Why in news?

• The Supreme Court, in June 2026, released the draft Regulations for Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Courts, 2026, aimed at creating a governance framework for AI adoption in the judiciary.
• It prescribes general principles for AI's use and establishes an institutional framework to oversee it.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Applicability: Is It Binding?
• What Role Has Been Carved Out for AI?
• Can AI Decide a Case?
• What Is Absolutely Barred?
• Transparency for Litigants
• Institutional and Regulatory Architecture
• Role of Private Vendors
• Safety Measures: A Lifecycle Approach

Applicability: Is It Binding?

• The Draft Regulations are not automatically or uniformly binding.
• They will come into force for the Supreme Court on a date notified by the Chief Justice of India, and separately for each High Court (and courts/tribunals under its jurisdiction) on dates notified by that High Court's Chief Justice.
• Different provisions can also be implemented on different dates, allowing phased AI adoption suited to each court's needs.

What Role Has Been Carved Out for AI?

• Courts are required to "actively seek opportunities" to deploy AI systems that demonstrably improve access to justice, reduce delays, or enhance administrative efficiency.
• AI use is explicitly permitted for administrative and assistive functions such as case management, transcription, translation, legal research, document summarisation, accessibility, and court administration.
• All such use requires written approval from the SC's Apex Body or the concerned High Court/tribunal's AI Committee, along with supervision by nominated court officers.

Can AI Decide a Case?

• The Draft Regulations categorically state that no judicial outcome can be reached through algorithmic decision-making alone or solely on AI-generated information.
• Human judicial authority remains determinative in all adjudicative decisions; AI's role in decision-making, if any, is purely advisory and subject to independent human evaluation.

What Is Absolutely Barred?

• Certain uses are prohibited in "absolute and non-derogable" terms, meaning no authority can permit them under any circumstances:
  • Risk scoring to assess flight risk;
  • Predicting recidivism (the process of using historical, behavioral, and demographic data to estimate the likelihood that a previously convicted individual will commit a new crime or return to prison);
  • Evaluating bail eligibility;
  • Determining witness credibility;
  • Predicting, profiling, or inferring future conduct of parties, accused persons, witnesses, or legal representatives;
  • Submitting AI-generated output as independent evidence without full disclosure of its AI origin;
  • Using "black-box" (unexplainable) AI systems in matters affecting personal liberty.

Transparency for Litigants

• If a court uses AI that "materially assists" it in case management, document analysis, or judicial administration, it must inform the parties involved in a timely, accessible manner.
• However, litigants will only be notified when AI has provided material assistance, not for every instance of AI use.

Institutional and Regulatory Architecture

• An "Apex Body" at the Supreme Court, comprising sitting SC and High Court judges, a MeitY official, and finance/cybersecurity experts, will set minimum mandatory standards and issue implementation guidelines.
• This body will operate through five specialised committees, while the SC and each High Court will form their own AI Committees, backed by an AI Secretariat.
• A separate research body, the Centre of Research and Excellence on Artificial Intelligence (CoRE-AI), will evaluate tools and track developments to support the Apex Body.

Role of Private Vendors

• Private companies can be involved only with written approval from the relevant court authority and must comply with mandatory contract terms covering:
  • Ownership of and access rights to court data and AI outputs;
  • A bar on using sensitive judicial data;
  • A prohibition on retaining or fine-tuning models using court data without AI Committee approval;
  • No exclusive IP claims over tools built substantially on judicial data or public resources.

Safety Measures: A Lifecycle Approach

• The Regulations mandate safety checks before, during, and after AI deployment:
  • A Technical and Ethical Impact Assessment covering system architecture, training data, bias, hallucination risks, and cybersecurity
  • Some systems may require "Controlled Environment Testing" in isolation before deployment
  • Post-deployment, systems face technical, legal, ethical, and cybersecurity audits conducted in-house (source code and training data cannot be shared with third parties)
  • Each court must maintain an AI Register of approved systems and audit outcomes
  • Each AI Secretariat must maintain an AI Incident Database, with mandatory 24-hour notification if a tool fails or is suspended
  • High Courts must have an emergency fall-back protocol to run processes manually if systems fail

Grievance Redressal for Litigants

• Where harm results from a prohibited use of AI, an affected party can file an application with the court where the AI system was used.
• The court must provide a hearing and pass appropriate orders.
• High Courts may design simplified procedures and complaint formats for accessibility, and this remedy exists alongside other legal remedies already available under ordinary law.

