About Eudemopsis hunliensis and Eudemopsis gobuka:

• They are two new species of moths.
• They were discovered in the remote forests of the Upper Siang and Lower Dibang Valley districts of Arunachal Pradesh.
• The findings expand the known range of the genus Eudemopsis, a group of micromoths previously thought to live only in East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Vietnam.
• hunliensis is distinguished by its distinct brownish-purple scales on its head and a unique pitcher-shaped structure in the male anatomy.
• E. gobuka features dark grey hindwings and a distinctive subrectangular patch on its forewings, which separates it from its closest relatives in Vietnam.
• The names of the new moths pay direct tribute to the land where they were first found.
  • The name hunliensis is derived from the town of Hunli in the Lower Dibang Valley.
  • Similarly, gobuka is named after the village of Gobuk in the Upper Siang district.

About El Ashmunein:

• Hermopolis Magna, present-day el-Ashmunein, is an ancient town of Egypt, located on the west bank of the Nile River.
• It has religious, cultural, and administrative importance from the Old Kingdom to the Greco-Roman era.
• The city was devoted to Thoth, the ibis-headed god associated with wisdom and writing.
• Archaeological excavations have unearthed mudbrick houses, cemeteries, altars, and reused royal cartouches from rulers like Akhenaten and Nectanebo II, illustrating the city's rich multi-era legacy.

About Valles Marineris:

• Valles Marineris, or Mariner Valley, is a vast system of interconnected canyons on the planet Mars.
• The system was discovered during, and named for, the Mariner 9 mission in 1971.
• It is one of the larger canyons in the solar system.
• The canyon system contains a number of different features that give clues to its formation.
  • Some of the canyon walls appear to be fault scarps that formed as a result of crustal movement along faults radiating from the Tharsis rise, an enormous volcanic bulge to the northwest.
  • Erosion, however, has also played a significant role in canyon formation, as indicated by deep gullies cut in the walls.
  • In places, the canyons contain thick sedimentary sequences that may have been deposited in lakes that formerly occupied the canyons.
  • These lakes later may have drained catastrophically to the east, where there is evidence of large floods.

About Gajapati Empire:

• It was a medieval Hindu dynasty in the Indian subcontinent, originally from the region of Odisha, that reigned from c. 1434 to 1541.
• It succeeded the Eastern Gangas as the Gajapati monarchs and was founded by Kapilendra Deva of the Suryavamsa lineage after the death of the last ruler of the Eastern Ganga, king Bhanu Deva IV.
• Initially, the capital of the Gajapati Empire was located in Cuttack. However, during the reign of Prataparudra Deva (1497 to 1540), the capital was shifted to Kataka, now known as
• The Gajapatis, at the height of their power in the 15th century, ruled over an empire extending from the Ganges in the north near Hoogly to the Kaveri in the south.
• Gajapatis were great patrons of art, architecture, and literature.
  • The empire's architectural prowess is exemplified by the iconic Sun Temple at Konark, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • Gajapatis' patronage of the Odia language, literature, and performing arts contributed to the cultural renaissance of Odisha.
• Decline:
  • They ruled over a vast stretch of land and had continuous rivalry with the Vijayanagara empire.
  • By the early 16th century, the Gajapatis lost great portions of their southern dominion to the Vijayanagara Empire and the Golconda Sultanate.
  • The empire's decline, marked by internal conflicts and invasions by regional powers, eventually led to the fall of the Gajapati dynasty, and the region later came under the control of the Mughal Empire in the late 16th century.

About Amblyceps vayavy:

• It is a new species of catfish.
• It was discovered in the biodiverse northern Western Ghats spanning the states of Goa and Maharashtra.
• The fish inhabits shallow hill streams where the streambed is made up of sand, pebbles, and stones, creating microhabitats that help it hide and forage for food.
• The name ‘vayavy’ means 'northwest' in Marathi and Konkani, referring to the species' habitat in the northwestern part of the Western Ghats.
• The species has so far been recorded only from a few scattered locations in Goa and Maharashtra, underscoring its rarity and the ecological importance of the fragile habitats it occupies.

