Context:

• The Union Budget 2026–27 positioned the textile sector as a strategic driver of economic growth, employment generation, export expansion, and rural livelihood support.
• The Budget marks a shift from fragmented, scheme-based support to an integrated value-chain approach, covering fibre to fashion.
• However, the core question remains - Will India merely expand textile production, or will it capture the higher value embedded in design, branding, and global fashion markets?

Key Budget Announcements for the Textile Sector:

• Integrated value-chain approach:
  • The Budget outlines five major programmes -
    • National Fibre Scheme: Ensuring sustainable raw material supply, and strengthening upstream fibre production.
    • Textile Expansion and Employment Scheme: Focusing on scaling manufacturing capacity, and employment-intensive growth model.
    • National Handloom and Handicraft Programme (Consolidated): Rationalising multiple schemes, and strengthening artisan ecosystems.
    • Text-ECON Initiative: Enhancing global competitiveness, and supporting modernisation and exports.
    • Samarth 2.0 (Skill Development Upgrade): Focus on workforce modernisation, industry-oriented skilling.
  • Significance: These schemes together signal a shift towards a holistic blueprint, linking fibre production, manufacturing, artisan livelihoods, skills, and exports.
• Mahatma Gandhi Gram Swaraj Initiative:
  • It is designed to strengthen khadi, handloom, and handicraft sectors through improved market access, branding, and training.
  • This reflects a welcome recognition that India’s textile strength lies not only in mechanised mills, but also in its vast cultural and craft ecosystems — systems that sustain millions of rural livelihoods.
  • This will strengthen rural non-farm employment, aligning with Atmanirbhar Bharat and inclusive growth.
• Mega Textile Parks in “Challenge Mode”:
  • Expansion of infrastructure: Similar to PM MITRA Parks, consolidating manufacturing, logistics, value addition, with special focus on technical textiles.
  • Significance: It will reduce logistics costs, encourage economies of scale, attract private investment (reflected in positive equity market response).

Strategic Shift in Textile Policy:

• Earlier approach: Isolated schemes targeting individual bottlenecks, and fragmented policy architecture.
• Budget 2026 approach:
  • Integrated, value-chain-based policy
  • Treating textiles as a strategic industrial ecosystem
  • Connecting economic, social, and cultural dimensions
  • Reflecting a maturing policy imagination

Key Challenges and Gaps Identified:

• The value creation deficit:
  • Though India exports fabric, garments, and embellishments, it remains a low-margin, cost-competitive supplier, weak in brand ownership and creative authorship.
  • Missing elements: Design education, trend intelligence systems, sustainability certification, and brand-oriented export strategy.
  • Without these, India risks being a volume producer, not a value-setter in global fashion.
• Narrow framing of skills:
  • While Samarth 2.0 modernises workforce skills, it focuses mainly on operational training.
  • Missing elements: Creative capabilities, design leadership, managerial competence, systems-level thinking, and digital and sustainability integration.
  • In a global market driven by fast fashion cycles, digital tools, ESG compliance, and consumer consciousness, skill depth matters as much as scale.
• Artisan vulnerability and pricing power:
  • Even with Gram Swaraj support, structural issues (fragmented supply chains, inconsistent quality standards, weak bargaining power, income insecurity) persist.
  • Therefore, assured procurement mechanisms, transparent pricing systems, quality certification frameworks, and direct market access platforms (digital marketplaces) are needed.
  • Otherwise, artisans remain vulnerable despite increased output.
• External trade pressures:
  • Opportunities: Emerging trade agreements (e.g., with the European Union), and expanded global market access.
  • Risks: Competition from Bangladesh, Vietnam; fluctuating tariffs; stringent compliance norms; and sustainability standards.
  • India must combine infrastructure, scale, brand building, and standards compliance.

Way Forward - From “Make More” to “Value Better”:

• Move towards brand ownership: Promote Indian global fashion brands. Incentivise design-led exports. Create fashion innovation hubs.
• Strengthen creative ecosystem: Invest in top-tier design institutes. Encourage industry-academia collaboration. Support IP protection in fashion.
• Secure artisan livelihoods structurally: Introduce minimum support mechanisms. Digital platforms for direct selling. GI tagging and certification expansion. Transparent value-chain integration.
• Focus on sustainability and compliance: Green textiles, circular economy practices, and ESG-based export readiness.
• Build technical textile leadership: R&D support; high-tech manufacturing clusters; and defence, medical, and industrial textile integration.

Conclusion:

• Union Budget 2026–27 marks a turning point in India’s textile policy. It transitions from fragmented to an integrated approach, recognising textiles as central to India’s economic and social fabric.
• Yet scale alone is not destiny. So, India’s textile ambition must ultimately be measured not just in export volumes, but in value captured, livelihoods secured, and cultural capital elevated.