Conclusion

• The SC's draft regulations strike a calibrated balance, embracing AI for efficiency and access to justice while firmly safeguarding judicial independence, personal liberty, and due process.
• By barring algorithmic decision-making in sensitive matters and ensuring layered oversight, India moves toward responsible, human-centric AI governance in courts.

Why in news?

The Election Commission of India's (ECI) online voter registration portal, ECINET, now requires new applicants to furnish details of their parents' status in the last Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls, down to the polling booth number and serial number.

This change has been introduced even though Form 6, the statutory enrolment form, has not been formally amended through the procedure established by law, raising questions about due process.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What Is the New Procedure?
• Status of the SIR Exercise
• The Legal Question: Was Due Process Followed?

What Is the New Procedure?

• The ECINET portal allows users to submit forms for new electoral registrations, changes to existing rolls, and deletions.
• Form 6, the electors' enrolment form under the Representation of the People Act, 1950, and the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, now includes a new section online called the "declaration form."
• Applicants must state whether their parents were included in the last SIR:
  • If yes: They must provide the Assembly constituency number, polling booth (part) number, and the serial number at which their father or mother was registered.
  • If no: They must select that option and provide their parents' names and Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers, if available.
• This requirement applies in all states where the SIR has been completed or is underway, except Bihar.

Status of the SIR Exercise

• The EC has completed the SIR in 13 states/UTs since June 2025, using the early 2000s intensive revision as the reference point ("last SIR").
• The exercise is currently underway in 19 other states/UTs.
  • The EC has yet to announce the SIR for Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Jammu and Kashmir.
  • In Assam, the SIR has been deferred until the National Register of Citizens (NRC) exercise is completed.
• So far, the SIR has led to the deletion of 5.58 crore names nationally, mostly due to electors being found deceased, shifted, absent, or enrolled at multiple places.
• In West Bengal alone, 27 lakh electors who had submitted documents were deleted through a judicial adjudication process, with appeals now pending before appellate tribunals.

The Legal Question: Was Due Process Followed?

• Article 326 of the Constitution guarantees the right to enrol as an elector to all adult citizens ordinarily resident in a constituency, unless disqualified by law.
• The Representation of the People Act, 1950 empowers the Union government to frame election and registration rules.
• Section 28 (RPA) requires the Central Government, after consulting the EC, to notify rules in the Official Gazette, which must then be laid before Parliament.
• Since Form 6 is part of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, any change to it requires formal amendment and gazette notification by the Law and Justice Ministry.
• However, no such amendment has been notified. E-Gazette records from June 2025 (when the SIR was announced) show no change to Form 6.
• Notably, the downloadable/printable version of Form 6 on ECINET does not even contain the new SIR declaration section, confirming that the form has not been formally amended.

Implications for New Electors

• New applicants, largely those who have recently turned 18, must now trace themselves or their parents to the last SIR record.
• Since the EC has not clarified this change, it remains unclear whether applicants unable to provide such details will face additional scrutiny.
• This assumes greater significance because the ongoing SIR is unprecedented: rolls are being prepared afresh rather than revised annually, and for the first time, electors must submit documents to prove eligibility, including citizenship.
• The impact of this declaration requirement on the enrolment of children of those already deleted from rolls (as in West Bengal) remains unknown.

Conclusion

The ECINET's new declaration requirement highlights a troubling gap between administrative practice and legal procedure.

Without formal gazette notification, the change lacks statutory backing, raising concerns about transparency, accountability, and the potential exclusion of genuine electors from India's democratic process.

