About Behali Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is located at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in Assam.
• Situated in the north of the Brahmaputra River, Behali is situated at a disputed border between Assam and Arunachal.
• With Kaziranga National Park as its close neighbour, it serves as an important elephant corridor.
• It is part of the Sonitpur Elephant Reserve that was notified in 2003.
• Flora:
  • The forest is Tropical Wet Evergreen and Semi-evergreen.
  • Some fine patches of primary rainforest are still to be seen in the area.
  • The top canopy consists of species such as Tetrameles nudiflora, an emergent deciduous species, which is widely used by hornbills for nesting.
• Fauna:
  • It is home to several threatened wildlife species, including the Asian Elephant, Tiger, Bengal Slow Loris, White-winged Duck, Hog Deer, and Chinese Pangolin, along with critically endangered species such as the Black Softshell Turtle and Red-necked Vulture.
  • It has also been declared an “Important Bird Area”. Common bird species include the Wreathed Hornbill, Rufous-necked Hornbill, Great Hornbill, Woolly-necked Stork, Lesser Adjutant Stork, etc.

About Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH):

• It is a rare but serious condition in which the body's immune system becomes overactive.
• Instead of protecting the body from infections, the immune system starts attacking healthy tissues and organs.
• This causes severe inflammation that can affect the liver, spleen, bone marrow, brain, and other parts of the body.
• The condition can become life-threatening if left untreated.
• HLH can occur for different reasons. It is mainly divided into two types:
• Primary (Familial) HLH:
  • This type is caused by genetic changes passed down from parents.
  • It usually appears during infancy or early childhood, although it can sometimes develop later in life.
• Secondary (Acquired) HLH:
  • This type develops due to medical conditions that trigger the immune system.
  • Common triggers include:
    • Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV)
    • Certain bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections
    • Autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
    • Blood cancers such as lymphoma or leukemia
    • A weakened immune system due to certain medications or medical conditions
  • Treatment:
    • HLH treatment depends on the cause, the patient's age when the disease starts, and how severe the disease is.
    • Chemotherapy and cancer drugs, immunotherapy, steroids that fight inflammation, antibiotics, and antiviral drugs are all mentioned as part of the treatment protocol.

About Hummus Trail:

• It is a term coined to denote the travel route through India most frequented by Israelis, particularly post-military service.
• Every year, around 80,000 Israelis visit India, a large number of them young veterans who have been discharged from the mandatory Israeli army service.
• This trip, known as the Tiul Gadol, could last up to 6 months or a year and is mainly funded by the bonus they receive after serving in the army.
• From the north to the south of the country, there are several areas which are frequented by Israelis, and this is colloquially known as the ‘Hummus trail in India’.
• The Hummus Trail starts from the Union Territory of Ladakh, moves further to Kasol (also known as mini-Israel), Bhaghshu, Dharamkot, Tosh, and Kullu in the Parvati valley of Himachal Pradesh.
• It also includes remote areas like Kalga, Pulga and Talga, which are known for their ‘Israeli settlements’.
• It connects the Hindu religious places of Mathura and Vrindavan and moves towards Pushkar in Rajasthan.

About Khadakwasla Dam:

• It is a dam on the Mutha River in Maharashtra.
• Construction:
  • In 1869, the detailed work on the dam was started by the Captain Fife RE of the British Army as a respite to severe droughts.
  • The man-made lake close to the dam, Khadakwasla Lake is therefore called Lake Fife.
• The dam also provides water for drinking and industrial purposes to Pune and its neighboring areas..
• The dam is also an important source of hydroelectric power generation.
  • It has two power stations that produce 12 MW and 10 MW of electricity respectively.

About INS Surat:

• It is a state-of-the-art stealth guided missile destroyer of the Indian Navy.
• It is the fourth and final vessel of the Visakhapatnam-class (Project 15B Guided Missile Destroyer Project) destroyers.
• It was designed by the Navy’s Warship Design Bureau and built by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders, Mumbai. It has 75 percent Indigenous content.
• It was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 2025.
• Features:
  • With a displacement of 7,400 tonnes and length of 164m, the INS Surat is among the largest destroyers in the world.
  • Stealth Design: Reduced radar cross-section with X-band stealth hull; integrated mast for sensors.
  • It is powered by a Combined Gas and Gas (COGAG) propulsion set comprising four gas turbines.
  • It has a top speed of 30 knots (56 km/h) and carries 300 personnel (50 officers and 250 sailors).
  • It is India’s first artificial intelligence-enabled warship, utilizing indigenously developed AI solutions to enhance operational efficiency.
  • Armament: 16 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles (range 290-450 km), 32 Barak-8 MR SAMs (range 70 km), 2 twin torpedo tubes, 76mm SRGM gun, CIWS.
  • Aviation: Hangar for 2 ALH or 1 MH-60R helicopter; enhanced deck for operations.

