About Suryastra Rocket System:

• It is India’s first indigenous universal multi-calibre rocket launcher system.
• It is developed by Pune-based NIBE Limited in collaboration with Israel’s Elbit Systems.
• It is designed to deliver precision strikes against enemy positions, command centres, radar installations and logistics hubs deep inside hostile territory.
• Features:
  • It is an advanced long-range rocket launcher system.
  • It is mounted on a highly mobile 6x6 Tatra truck.
  • Multi-target Capability: It is designed to engage multiple targets simultaneously at varying ranges.
  • Precision: It achieves a high degree of accuracy with a circular error probable (CEP) of less than five metres during trials.
  • Instead of being limited to a single type of ammunition, it uses interchangeable modular pods that can fire a variety of munitions.
  • The system can also launch SkyStriker loitering munitions—often referred to as suicide drones, capable of traveling up to 100 kilometres .
  • Technology used: The system is based on Elbit Systems’ PULS (Precise & Universal Launching System) launcher technology.
  • It is equipped with a modern fire control system that integrates GPS, inertial navigation, and digital ballistic computation.
  • Its semi-automated reload and shoot-and-scoot capabilities reduce exposure to counter-battery fire.

About Agricola Medal:

• It is the highest honour conferred by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
• It is awarded to distinguished individuals who have played an exceptional role in advancing efforts toward global food security, improved nutrition and agricultural development.
• It is considered one of the highest honours granted by the Organization in recognition of outstanding leadership and tangible contributions in these fields.

Key Facts about Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

• It is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
• It is the oldest permanent specialized agency of the UN. FAO was founded on October 16, 1945, when its constitution was signed in Canada’s Quebec City by 34 countries.
• Headquarters: Rome,
• Mandate: To improve nutrition, increase agricultural productivity, raise the standard of living in rural populations, and contribute to global economic growth.
• FAO’s goal is to achieve food and security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food and lead active, healthy lives.
• Functions:
  • The FAO coordinates the efforts of governments and technical agencies in programs for developing agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and land and water resources.
  • It is both a forum for negotiating agreements between developing and developed countries and a source of technical knowledge and information to aid development.
• The FAO also collaborated with the United Nations to establish the World Food Programme (WFP) to distribute surplus food to those in need.
• Members: It currently has 195 members – 194 countries and the European Union. (India is a founding member of FAO).
• It is governed by the biennial FAO conference, in which each member country, as well as the EU, is represented.
• The conference elects a 49-member Council, which serves as its executive organ.
• Funding: FAO receives its funding from its member countries.
• Reports published by the FAO: The State of the World’s Forests (SOFO), The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA), The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO), The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI).
• World Food Day is observed annually on October 16 to commemorate the founding of FAO in 1945.

About National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM):

• It was established by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) in 2011 as an autonomous institution to support the protection, conservation, rehabilitation, management and policy advice of the coast.
• Headquarters: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Aims and Objectives:
  • Strive for being a world-class knowledge institution related to coastal zones, environment, resources, and processes.
  • To promote integrated and sustainable management of the coastal and marine areas in India for the benefit and well-being of the traditional coastal and island communities.
  • Advise the Union and State Governments and other associated stakeholder(s) on policy and scientific matters related to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
• It undertakes studies and research in the area of Coastal Zone Management including coastal resources and environment.
• The Six Research Divisions of the NCSCM are:
  • Geospatial Sciences, Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
  • Integrated Social Sciences & Economics,
  • Coastal environmental impact assessment,
  • Conservation of Coastal & Marine Resources,
  • Knowledge, Governance and Policy,
  • Futuristic Research and Integrated Island Management Unit.
• NCSCM is partnering with leading national and international research institutions and agencies through advanced research, networking, and scientific committees. and peer-reviewed publications in international journals.

About RAINMUMBAI:

• It is India’s first exchange-traded weather derivatives contract.
• It was launched by the National Commodity ​and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX).
• It will be used to hedge losses from unpredictable weather and monsoon variability.
  • Unlike conventional insurance products, weather derivatives are settled directly against observed weather data rather than physical loss assessments, enabling faster payouts and reducing operational complexity.
  • These products are widely used globally by sectors such as agriculture, power, construction, logistics, tourism, and energy, where revenues can be heavily impacted by weather variability.
• RAINMUMBAI, which has received approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), was developed in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, based on rainfall data in Mumbai.
• India Meteorological Department (IMD) surface rainfall and automatic weather stations (AWS) observations at Santacruz and Colaba will be the source of rainfall data.
• The contract will track the deviation of actual rainfall from the city's long-period average (LPA) during the monsoon season.
• Only contracts for the months of June, July, August, and September will be available to trade, tracking Mumbai's monsoon patterns.
• RAINMUMBAI will be traded in lots with a base cost of ₹50 per millimetre of rainfall, allowing participants to engage in contracts that suit their specific risk management needs.
• The trading hours for this contract will be from 10:00 a.m. to 11:30 p.m. on weekdays.

What are Derivatives?

