Context:

• Amid global economic turbulence marked by rising protectionism, trade barriers, and demographic challenges in developed economies, India has pursued an inwardly strengthened yet outwardly confident growth model.
• The article illustrates India’s economic resurgence powered by self-belief, resilience, and reform-driven transformation.

India Amid Global Protectionism:

• Return of protectionism:
  • The United States has imposed a $1,00,000 fee on H-1B visa petitions and 100% tariffs on branded pharmaceuticals, reflecting growing economic nationalism and demographic anxiety.
  • Such measures highlight the inward turn of developed nations seeking job protection and trade barriers.
• India’s counter approach:
  • India’s response has been to strengthen its internal foundations — the three pillars of “Scale, Skill, and Self-Reliance.”
  • This shift is not isolationist but a strategy to convert adversity into economic acceleration.

Demographic Dividend and Reform Momentum:

• Youth as India’s strength:
  • India’s median age is below 29, with two-thirds of its population under 35, unlike ageing China (median age above 40).
  • This demographic advantage, combined with education, skilling, and entrepreneurship, positions India as the growth engine of the world economy.
• Reform and economic resilience:
  • Over the past decade, reforms in infrastructure, manufacturing, taxation (GST), and digital governance have bolstered India’s global standing.
  • RBI’s FY26 GDP forecast stands at 6.8%, supported by strong domestic demand, investment flows, and monsoon prospects.
  • GST collections consistently exceed ₹1.8 lakh crore monthly, showing robust consumption and formalisation.
  • Forex reserves at $700 billion can cover 11 months of imports — a sign of macroeconomic stability.

Growth Indicators and Festive Momentum:

• Economic performance:
  • Purchasing Managers’ Indexes (PMI): The manufacturing PMI held strong at 57.7 and services at 60.9, reaffirming India’s status as the world’s fastest-growing large economy.
  • Exports: In 2024-25, India’s overall exports of goods and services reached an all-time high of about $825 billion, while merchandise exports alone were about $437 billion.
  • Renewable capacity: Surpassed 220 GW.
  • Inflation: Inflation is moderate and fiscal prudence is matched by record public capital expenditure.
• Consumer confidence:
  • Festive retail and e-commerce sales (Dussehra 2025): ₹3.7 lakh crore, 15% higher than 2024.
  • Online gross merchandise value (GMV): Over ₹90,000 crore, reflecting a digitally empowered middle class.

Atmanirbhar Bharat - Redefining Self-Reliance:

• Clarifying the concept:
  • Critics misunderstand Atmanirbhar Bharat as isolationism. In reality, it represents “strength turned outward.”
  • The initiative fosters Make in India for the World, enabling decentralised, inclusive growth.
• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) impact:
  • Catalysed investments in mobile phones, defence, solar modules, and medical devices.
  • Generated employment, innovation, and export capacity.

Technology, Innovation, and Global Integration:

• Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI):
  • UPI handles 650 million transactions daily, surpassing Visa.
  • Aadhaar, DigiLocker, ONDC form a population-scale ecosystem connecting citizens and enterprises.
  • Global collaborations — UPI partnerships with Singapore, UAE — underscore India’s tech diplomacy.
• R&D and Start-up ecosystem:
  • Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF): ₹50,000 crore outlay to boost R&D and innovation.
  • Fund-of-funds for start-ups and expanded PLI deepen technological self-sufficiency.

Diaspora Strength - Economic and Cultural Ambassadors:

• Indian diaspora: Over 32 million strong diaspora, is among the world’s most successful and respected. Remittances of $135 billion in 2024 are not just inflows of wealth, they are affirmations of trust.
• 11 Fortune 500 companies led by Indian-origin CEOs representing $6 trillion in market cap.
• This reflects India’s global human capital advantage.

Skilling India for the World:

• Next step: Global Skilling Mission
• Integrate: Make in India, Startup India, and Skill India under a unified framework.
• Focus: Internationally aligned curricula, language training, pre-departure orientation, and social security portability.
• Aim: Make the Indian worker the preferred professional globally.