Context:

• The IITs remain among India's most sought-after institutions, and admission through JEE ranks and GATE scores has long been seen as a mark of a student's ability.
• Recruiters, too, have traditionally treated these entrance credentials as proxies for competence.
• Recently, however, the All IITs Placement Committee decided to exclude JEE ranks, GATE scores, and percentiles from standard placement resumes, a move that experts argue deserves wide support.

Why Entrance Rank Is Not Enough?

• An entrance exam captures performance on a single day, while a degree reflects years of learning, growth, and experience.
• Between JEE and placement lie classrooms, laboratories, projects, internships, teamwork, failures, and personal development.
• Continuing to privilege entrance rank at recruitment reduces the entire IIT experience to a mere interlude between JEE and employment, an unfair simplification for both student and institution.
• A meaningful assessment should instead examine whether a student has solved real problems, built prototypes, written code, contributed to research, and demonstrated workplace maturity.

Alignment with NEP 2020

• The Committee's decision aligns with the National Education Policy 2020, which calls for moving beyond an examination-dominated system toward developing critical thinking, creativity, ethical judgment, and holistic growth.
• If institutions are expected to build these capabilities, placement systems should recognise them too, rather than reverting to a single entrance score.

The Bias Concern

• Entrance ranks can inadvertently reveal a student's social category or admission route, since programme-level opening and closing ranks are often compared.
• Such inference, even if unintentional, can shape recruiter perception. The focus should shift to what a student can do now, not how they entered the institution.

Better Tools Already Exist

• Removing entrance ranks does not leave recruiters without filters.
• Employers already use more relevant instruments: CGPA/CPI thresholds, technical interviews, coding tests, case discussions, design tasks, project reviews, research contributions, and behavioural assessments.
• It has long been recognised that JEE or GATE scores fail to reliably capture these workplace-relevant skills.

Protecting Student Well-Being

• Many IIT students are first-generation learners, from rural, non-English-medium, or economically disadvantaged backgrounds, who may need time to adjust but grow significantly over their years at the institution.
• When entrance ranks become embedded in recruitment hierarchies, they create anxiety and constant comparison among students.
• A fair placement process should let students showcase what they achieved years after their entrance score, not be defined by it.

Distinguishing Admission from Recruitment

• Admission and recruitment serve different purposes: one decides entry into a programme, the other assesses current professional readiness.
• Conflating the two weakens both processes and unfairly extends the shadow of a single exam over a student's entire career trajectory.

Rethinking Salary Metrics

• The Committee's related move away from publicising only the highest salary packages is also significant.
• Headline-grabbing top packages create a misleading impression, since they are often outliers.
• Median salary offers a more accurate picture of how the broader graduating cohort has fared, encouraging a healthier, more mature public conversation on campus placements.

Conclusion

• This reform signals institutional maturity, judging students by what they became, not how they entered.
• A fair placement process values present competence over past rank, easing student anxiety while encouraging genuine growth.
• Other institutions should adopt this humane, evidence-based approach to campus recruitment.

Why in the News?

• China has temporarily but immediately banned helium exports, raising concerns about global supply chains for semiconductors, healthcare, and other critical industries dependent on this strategic resource.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About Helium (Importance, How Helium is Obtained, Global Helium Production, Applications)
• News Summary (China’s Ban on Helium Exports, Context, Implications, Implications for India)

About Helium and Its Importance

• Helium is the second-lightest chemical element after hydrogen and is a noble gas with unique properties that make it indispensable for several high-technology applications.
• It has an extremely low boiling point of -269°C and does not participate easily in chemical reactions, making it an ideal coolant and inert medium.

How Helium Is Obtained?

• Helium is a non-renewable resource generated deep in the Earth's crust through the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium atoms, which emit alpha particles that capture electrons to form helium atoms over millions of years.
• Helium migrates into natural gas reservoirs and is extracted alongside natural gas.
• Natural gas is processed to isolate helium only when helium constitutes at least 0.3% by volume of the gas.
• Isolation uses the differing boiling points of helium and other gases.
• Commercial helium is usually at least 99.997% pure.
• Some operators recover helium from LNG plants and from the air, but these quantities are too small to significantly impact global demand.