Context

• Five years after the February 2021 coup, Myanmar’s military organised elections between December 2025 and January 2026 to project political normalcy.
• The military-backed USDP emerged victorious in a tightly managed political environment marked by restricted participation, suppression of opposition, and ongoing armed conflict.
• Rather than restoring civilian rule, the process sought to institutionalise military authority.
• The elections hold wider regional importance, particularly for India, which shares borders, security concerns, and economic ambitions tied to Myanmar.

Manufactured Legitimacy and Controlled Participation

• The electoral exercise functioned primarily as a mechanism to produce legitimacy. Voting occurred in only 265 of 330 townships, excluding large populations.
• Polling remained concentrated in urban wards, while rural areas under resistance influence were effectively absent from the process.
• Political competition was systematically eliminated. The Election Commission dissolved major parties including the NLD, the Arakan National Party, and the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy, while senior leaders were imprisoned.
• At the same time, numerous serving and retired military officers contested under the USDP banner.
• Turnout figures reinforced the credibility crisis. The regime reported roughly 55% participation, a sharp fall from earlier elections.
• Under conditions of fear and surveillance, reduced participation signified silent political rejection rather than apathy.
• The elections thus represented controlled participation rather than democratic choice.

Elections Amid Civil War

• The polls took place amid widespread conflict. Since 2021, thousands of civilians, activists, and journalists have been killed, tens of thousands arrested, and more than 113,000 structures destroyed, especially in Sagaing and Magway.
• Repression strengthened armed opposition. The People’s Defence Forces, working alongside long-standing ethnic armed organisations, now control significant territory, including dozens of towns.
• The state therefore lacks full sovereignty over its territory.
• Under such conditions, elections cannot stabilise governance. Instead, they deepen political division: participation would validate military rule, while opposition groups view armed struggle as the only viable option.
• The electoral process therefore risks intensifying violence rather than resolving it.

India’s Diplomatic Balancing Act

• For India, Myanmar is a strategic neighbour and a gateway central to the Act East Policy.
• Official statements support democracy and call for free and inclusive elections while avoiding direct recognition of the junta’s authority.
• High-level engagement continues. Diplomatic contacts, including leadership meetings, demonstrate ongoing engagement while carefully avoiding endorsement.
• India simultaneously maintains distance by clarifying non-official involvement during the election period.
• Humanitarian outreach strengthens this calibrated approach. Relief operations and medical assistance following the 2025 earthquake allowed India to maintain a constructive role without conferring political approval.
• The strategy effectively amounts to engagement without full diplomatic validation.

Security and Economic Implications for India

• Refugee Flows
  • Violence has driven significant refugees into India, particularly into Mizoram and Manipur.
  • The absence of a national refugee policy places heavy administrative burdens on state governments and exposes governance gaps.
  • Continued instability is likely to sustain these movements.
• Infrastructure and Connectivity
  • Major connectivity initiatives, the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and the Trilateral Highway, have experienced repeated delays due to insecurity.
  • Claims of post-election normalisation are unlikely to improve ground conditions, forcing reassessment of timelines and investment risks.
• Non-Traditional Security Threats
  • State fragility has accelerated trafficking, narcotics trade, and organised crime.
  • A major concern is the growth of cyber-scam centres and cyber slavery networks operating in conflict zones.
  • Thousands of Indians have already been rescued, yet many remain trapped. These emerging threats demand coordinated domestic and regional responses.

The Limits of International Pressure

• Western governments and ASEAN have declined to recognise the election results. However, external pressure alone cannot resolve Myanmar’s political crisis.
• The military remains entrenched, while opposition forces remain fragmented.
• India therefore pursues a dual policy: maintaining communication with the authorities while also sustaining contact with local stakeholders.
• This approach acknowledges uncertainty regarding Myanmar’s future political order and prioritises stability along the frontier.

Conclusion

• Myanmar’s 2025–26 elections did not signal democratic restoration but an effort to formalise military rule under institutional cover.
• Conducted under repression and territorial fragmentation, the process failed to address the underlying political crisis and may prolong instability.
• For India, the situation presents a lasting dilemma; disengagement risks border instability and economic disruption, while recognition would compromise democratic commitments.
• New Delhi therefore follows a careful middle path, balancing ideals with national interest.

Context

• The suicide of three sisters in Ghaziabad provoked national grief and immediate calls for strict action against digital platforms.
• Public anger often seeks a clear cause and a decisive response, and social media became the primary target.
• Yet complex social problems rarely yield to simple remedies. While online environments can intensify psychological distress among adolescents, a blanket prohibition risks replacing thoughtful policy with reaction.
• The challenge lies in protecting children without undermining their rights, autonomy, and participation in modern life.
• Effective solutions must therefore balance safety with access, focusing on responsible governance rather than elimination.