Way Forward:

• Expand human capital diplomacy: Through bilateral skilling and mobility agreements.
• Sustain reform momentum: In manufacturing, logistics, and financial inclusion.
• Boost R&D spending: Encourage private sector innovation under NRF.
• Strengthen green transition: Accelerate renewable energy and sustainable manufacturing.
• Enhance trade resilience: Through diversification of export markets and free trade agreements.

Conclusion:

• India’s economic journey is a leap of self-belief and confidence.
• India is not retreating behind walls but building capabilities and capacity, emerging as a civilisationally confident, modern, and globally integrated economy.
• Amid global uncertainty, India remembers its strength — and leaps ahead.

Context

• Not long ago, the notion of India as a global destination for resolving international commercial disputes would have seemed improbable.
• Historically, India’s judiciary was celebrated for its activist role in safeguarding constitutional rights rather than facilitating high-stakes business arbitration. Yet today, that narrative is shifting.
• Through deliberate institutional reforms and a growing openness to international legal collaboration, India is positioning itself as a credible centre for dispute resolution and cross-border investment adjudication.
• This evolution reflects not only legal reform but also a broader transformation in India’s self-conception, from a cautious, inward-looking legal system to one that embraces global engagement.

Historical Resistance to Foreign Participation and A New Era for Indian Arbitration

• Historical Resistance to Foreign Participation
  • Despite this newfound enthusiasm, India’s relationship with foreign legal participation has long been fraught.
  • From the 1990s onwards, when liberalisation first opened the economy, foreign law firms eyed India as a promising market.
  • However, the domestic legal sector was then fragmented, under-resourced, and struggling to retain talent.
  • In such a context, the entry of global firms posed the risk of overwhelming local players.
  • The judiciary, recognising this imbalance, intervened repeatedly, through landmark decisions such as Lawyers Collective (2009) and A.K. Balaji (2012), to restrict foreign law firms from practising in India.
  • The Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling reinforced this stance, allowing only limited fly-in, fly-out advice.
  • Critics labelled this approach insular, but India’s caution was rooted not in insecurity but in timing: the legal ecosystem needed to mature before competing on equal footing.
• A New Era for Indian Arbitration
  • The India Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Week, organised by the Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration across multiple cities, stands as a powerful symbol of this transformation.
  • The participation of leading global arbitration practitioners alongside the Indian Bar and Bench marks an unprecedented exchange of expertise.
  • What once seemed unimaginable, India sharing the stage with New York, London, or Singapore as an arbitration hub, now feels within reach.
  • This shift indicates growing confidence in India’s legal infrastructure, procedural sophistication, and the professional capacity of its lawyers.

The Rise of a Mature Legal Profession

• Indian law firms, once small and fragmented, have grown exponentially, some now employing over a thousand lawyers with international exposure.
• This organic growth, achieved without foreign capital or institutional intervention, stands out in a globalised economy.
• Indian lawyers today are not only locally respected but internationally competitive, often qualified across multiple jurisdictions and occupying senior roles in global firms.
• This organic strengthening has set the stage for the next phase of India’s legal evolution: calibrated liberalisation.

Regulating Global Integration: The 2025 Bar Council Rules

• The Bar Council of India’s 2025 Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Law Firms mark a turning point.
• Building on the Council’s 2023 acknowledgment of the need to open India’s legal market, these rules create a formalised framework for foreign participation.
• They allow foreign firms to advise on their home-country and international law, and to participate in international arbitrations seated in India, but crucially, they prohibit the practice of Indian law or courtroom advocacy without proper enrolment.
• This dual approach, openness balanced by regulation, embodies what the author calls Aristotle’s Golden Mean: a middle path between reckless liberalisation and defensive insularity.
• Moreover, the principle of reciprocity ensures fairness, foreign firms may operate in India only if Indian lawyers receive equivalent rights abroad.

Challenges and the Way Forward: Cautious Progress and National Confidence

• The new regulatory regime is not without challenges.
• Compliance requirements, ministry certifications, and caps on unregistered work may appear burdensome.
• Yet these safeguards ensure that foreign expertise complements rather than eclipses the domestic profession.
• Abraham Lincoln’s words, I walk slowly, but I never walk backward, should be used to frame India’s journey as steady, deliberate, and forward-looking.
• Similarly, Tagore’s reflection that everything comes to us that belongs to us if we create the capacity to receive it captures the philosophical underpinning of India’s transformation: the belief that national readiness, not mere openness, determines sustainable progress.