• Derivatives are financial contracts that derive value from an underlying asset.
• Common underlying assets: Stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and market indexes.
• Derivatives allow traders to bid on the direction of the underlying asset’s price change without owning them.
• They allow investors to speculate on price movements, hedge against risks, or enhance portfolio returns.

Key Facts about National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX):

• It is a commodities exchange dealing primarily in agricultural commodities in India.
• The NCDEX was established in 2003, and its headquarters are in Mumbai.
• The primary purpose of the exchange is to facilitate the electronic trading of agricultural derivative contracts like futures.
• The exchange mainly focuses on agricultural commodities like wheat, sugar, spices, and cotton.
• At present, the NCDEX is managed by an independent board, with the SEBI maintaining supervision and oversight of the exchange.

About Velimalai Pumped Storage Hydro Electric Project:

• It is an 1100 MW pumped hydropower storage plant to be developed at Vellimalai in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu.
• This is the first project in Tamil Nadu to be developed under the public-private partnership model on a build-own-operate-transfer basis in accordance with Section 63 of the Electricity Act.
• The project, planned as a closed-loop off-river system, is aimed at strengthening peak power management in the State and enabling round-the-clock integration of renewable energy.

About Ammonium Sulphate:

• It is an inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia.
• Properties of Ammonium Sulphate:
  • It is a white odorless solid and has a high-melting point.
  • It is very soluble in water.
  • It is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.
  • Ammonium Sulphate contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulphur, making it an excellent source of essential nutrients for plants.
  • Ammonium sulfate is available as a byproduct from the steel industry (recovered from coke oven gas) and from some metallurgical and from chemical processes.
• Applications of Ammonium Sulphate:
  • Agriculture and Fertilizers: It is used in the agricultural region as a nitrogen fertilizer.
  • Water Treatment: The water treatment industry is some other significant region where ammonium sulphate is appreciably used.
  • Food Industry Additive: It is used as a food additive and dough conditioner.
  • Pharmaceutical Industry: Ammonium sulphate also unearths programs in the pharmaceutical enterprise
  • Textile and Leather Processing: The textile enterprise is any other vicinity wherein ammonium sulphate is hired, mainly in dyeing and printing tactics.

About Rupa Tarakasi:

• It is one of the most exquisite silver crafts.
• This centuries-old, sophisticated craft is practiced in the silver city of Cuttack, Odisha.
• In Odia, “tara” means wire and “kasi” means to
• Origin: While the exact origin of the filigree art in Cuttack is not clear, it is known to have existed as far back as the 12th century.
• Patronage: The art form received considerable patronage under the Mughals.
• Over the years, as Cuttack transitioned through the hands of different rulers, the silver filigree took on a new form with each.
• Process:
  • As part of Rupa tarakasi, silver bricks are transformed into thin fine wires or foils and used to create jewellery, artefacts or showpieces.
  • While different grades of silver are used in the main metal alloy, the craftsmen also use other metals like copper, zinc, cadmium, and tin.
• The artists involved with this filigree work are called “Rupa Banias” or “Roupyakaras” (in Odia). 
• This craftsmanship extends to creating various items, including jewellery worn by Odissi dancers, decorative artifacts, accessories, and religious and cultural pieces.
• The famed handicraft work received a geographical indication (GI) tag in 2024.

About Pulicat Lake:

• It is a vast coastal shallow, brackish water lagoon along the coast of Bay of Bengal into which streams drain.
• It is the second largest brackish water lagoon in India after Chilika, sprawling across Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• This lagoon is separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Sriharikota island.
• It is fed by the Aarani River at the southern tip and the Kalangi River from the northwest. The Buckingham Canal, a navigation channel, passes through the lagoon.
• It was designated as a Ramsar site in 2002.
• Biodiversity: It is a unique ecotone that supports rich biodiversity — from aquatic life such as mudskippers, seagrass beds, and oyster reefs to more than 200 avian species,
• Flora: The green kingdom is represented with about 132 plant species like Walsura piscida; Manilkara elengi, Excoecaria agallocaha, Spinifex littoreus, Calamus viminalis, etc.
• Fauna: It includes migratory birds such as Flamingo, Eurasian curlews, oystercatchers, bar-tailed godwits, sand plovers, and greater flamingos.

About South Korea:

• Location: It occupies the southern half of the Korean Peninsula.
• Bordering Country: North Korea
• Maritime Borders: To the east by the East Sea (Sea of Japan), to the south by the East China Sea, and to the west by the Yellow Sea.
• To the southeast it is separated from the Japanese island of Tsushima by the Korea Strait.
• Capital City:
• Geographical Features of South Korea:
  • Climate: South Korea has a continental climate, with hot, rainy summers and cold winters. 
  • Major Rivers: Han River, Nakdong River.
  • Major Islands: Jeju Island in the Korea Strait is the largest island.
  • Mountains: The country is dominated by the Taebaek Mountain range along the eastern coast.
  • Highest Peak: Mount Halla on Jeju Island (1,950 meters), an extinct volcano.
  • Natural Resources: The most important reserves are anthracite coal, iron ore, graphite, gold, silver, tungsten, lead, and zinc.