Global Helium Production

• The world's major helium producers are:

• USA: 43% of the total global supply, the largest producer.
• Qatar: 33% of the total supply, especially serving Asia.
• Russia: With export restrictions requiring the Prime Minister’s sign-off through 2027.
• Canada and Algeria: Smaller but notable producers.

• China, in contrast:

• Produces only about 1.6% of the world's helium.
• Imports more than 80% of its helium requirements.

Uses of Helium

• Cooling Applications

• MRI machines: Cooling superconducting magnets to enable medical imaging.
• Semiconductor fabrication: Removing heat from silicon wafers during chip manufacturing.
• Quantum computers: Cooling devices to near absolute zero temperatures.

• Aerospace and Fuel Systems

• Rocket fuel tanks: Used by organisations like ISRO, NASA, and SpaceX to pressurise fuel tanks.
• Aerospace applications: Critical for space missions and high-altitude operations.

• Manufacturing

• Optical fibre production: Rapidly and uniformly cools molten glass and prevents bubble formation.
• Semiconductor industry: Critical coolant and controlled atmosphere agent.
• Leak detection: Small atomic size makes helium ideal for detecting even microscopic leaks.

• Other Uses

• Balloons and airships: Used as a lifting gas.
• Laboratory research: Various scientific applications.
• Controlled atmospheres: For sensitive manufacturing processes.

News Summary

• Recently, China's Ministry of Commerce and General Administration of Customs temporarily but immediately banned helium exports from the country.
• So far, Beijing had not published detailed information about the scope or reasons for the ban.

Context and Timing

• The export ban comes amid an extended period of strained global helium supply:

• Russia's export restrictions require the Prime Minister to sign off on shipments through 2027.
• Heightened tensions in West Asia, particularly around the Strait of Hormuz, have created supply risks.

• As noted by industry observers, following the escalation of the Iran conflict, "one-third of global helium production is now literally bottled up behind the Strait of Hormuz", a much higher proportion than global oil production affected by the conflict.

The US Factor

• In 2024, the US privatised its Federal Helium Reserve, selling its assets to the Messer Group.
• This eliminated the buffer that had historically cushioned shocks like those from the US-Iran conflict.
• Subsequently, the US House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform launched an investigation into Messer's Chinese interests.
• This has stoked the risk of tit-for-tat trade measures, of which China's latest export ban could be part.

Cost and Supply Chain Challenges

• Helium prices have surged significantly:
  • June 2026 spot price for high-purity helium in Northeast Asia: $150-205 per thousand cubic feet.
  • This is almost double the price in late 2025.
• Complex Supply Chain
  • The helium supply chain is cost-intensive and technically sophisticated.
• Purification and Liquefaction

• Mid- to large-scale facilities require more than $100 million in investment.
• Smaller facilities cost around $10 million.
• Requires corrosion-resistant alloys capable of withstanding ultra-low temperatures.

• Storage

• Underground salt caverns: Reduce leaks significantly, but are rare; new development can cost more than $200 million.
• Compressed gas storage: Typically costs up to $10 million to build.
• Bulk cryogenic liquid storage: Costs between $0.5 million and $20 million, depending on capacity.

• Transportation

• Helium can only be transported in vacuum-jacketed stainless steel vessels.
• These are manufactured by only a few companies worldwide, including several Chinese firms, adding another layer to China's leverage.
• Contractors must ensure delivery before the holding time expires, after which helium will start boiling off into the atmosphere.

Implications of the Ban

• For Global Semiconductor Industry

• Semiconductor fabrication depends heavily on helium as a coolant.
• Any supply disruption could delay chip production globally.
• Countries reliant on Asian semiconductor manufacturing may face indirect impacts.