Conclusion

• India’s evolving legal landscape mirrors its broader economic and institutional journey, from protectionist hesitation to confident global participation.
• The country’s measured embrace of international legal collaboration demonstrates a maturing self-assurance: one that values both sovereignty and exchange.
• With its expanding legal infrastructure, globally trained lawyers, and balanced regulatory framework, India is poised to become not just a participant but a leader in global dispute resolution.
• The transition from isolation to integration reflects not only institutional reform but also a deeper narrative of national confidence, a slow, deliberate stride toward global parity, without ever walking backward.

Context

• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, celebrated as one of the planet’s major biodiversity hotspots, occupy a crucial ecological position as carbon reservoirs and climate regulators.
• Yet, these fragile ecosystems now face severe threats from development policies largely influenced by mainland India’s economic agenda.
• The Government of India’s multi-crore mega-plan for Great Nicobar Island, encompassing a power plant, transshipment port, township, and airport, poses an imminent danger to approximately 13,000 hectares of pristine forest.

Ecological Significance and Developmental Disruption

• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands represent a rare ecological sanctuary, hosting unique biodiversity and playing a vital role in regulating the global climate.
• However, their development trajectory has historically been dictated by mainland India, which often overlooks the islands’ delicate environmental balance.
• The proposed Great Nicobar project epitomises this dissonance: while aimed at boosting infrastructure and economic output, it threatens to destabilise ecosystems that sustain both human and non-human life.
• Such developmental ambitions mirror a larger global trend where short-term economic gains often override long-term ecological sustainability, turning once-thriving ecosystems into collateral damage in the race for progress.

The Niyamgiri Precedent: Legal Recognition of Indigenous Rights

• A powerful legal analogy to the Great Nicobar issue can be found in the 2013 Niyamgiri Hills judgment (Orissa Mining Corporation Ltd. vs Ministry of Environment & Forest and Ors.).
• In this landmark case, the Supreme Court of India upheld the rights of the Dongoria Kondh tribe to protect their sacred land from bauxite mining, recognising the competence of the gram sabha to safeguard cultural identity, traditions, and community resources.
• The Court’s decision underscored the principle that environmental justice must include the voices of local and indigenous populations most affected by ecological degradation.
• In the case of Great Nicobar, serious concerns have emerged regarding the violation of this very principle.
• Reports suggest that the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Administration falsely represented to the Centre that the forest rights of the Nicobarese tribes had been settled, without allowing the Tribal Council to certify such settlement as required under the Forest Rights Act, 2006.

Beyond Anthropocentrism: The Emergence of ‘Rights of Nature’

• The repeated failure of environmental laws to prevent ecological damage has prompted several nations to adopt an alternative jurisprudential approach, earth jurisprudence or rights of nature.
• This philosophy, embraced by countries such as Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and New Zealand, redefines nature not as a resource to be exploited but as a rights-bearing entity deserving of legal recognition and protection.
• The intellectual roots of this movement trace back to Christopher Stone’s seminal 1972 article, Should Trees Have Standing?
• Stone argued that environmental protection laws were inherently anthropocentric, offering remedies only for human harm rather than for the degradation of nature itself.

Indian Legal Experiments and the Challenge of Guardianship

• India’s flirtation with the rights of nature framework emerged in 2017 when the Uttarakhand High Court declared the Ganga and Yamuna rivers and their glaciers as legal persons.
• Although the Supreme Court later stayed this judgment, it signalled a growing willingness to explore innovative legal mechanisms for ecological protection.
• The concept of appointing guardians to represent natural entities, humans legally obligated to act on behalf of ecosystems, offers a promising avenue for translating philosophical recognition into practical enforcement.
• However, such recognition also raises complex legal questions. Can natural entities, like human persons, bear responsibilities or engage in legal transactions?

