopters, which can operate from the deck of Tamal.
  • The combat capability of the ship is augmented by a host of Network Centric Warfare capabilities and advanced Electronic Warfare suite. 
  • Tamal punches well above its weight with a very high tonnage to firepower ratio, extended endurance, and a top speed in excess of 30 knots.
  • It has successively completed extensive sea trials undertaken over three months, proving its systems, weapons and sensors. 
  • It’s mascot is inspired by the congruence of the ‘Jambavant’ the Immortal Bear King of Indian Mythology and the Russian National Animal - the Eurasian Brown Bear.