• For Healthcare

• MRI machines worldwide depend on liquid helium for cooling.
• Supply shortages could disrupt medical imaging services.

• For Aerospace and High-Tech Industries

• Space programmes may face supply challenges.
• Quantum computing research could be affected.
• Advanced manufacturing sectors may need to seek alternatives.

• For Global Trade Dynamics

• Reinforces the trend of weaponizing critical resources in geopolitical disputes.
• Increases pressure on countries to develop strategic reserves.
• Highlights the importance of supply chain diversification.

Implications for India

• Vulnerability Areas

• Semiconductor manufacturing ambitions under the India Semiconductor Mission may face input constraints.
• ISRO's space programmes rely on helium for rocket fuel pressurisation.
• Medical imaging services could face supply disruptions.
• High-tech research and manufacturing sectors may see rising costs.

• Strategic Considerations

• Need to diversify import sources beyond traditional suppliers.
• Consider building strategic reserves of critical materials.
• Invest in domestic helium exploration in natural gas fields.
• Develop alternative technologies where possible.

Why in News?

• The US Department of Justice (DoJ) has indicted jailed gangster Lawrence Bishnoi, Punjab Police SHO Gurinderjit Singh Nagra, and others for racketeering conspiracy, murder, extortion, and transnational organised crime spanning India, Canada, and the US.
• If the US formally seeks their extradition, the process will be governed by the India-US Extradition Treaty (1997) and India's Extradition Act, 1962.
• The case reflects the growing challenge of transnational organised crime and the importance of balancing sovereignty, criminal justice, and international obligations.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Legal Framework Governing Extradition
• Do the Charges Qualify for Extradition?
• Extradition Procedure in India
• Can India Refuse or Delay Extradition?
• Relevant Precedents
• India-US Extradition Record

Legal Framework Governing Extradition:

• India-US Extradition Treaty (1997):
  • The treaty regulates extradition between the two countries and is founded on the principle of dual criminality.
  • Under dual criminality, an offence is extraditable only if it is punishable by more than one year of imprisonment in both jurisdictions.
• Key provisions:
  • Dual criminality: The underlying conduct, not the exact legal terminology, must constitute a serious offence in both countries.
  • Political offence exception: Political offences are exempt, but murder, terrorism, hostage-taking, drug trafficking, etc., are specifically excluded from this protection.
  • Nationality not a bar: Indian citizenship alone cannot prevent extradition.
  • Rule of speciality: An extradited person can ordinarily be tried only for the offences for which extradition was granted.

Do the Charges Qualify for Extradition?

• The allegations against Bishnoi and Nagra broadly satisfy treaty requirements because the offences involved are recognised under Indian law.
• This includes murder, criminal conspiracy, extortion, drug trafficking, and firearms-related offences.
• Although the US indictment invokes the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, identical legal provisions are not required under the treaty.
• Therefore, what matters is that the underlying criminal conduct is punishable in both countries.
• Judicial precedent - Tahawwur Rana case:
  • Demonstrated the application of the dual criminality principle.
  • Some charges were excluded as they lacked corresponding Indian offences, but extradition proceeded on offences satisfying dual criminality.

Extradition Procedure in India: (If the US submits a formal extradition request)

• Executive process:
  • The US Department of Justice forwards the request through the US State Department to India's Ministry of External Affairs (MEA).
  • MEA, in consultation with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and agencies such as the CBI, examines compliance with the treaty and the Extradition Act.
• Judicial scrutiny:
  • If accepted for consideration, an Indian court examines whether treaty conditions are fulfilled, and the evidence would justify prosecution if the offence had occurred in India.
  • If satisfied, the court certifies the person as extraditable.
• Final executive decision:
  • The Union Government has the final authority to approve or refuse surrender.
  • It may impose conditions, seek diplomatic assurances, and delay extradition where legally justified.
  • Orders are subject to judicial review before the High Court and the Supreme Court, making extradition proceedings time-consuming.

Can India Refuse or Delay Extradition?