About National Chambal Sanctuary:

• Location: It lies at the tri-junction of three states Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• Other name: It is also called the National Chambal Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It is a tri-state protected riverine sanctuary along Chambal River and ravines.
• The main focus of the sanctuary is to protect the critically endangered Gharial, Red-crowned roof turtle & endangered Ganges dolphin.
• It supports the largest population of Gharials in the wild.
• It is listed as an important bird area (IBA).
• Topography: The topography is full of ravines, hills & sandy beaches.
• Vegetation: It is part of the Kathiar-Gir dry deciduous forest ecoregion.
• Fauna: It is home to mugger crocodile, smooth-coated otters, Striped Hyena & Indian wolfs are also found here.
  • It also supports Indian narrow-headed soft shell turtle, three- striped roof turtle & crowned river turtle. 

About Iraq:

• Location: It is a Western Asian country.
• Bordering Countries: It is bordered by six nations: Iran to the East; Kuwait to the southeast; Turkey to the north; Syria to the west; Jordan to the southwest and Saudi Arabia to the south.
• Maritime Border: The country has a coastline along the northern end of the Persian Gulf.
• Capital City: Baghdad
• Geographical Features of Iraq:
  • Climate: The climate in Iraq is mainly of the continental, subtropical semi-arid type, with the north and north-eastern mountainous regions having a Mediterranean climate.
  • Major Mountains: Its most prominent hill range is the Sinjār Mountains.
  • Major Rivers: Two of the most significant rivers in all of Asia, the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, drain the land.
  • Lakes:  Habbaniya and Razzaza 
  • Desert: Western and southern Iraq is a vast desert region. 
  • Natural resources: It mainly consists of Oil, natural gas, phosphates, and sulfur.

About Acrylonitrile:

• It is an organic compound produced by catalytic reaction of propylene with ammonia.
• Properties:
  • It is a colorless, liquid, man-made chemical with a sharp, onion- or garlic-like odor.
  • It can be dissolved in waterand evaporates quickly.
  • Acrylonitrile vapor is heavier than air.
  • It is very volatile, producing flammable and toxic air concentrations at room temperature and may explode.
  • Its combustion produces toxic oxides of nitrogen.
  • It requires storage and handling in closed systems.
• Applications
  • Acrylonitrile is used to make other chemicals such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and acrylic fibers.
  • A mixture of acrylonitrile and carbon tetrachloride was used as a pesticide in the past.
• Impact of Human Health
  • Acrylonitrile is irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
  • Its toxic effects range from headache, fatigue, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting to asphyxiation, lactic acidosis and cardiovascular collapse.

About Sujal Gaon ID:

• It is a scheme‑based unique digital identifier that enables complete digital mapping of rural piped water supply assets.
• The Sujal Gaon IDs across 31 States/ UTs have been created and linked to Sujalam Bharat IDs. 
• Each Sujalam Bharat ID integrates the scheme’s infrastructure ID and service area ID, creating a comprehensive digital footprint of rural water service delivery. 
• It is linked with the “Sujalam Bharat” national digital architecture which will provide source to tap mapping of the entire rural water supply chain through unique Sujal Gaon IDs/ Service Area ID for every village.
• It was launched by the Ministry of Jal Shakti under Jal Jeevan Mission.

Key Facts about Jal Jeevan Mission

• It was launched in 2019.
• JJM is envisioned to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs) by 2024 to all households in rural India. 
• It is based on a community approach to water and will include extensive Information, Education and communication as key components of the mission.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• Funding Pattern for Jal Jeevan Mission
  • 50:50 between Centre and States
  • 90:10 for Himalayan and North-Eastern States
  • In case of UTs, 100% of the funding is provided by the Central government.