Social Media and Adolescent Mental Health

• Research consistently associates heavy social media use with anxiety, depression, self-harm, and body image dissatisfaction, particularly among teenage girls.
• Online comparison, cyberbullying, and constant performance pressure can aggravate emotional vulnerability.
• These findings warrant concern but require careful interpretation. Digital exposure rarely operates as a single cause; instead, it interacts with loneliness, academic stress, or family conflict.
• Overstating its influence risks ignoring broader psychological and social contexts. The issue is therefore not whether harm exists, but how society should address it without restricting opportunity.

Global Responses and the Rise of Moral Panic

• International Policy Trends
  • Governments across the world have pursued strict regulation.
  • Australia has barred users under sixteen from major platforms through mandatory age verification, while Spain has proposed similar measures and legal liability for harmful algorithms.
  • These policies promise swift protection and visible accountability.
• The Concept of Moral Panic
  • Such reactions reflect a moral panic, where a complex problem is attributed to a single identifiable threat.
  • A technological villain offers emotional clarity and political reassurance. However, symbolic crackdowns seldom resolve underlying causes.
  • Emotional satisfaction can overshadow careful analysis, resulting in policies that appear decisive yet produce limited real-world benefit.

Why a Social Media Ban Would Fail in India?

• Technical Ineffectiveness
  • Restrictions are easily bypassed. Adolescents often possess higher digital literacy than regulators and can access platforms through VPNs or alternative applications.
  • Prohibitions may push users into unregulated or encrypted spaces, increasing exposure to grooming, extremism, and exploitation.
  • Mandatory surveillance through identity verification also raises privacy risks.
• Ignoring the Social Value of Digital Platforms
  • For many teenagers, especially those in marginalised settings, online spaces offer community, belonging, and support.
  • Rural youth, socially isolated adolescents, and LGBTQ individuals rely on digital networks to express identity and seek advice.
  • Removing access may deepen isolation rather than improve well-being.
• Democratic Deficit in Policymaking
  • Policies affecting young people often exclude their voices. Adolescents are treated as passive subjects instead of participants.
  • A meaningful democracy requires consultation, listening, and recognition of lived experiences.
  • Regulation designed without youth engagement risks misunderstanding both problems and solutions.
• Reinforcing Gender Inequality
  • A prohibition would likely intensify gender disparities. Internet access in India already favours boys over girls.
  • Within conservative households, restrictions would lead families to confiscate devices primarily from daughters, limiting education, skills, and mobility.
  • A protective measure could therefore entrench inequality rather than reduce harm.

A Better Policy Approach

• Regulating Technology Companies
  • Attention must shift from controlling children to governing corporations. Platform algorithms are designed to maximise engagement and profit.
  • Governments should impose enforceable duty of care obligations, establish competition law, and require accountability for harmful design practices.
  • An independent regulator with technical expertise would be better suited than general administrative authorities.
• Promoting Research and Youth Participation
  • Comprehensive research is needed to understand how online behaviour varies across class, caste, and region.
  • Long-term studies should inform policy rather than speculation. Young people must participate directly in consultation processes, shaping interventions that affect their daily lives.

The Way Forward

• Expanding the Debate: Artificial Intelligence and Child Safety
  • Concerns about harm extend beyond social media. Increasing reliance on AI chatbots for advice and emotional support introduces new risks.
  • Excessive dependence may create cognitive weakness in critical thinking and expose minors to inappropriate interactions.
  • Consistent standards are required across all digital technologies, not selective regulation.
• Toward a Healthy Media Ecology
  • Technology is neither inherently beneficial nor inherently harmful. Its effects depend on structure, incentives, and guidance.
  • A balanced media ecology requires education, supervision, and responsible design.
  • Rather than absolute acceptance or rejection, society must cultivate informed use and ethical innovation.

Conclusion

• Public grief after the Ghaziabad tragedy generated urgent demands for bans, but prohibition offers only the illusion of control.
• It would be technically ineffective, socially damaging, democratically weak, and potentially discriminatory.
• Meaningful protection lies in regulating corporations, strengthening research, and involving young citizens in governance.
• By prioritising thoughtful regulation over reaction, society can protect mental health while preserving opportunity, ensuring both safety and dignity for the next generation.

About Sharda River:

• It is a transboundary river of northern India and western Nepal.
• Course:
  • It rises as the Kali River in far northern Uttarakhand in the Great Himalayas on the eastern slopes of the Nanda Devi massif.
• Its major tributaries are the Dhauliganga, Goriganga, and Sarju.
• The Sharda Barrage (dam), near Banbasa (Uttarakhand), is the source of the Sharda Canal (completed 1930), one of the longest irrigation canals in northern India.