• Extradition is not automatic, even if treaty requirements are fulfilled.
• Case of Lawrence Bishnoi:
  • He is already in judicial custody with numerous criminal cases pending in India.
  • Section 31 of the Extradition Act, 1962 allows India to postpone surrender while domestic criminal proceedings are pending.
  • Article 14 of the Treaty permits temporary surrender but leaves discretion to the requested State.
  • Hence, India may legally require Bishnoi to face domestic trials first, and serve any sentence before extradition.
• Case of Gurinderjit Singh Nagra:
  • Not facing comparable prosecutions in India.
  • However, Section 34 treats certain offences committed abroad as if committed in India.
  • Section 34A empowers the Centre to prosecute an accused domestically instead of extraditing him.

Relevant Precedents:

• Tahawwur Rana: India's 2019 extradition request underwent multiple judicial stages in the US, including appeals up to the US Supreme Court, illustrating the lengthy nature of extradition proceedings.
• Vikash Yadav Case:
  • Following a US indictment over an alleged assassination plot, Indian authorities registered an FIR and initiated domestic proceedings.
  • Demonstrates that India may prioritise prosecution within its own jurisdiction before considering extradition.

India-US Extradition Record:

• Despite strong strategic relations, extradition remains relatively limited.
• India to the US:
  • Slightly over a dozen fugitives have been extradited since 1997.
  • First: Yogesh Ratilal Shah (2002) – bank fraud.
  • Latest: Ganesh Shenoy (2025) – fatal car crash case.
• US to India:
  • 11 fugitives extradited between 2002 and 2018.
  • Around 60 Indian extradition requests reportedly remained pending during that period.
  • Notable refusals:
    • David Coleman Headley: Extradition denied due to a plea agreement with US authorities.
    • Warren Anderson: Extradition rejected citing insufficient evidence.

Context

• The Indian judiciary is the guardian of the Constitution, rule of law, and fundamental rights.
• Yet, it faces a severe judicial backlog, with over 5.39 crore pending cases and millions of under trial prisoners awaiting justice.
• While judges deserve adequate rest due to their demanding workload, prolonged court vacations reduce judicial capacity when timely justice is most needed.
• Ensuring continuous court functioning is essential for strengthening public trust and improving access to justice.

The Challenge of Judicial Delays

• Human Cost of Delayed Justice
  • The impact of delayed justice extends beyond statistics. Many under trial prisoners spend years in jail despite the presumption of innocence, often remaining incarcerated longer than the punishment they might have received after conviction.
  • Such delays undermine individual liberty and weaken public faith in the justice system.
• Growing Case Backlog
  • India's courts continue to struggle with an enormous backlog that could take centuries to clear at the present disposal rate.
  • Every pending case represents uncertainty for individuals, businesses, and society.
  • The growing pendency has transformed judicial delay into both a legal and socio-economic challenge.

Court Vacations: Balancing Rest and Responsibility

• Need for Judicial Rest
  • Indian judges are among the most overworked in the world, managing heavy daily workloads while using vacation periods to write judgments and prepare pending matters.
  • Adequate rest is therefore necessary to maintain judicial quality and independence.
• Institutional Continuity
  • The concern lies not with judicial leave but with the simultaneous reduction in court functioning.
  • Essential public services such as hospitals, police stations, and government offices continue operating through rotational staffing.
  • Similarly, courts can ensure uninterrupted justice through staggered vacations, allowing judges to rest without significantly reducing judicial capacity.

Structural Reforms for an Efficient Judiciary

• Ending the Colonial Legacy
  • Long court vacations are a colonial legacy, originally designed for British judges working in India's climate.
  • Although circumstances have changed, the practice largely continues.
  • Merely renaming vacations as partial court working days without increasing effective sitting days does little to reduce pendency.
• Filling Judicial Vacancies
  • A large number of judicial vacancies, particularly in the High Courts, further increases delays. Filling these positions would strengthen judicial capacity and improve case disposal.
  • While appointments require coordination between the judiciary and the executive, improving the court calendar remains an immediate administrative reform.