About Astra Mk 1:

• It is an indigenous Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air missile (BVRAAM).
• It will be integrated with the Air Force and the Navy.
• It is developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• Features of Astra Mk 1
• Speed and Range: It has a range of 80 to 110 km, an altitude of up to 20 km and a speed of Mach 4.5 (or 4.5 times the speed of sound).
  • Astra Mk 2 has an enhanced range of 200 km.
• The key features of this missile include inertial guidance, mid-course update and terminal active radar homing.
• It uses a single-pulse smokeless solid-fuel motor.
• The missile is being integrated with the IAF’s Sukhoi-30 MKI fleet and is also planned to be integrated with the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Mk 1 A and the French Rafale jets in future.

About TribeX Platform:

• It is a first-of-its-kind digital learning platform dedicated to tribal arts, culture, traditional knowledge and skill development. 
• Launched by: It was launched by Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
• Features of TribeX Platform:
  • Digital Learning Platform: It is conceived as a comprehensive digital learning ecosystem and offers structured learning opportunities through free certificate courses and UGC-recognized Post Graduate diploma programmes in tribal languages, art forms, crafts and traditional knowledge.
  • Digital Repository: It serves as a digital repository for documenting, preserving and promoting tribal languages, oral traditions, performing arts, cultural practices and indigenous knowledge systems for future generations.
  • Courses: It currently hosts 20 free certificate courses across a diverse range of tribal art forms, including paintings, handicrafts, handloom, artefacts and traditional musical instruments.
  • It integrates a robust Learning Management System (LMS), and a Repository Management System providing a secure and seamless digital ecosystem for learning, knowledge management and progress tracking. 
  • It also has Heritage Archive which hosts more than 5000 multimedia resources, including audio, video and literature documenting tribal festivals, socio-cultural practices and oral traditions from across India.

About Costa Rica:

• Location: It is a small country located in Central America.
• Bordered By: It is bordered by Nicaragua to the north and Panama to the
• Maritime Borders: To the west, it meets the Pacific Ocean, and to the east lies the Caribbean Sea.
• Capital City: San Jose
• Geographical Features of Costa Rica:
  • Mountain Ranges: Central Valley has impressive mountain ranges, which include the Cordillera Volcanica to the north and the Cordillera de Talamanca to the south.
  • Volcanoes: Arenal Volcano, the Poás Volcano, and the Irazú Volcano.
  • Highest Point: Mount Chirripó.
  • Lakes: Lake Arenal, the country's largest lake.
  • Rivers: The Reventazón River (Pours into the Caribbean Sea), Tempisque, the Sierpe, and the San Juan (forms a natural border with Nicaragua).
  • Natural Resources: It consists of copper, manganese, gold, magnetite and bauxite.

About Yak:

• Yaks belong to the Bovini tribe, which also includes bison, buffaloes, and cattle.
• Habitat:Wild yaks inhabit alpine tundra at altitudes of 5000 to 7000 meters. They thrive in environments such as alpine meadows, alpine steppes, and desert steppes.
• Distribution: Found throughout the Himalayan region, Tibetan plateau, Mongolia, and parts of South-Central Asia.
  • In India, yaks are reared in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, and the union territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.
• Characteristics of Yak:
  • This bovine animal has long been recognised for its resilience and adaptability to extreme conditions.
  • It features thick, shaggy coat. This woolly fur, provides insulation against the biting cold of high altitudes. 
  • They have large hearts and lungs, compact bodies, thick outer hair covering, and nonfunctional sweat glands, which help to withstand hypoxia and cold stress.
  • Diet: Yaks are herbivorous, feeding on grasses and alpine plants.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN: Vulnerable
  • CITES: Appendix I
  • Wildlife Protection Act of 1972:Schedule I

About Prambanan Temple:

• Location: It is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia, located in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Java.
• It is known locally as the Temple of the Slender Virgin (Roro Jonggrang).
• Built By: It was built in the 9th century by the Sanjaya dynasty, a Hindu kingdom that ruled over central Java. 
• Dedicated Deities: It is dedicated to the Hindu Trimurti, the three main gods of Hinduism: Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma.
• In 1991, UNESCO designated Prambanan Temple as a World Heritage Site.
• Prambanan Temple Architecture:
  • The architectural style of Prambanan reflects the influence of both indigenous Javanese traditions and elements borrowed from South India, specifically the Pallava style.
  • The galleries surrounding the temples feature beautifully preserved bas-reliefs depicting episodes from the Ramayana.
  • The main temple complex consists of 240 temples.
  • The highlight is the central compound, where eight main and eight minor temples are assembled on a raised platform. 
  • The three main temples are the Shiva Temple, Brahma Temple, and Vishnu Temple.
  • Shiva’s temple is the biggest and centrally located. It soars to a height of 47 meters, making it one of the tallest temples in Southeast Asia.
  • While the main temple complex is dedicated to Hindu gods, Buddhist temples and shrines surround the area.