Lessons from Colombia: The Atrato River and Biocultural Rights

• Colombia’s Atrato River case (2016) offers valuable guidance for integrating indigenous and ecological rights.
• The Colombian Constitutional Court recognised the river as a legal subject and introduced the concept of biocultural rights, acknowledging the intertwined existence of local communities and their natural environment.
• This judgment mandated the formation of a commission of guardians, including representatives from affected indigenous groups, to oversee the river’s protection.
• Such a model could be transformative for India’s island ecosystems.
• By recognising the biocultural connection between Nicobarese tribes and their forested lands, India could design a legal framework that simultaneously protects cultural survival and environmental integrity.

Conclusion

• The Great Nicobar project encapsulates the persistent clash between economic expansion and ecological preservation.
• As history and jurisprudence demonstrate, sustainable development cannot emerge from policies that silence indigenous communities or commodify ecosystems.
• The lessons from the Niyamgiri Hills, the rights of nature movement, and the Atrato River case collectively point toward a more inclusive and ecocentric legal philosophy, one that transcends the limitations of human-centred law.
• The survival of Great Nicobar’s forests, and indeed the planet’s ecological future, depends not merely on conserving biodiversity but on reimagining our relationship with the natural world, one founded on respect, responsibility, and recognition of nature as a living legal subject.

About Hwasong-20:

• It is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by North Korea.
• The engine used in the missile is a solid-fuel engine and is made up of carbon fiber composite materials.
  • Solid-fueled rockets can be moved more easily and fired more quickly, in a matter of minutes, than liquid-fueled versions, making them harder to defend against
• It has a range of over 15,000 km.
• It is equipped with an advanced guidance system that combines an inertial guidance system (INS) with GPS or optical sensors for enhanced accuracy.

What is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)?

• It is a land-based, nuclear-armed ballistic missile with a range of more than 3,500 miles (5,600 km).
• The first ICBMs were deployed by the Soviet Union in 1958; the United States followed the next year and China some 20 years later.
• ICBMs can be launched from silos underground, mobile launchers on land, or submarines at sea.
• Countries having operational ICBMs: Russia, United States, China, France, India, United Kingdom, Israel and North Korea.

About Palau:

• It is an island nation located in the western Pacific Ocean.
• It consists of a tightly clustered archipelago of approximately 300 islands with a total land area of 458 sq.km.
• It is geographically positioned both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the Earth.
• Palau shares maritime borders with the Federated States of Micronesia to the east, with Indonesia to the south, with Philippines to the west, and with the international waters to the north.
• Located on Babeldaob (the largest island of Palau) is Ngerulmud – the capital of Palau.
  • It is the world’s least populous capital city.
• Koror is the largest and the most populous city of Palau. It acts as the main commercial center of Palau.
• Languages: Palauan, English, plus Japanese, Sonsorolese, and Tobian.
• Palau became independent in 1994, after being part of a United Nations trust territory administered by the US.
• It relies on financial aid from the US, provided under a Compact of Free Association, which gives the US responsibility for Palau's defence and the right to maintain military bases

About Qubit:

• A qubit, or quantum bit, is the basic unit of information used to encode data in quantum computing.
• It can be best understood as the quantum equivalent of the traditional bit used by classical computers to encode information in binary.
  • In classical computing the information is encoded in bits, where each bit can have the value zero or one.
  • In quantum computing the information is encoded in qubits. A qubit is a two-level quantum system where the two basis qubit states are usually written as ∣0⟩ and ∣1⟩.
  • A qubit can be in state ∣0⟩, ∣1⟩, or (unlike a classical bit) in a linear combination of both states.
  • The name of this phenomenon is superposition.
• The term “qubit” is attributed to American theoretical physicist Benjamin Schumacher.
• Qubits are generally, although not exclusively, created by manipulating and measuring quantum particles (the smallest known building blocks of the physical universe), such as photons, electrons, trapped ions, superconducting circuits and atoms.
• Enabled by the unique properties of quantum mechanics, quantum computers use qubits to store more data than traditional bits, vastly improve cryptographic systems and perform very advanced computations that would take thousands of years (or be impossible) for even classical supercomputers to complete.