About Kondaveedu Fort:

• Kondaveedu Fort, also known as Kondavid Fort, is located in Andhra Pradesh.
• History:
  • It was constructed during the period of the Telugu Chodas, strengthened by the Kakatiyas and occupied by Prolaya Vema Reddy, who shifted his capital from Addanki to Kondaveedu in 1323 AD.
  • Later it was taken over by the Gajpathis of Orissa and ravaged by the Bahmani Sultans in 1458.
  • The fort later came under the control of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Golconda Sultanate, the Mughals, the French, and the British.
• The architecture displays a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.
  • It was mainly constructed with granite stones and lime mortar.
  • It features two main entrances called Kolepalli Darwaza and Nadella Darwaza.
  • The fort is also known for its ancient water conservation system with several ponds supplying water to inhabitants.
  • Recent archaeological findings include Buddhist stupa remains dating back to the 1st or 2nd century CE.

About Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is located in Jharkhand.
  • It is situated around the Dalma Hills on the Chottanagpur Plateau.
• The Sanctuary gets its name from the “Dalma mai” a local goddess who is revered and worshipped by the local people and the people of adjoining villages of Dalma.
• The entire forest of Dalma Sanctuary falls in the catchment of the Subarnarekha River and Dimna Lake of Jamshedpur.
• It features two prominent waterfalls: Sitaguldi and Dassam.
• Vegetation:
  • The forests of Dalma come under the category “Dry peninsular Sal” and “Northern dry mixed deciduous Forest“.
  • Most of the Dalma forests shed leaves in the summer and attain their full bloom at the onset of monsoon.
• Flora:
  • Medicinal plants like Ananatmula, Satawari, Sarpgandha, are abundant in the sanctuary.
• Fauna:
  • Besides elephants, the sanctuary has a considerable population of other wildlife like barking deer, wild boar, giant squirrel, porcupine, pangolin, sloth bear, etc.
  • Commonly seen birds in the sanctuary are falcons, golden orioles, Indian tree pies, paradise fly catchers, grey hornbills, Indian peafowl, etc.

About Shipki La Pass:

• It is a high mountain pass, bordering India and China in Himachal Pradesh.
• It serves as the boundary post on the frontier between China and India.
• It is an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road.
• The old name of Shipki La was Pema La, or Shared Gate, also known as Shared Pass.
• It was declared the Line of Actual Control post-1962, and later, the Indo-Tibetan Border Police named it Shipki La.
• The Sutlej River (known as Langqen Zangbo in Tibet) enters India through this pass, flowing from the Tibet Autonomous Region.
• The pass works as the third frontier post of India for carrying out trade and commerce activities with China.
  • The other two passes are the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathula Pass in Sikkim.

About Polyrhachis garbhangaensis:

• It is a new species of ant.
• It was discovered in Garbhanga Reserve Forest on the outskirts of Guwahati, Assam.
• It has been named after its place of discovery and is proposed to be known as the “Assamese Spiny Ant.”
• It belongs to a rare and specialised group of spiny ants called the mucronata group.
• It is only the third species of this group ever recorded in India.
• Unlike its close relatives, which are usually black, this species has a bright yellow-orange abdomen.
• It also has curved spines on its body that likely help protect it from predators.

About Global Teacher Prize:

• It is an annual award presented to an exceptional teacher who has made a significant impact on their students and community.
• The prize aims to highlight the importance of educators and recognize the outstanding contributions they make to society.
• Eligibility and Criteria:
  • It is open to teachers from all countries, working in various educational settings including public, private, and alternative schools.
  • Candidates are evaluated based on their innovative teaching practices, achievements in the classroom, and efforts to improve the quality of education in their community.
  • The selection process also considers the teacher’s impact on their students’ learning and their ability to overcome challenging environments.
• Nomination: Teachers can be nominated by others or can apply themselves.
• Award: The award comes with a cash prize of $1 million, making it one of the most prestigious recognitions in the field of education.
• It is presented by GEMS Education and organised by the Varkey Foundation in collaboration with UNESCO.

About Graphics Processing Units (GPU):

• A GPU is an electronic circuit board that can quickly perform many mathematical calculations. 
• Like a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a GPU is also a chip component in computing devices.
• The technology was originally designed to speed up 3-D graphics rendering.
• Traditional GPUs are of two types:
  • First, there are standalone chips, which often come in add-on cards for large desktop computers.
  • Second are GPUs combined with a CPU in the same chip package, which are often found in laptops and game consoles.
  • In both cases, the CPU controls what the GPU does.
• Working of GPU:
  • GPUs work by using parallel processing, where multiple processors handle separate parts of a single task.
  • A GPU also has its own RAM to store the data it is processing. This RAM is designed specifically to hold the large amounts of information coming into the GPU for highly intensive graphics use cases.
• Applications: It is used in areas including high-performance computing, machine learning, Artificial Intelligence (AI), weather forecasting, and crypto currency mining.