Beyond Courts: Alternative Solutions

• Strengthening Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
  • Reducing the burden on courts requires greater use of ADR mechanisms such as Lok Adalats, mediation, and arbitration.
  • These methods provide quicker, cost-effective, and less adversarial resolution of disputes, allowing courts to focus on complex constitutional and criminal matters.
• Leveraging the Expertise of Retired Judges
  • The experience of retired judges remains a valuable national resource.
  • Their expertise can support case management, identify procedural bottlenecks, monitor institutional reforms, and improve disposal rates without requiring them to resume regular judicial duties.

Conclusion

• An effective judiciary depends on both judicial independence and institutional efficiency.
• The objective is not to eliminate judicial vacations but to ensure uninterrupted access to justice through staggered leave, filling judicial vacancies, expanding ADR mechanisms, improving case management, and utilising the expertise of retired judges.
• These reforms can reduce delays, strengthen public confidence, and uphold the constitutional promise of timely justice.
• In a constitutional democracy, justice must remain continuously accessible because justice delayed is justice denied.

About Parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4):

• It is an enveloped single-strand RNA virus that infects parrots and other psittacine birds (such as macaws, cockatoos, parakeets, and conures).
• It belongs to the genus Orthobornavirus in the family Bornaviridae.
• PaBV-4 is one of several parrot bornavirus species and is among the most commonly detected in captive parrots worldwide.
• PaBV causes proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a largely fatal condition affecting birds' digestive and nervous systems.
• Transmission
  • The virus is believed to spread mainly through contact with infected birds or their droppings and feather dust, although the exact routes of transmission are not yet fully understood.
  • Infected birds may carry and shed the virus without showing clinical signs, facilitating its spread.
• Treatment and Prevention:
  • There is currently no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for PaBV-4.
  • Management focuses on supportive care, reducing inflammation, and maintaining nutrition.
  • Prevention relies on strict biosecurity, quarantine of new birds, routine health screening, and minimizing contact between infected and healthy birds.

About Lymphatic Filariasis:

• Lymphatic filariasis (LF), commonly known as elephantiasis, is a parasitic infection and a neglected tropical disease.
• It can cause severe swelling in the legs and other parts of the body.
• Cause:
  • It is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea. T
  • There are 3 types of these thread-like filarial worms:
    • Wuchereria bancrofti, which is responsible for 90% of the cases.
    • Brugia malayi, which causes most of the remainder of the cases.
    • Brugia timori, which also causes the disease.
  • Transmission:
    • It is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the female Culex mosquito.
    • Adult worms nest in the lymphatic vessels and disrupt the normal function of the lymphatic system, where they produce millions of microfilariae (immature larvae) that circulate in the blood.
    • In general, a person won’t get filariasis from a single mosquito bite.
    • It usually takes repeated mosquito bites over several months (or even years) for a person to get the condition.
  • Treatment:
  • Elimination of lymphatic filariasis is possible by stopping the spread of the infection through preventive chemotherapy.
  • The WHO-recommended preventive chemotherapy strategy for lymphatic filariasis elimination is mass drug administration (MDA).
  • MDA involves administering an annual dose of medicines to the entire at-risk population.

About Sheathia meghalayensis:

• It is a new species of freshwater red algae.
• It was discovered near Crinoline Waterfalls in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya.
• Freshwater red algae are highly sensitive organisms that act as critical bioindicators of pristine, undisturbed aquatic ecosystems.
• Such algae thrive only in clean, oxygen-rich freshwater, making them important indicators of healthy river ecosystems.
• They are also known to produce bioactive compounds with antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumour properties.
• Members of this group are also valued for compounds used in pharmaceuticals, nutrition, and biotechnology.
• Previously, only two species of Sheathia (Sheathia indonepalensis and Sheathia assamica) had been discovered from the Northeast, both in Assam.
• The researchers have proposed that Sheathia meghalayensis be classified as Critically Endangered.