About Pradhan Mantri Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY):

• It is a new scheme by the Indian government to support farmers.
• Under this scheme, farmers get direct financial help, new farming tools, crop insurance, and better market access.
• It targets 100 underperforming districts where farming faces challenges like low crop yields, water scarcity, and limited access to resources.
• It aims to support 1.7 crore farmers, particularly small and marginal farmers owning less than 2 hectares of land, who constitute 86% of India’s farming population.
• PMDDKY consolidates 36 existing agricultural schemes across 11 ministries, including PM-KISAN (cash transfers), PMFBY (crop insurance), PMKSY (irrigation), and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), into a unified program to streamline efforts and maximize impact.
• PMDDKY focuses on regions with low crop yields (e.g., wheat yields below 3.5 tonnes/hectare compared to the national average), moderate cropping intensity (below 155%, meaning fewer than 1.55 crop cycles per year), and limited access to credit.
• The scheme operates under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, with oversight from a National Steering Committee, state-level nodal committees, and District Dhan Dhaanya Samitis led by District Collectors.
• PMDDKY’s Objectives:
  • Increase crop yields by 20-30% through high-quality inputs and technology.
  • Reduce reliance on monsoons with advanced irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler.
  • Provide affordable tools and mechanization to enhance efficiency.
  • Build storage infrastructure to cut post-harvest losses to under 5%.
  • Offer loans and direct market access to double farmer incomes by 2030, aligning with the government’s extended goal from 2022 due to economic disruptions like COVID-19.
  • Promote sustainable practices like organic farming to protect soil and water resources.
  • Support women, youth, and allied sectors (e.g., dairy, fisheries, poultry) to diversify income sources.
  • Achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains, pulses, and oilseeds to reduce India’s dependence on imports.
• Key Benefits of PMDDKY:
  • Increased Crop Yields: Access to high-yielding seeds (e.g., hybrid wheat yielding 4 tonnes/hectare), bio-fertilizers, and mechanized tools like seed drills to boost production.
  • Higher Income: Diversifying into high-value crops like pulses (₹80-100/kg) and vegetables, and direct market access through apps to increase profits by 20-40%.
  • Sustainable Farming: Organic fertilizers, water-saving irrigation, and climate-resilient crops to maintain soil health and reduce environmental impact.
  • Irrigation Systems: Drip and sprinkler systems to ensure water availability, enabling year-round farming in dry regions.
  • Storage Facilities: Village and block-level warehouses and cold storage to prevent spoilage of 20% of perishables like fruits, vegetables, and dairy.
  • Financial Support: Subsidies (50-80% off inputs) and loans (short-term: ₹50,000–₹1 lakh; long-term: ₹1–10 lakh) through Kisan Credit Cards or NABARD.
  • Market Access: Digital platforms like e-NAM and new PMDDKY apps to connect farmers directly to buyers, reducing middlemen and boosting profits.
  • Training and Skill Development: Free workshops by Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), agricultural universities, and private partners on modern farming, drone use, and allied activities like beekeeping.
  • Women Empowerment: Support for 10,000 women producer groups with training, loans, and market linkages for activities like dairy or organic farming.
  • Global Exposure: Fully funded international training for 500 farmers in countries like Israel (expertise in drip irrigation), Japan (precision farming), or the Netherlands (greenhouse technology).

About Keratoconus:

• It is a vision disorder that occurs when the normally round cornea (the front part of the eye) becomes thin and irregular (cone) shaped.
• This abnormal shape prevents the light entering the eye from being focused correctly on the retina and causes distortion of vision.
• Keratoconus often starts when people are in their late teens to early 20s.
• The vision symptoms slowly get worse over a period of about 10 to 20 years.
• It often affects both eyes and can lead to very different vision between the two eyes.
• Symptoms can differ in each eye, and they can change over time.
• Treatment and Prevention:
  • There is no known prevention for keratoconus.
  • Early stages can be treated with glasses, but with progression of the disease into late childhood and early adulthood, corneal transplantation may be needed to restore sight.
  • Corneal collagen cross-linking is a procedure designed to stop the progression of keratoconus or slow it down.