About Permafrost:

• Permafrost is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two years straight.
• While two years is the minimum for permafrost consideration, some regions have had frozen ground for hundreds of thousands of years.
• Where are they found?
  • These permanently frozen grounds are most common in regions with high mountains and in Earth’s higher latitudes—near the North and South Poles.
  • It can be found on land and below the ocean floor.
  • Its thickness can range from one meter to more than 1,000 meters, covering entire regions, such as the Arctic tundra, or a single, isolated spot, such as a mountain top of alpine permafrost.
  • Permafrost covers large regions of the Earth. Almost a quarter of the land area in the Northern Hemisphere has permafrost underneath.
  • It occurs in 85 percent of Alaska and 55 percent of Russia and Canada, and covers probably all of Antarctica.
• What Is Permafrost Made Of?
  • Permafrost is made of a combination of soil, rocks, and sand that are held together by ice.
  • The soil and ice in permafrost stay frozen all year long.
  • Although the ground is frozen, permafrost regions can be snow-free in summer.
  • Near the surface, permafrost soils also contain large quantities of organic carbon—a material leftover from dead plants that couldn’t decompose, or rot away due to the cold.
  • Lower permafrost layers contain soils made mostly of minerals.
• Permafrost loss, also known as permafrost thaw, is the progressive loss of ground ice in permafrost, usually due to input of heat.
• A layer of soil on top of permafrost does not stay frozen all year. This layer, called the active layer, thaws during the warm summer months and freezes again in the fall.
• In colder regions, the ground rarely thaws—even in the summer. There, the active layer is very thin—only 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 centimeters).
• A thawing permafrost layer can lead to severe impacts on people and the environment.
  • When permafrost melts, it raises water levels in Earth's oceans.
  • Melting permafrost and warming global temperatures have a positive feedback loop.
  • Organic matter currently frozen in the permafrost will start to decompose when the ground thaws, resulting in the emission of methane and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
  • As ice-filled permafrost thaws, it can turn into a muddy slurry that cannot support the weight of the soil and vegetation above it.
  • Infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and pipes could be damaged as permafrost thaws.
  • Melting permafrost also releases heavy metals, such as mercury, and other toxins.
  • As it melts, the contaminated permafrost can pollute water sources for local people.
  • It is even possible that thawing permafrost may release dormant, disease-causing microbes that are harmful to animals and humans.

About Misagh-2:

• It is an Iranian man-portable infrared-guided surface-to-air missile system.
• It is a variant of the Chinese QW-2 Vanguard missile system.
• Its main mission is to strike tactical targets such as fighters, attackers, and armed helicopters at low and very low altitudes.
• It can also supply effective air defense for military bases, political and industrial centers, and other important facilities.
• Features:
  • It can engage approaching targets out to 6 km and receding targets out to 5.2 km.
  • The maximum effective altitude against jet fighters is about 5 km, and helicopters and subsonic aircraft about 3.5 km.
  • It uses a passive infrared (IR) seeker and is designed as a fire-and-forget weapon.
  • Once launched, the missile can track the infrared signature of its target without requiring continued guidance from the operator, allowing the firing team to immediately leave its position.
  • Its dual-band passive IR seeker has strong resistance to heat flares dispensed by the target and solar/ground heat, thus improving the missile’s performance in day/night, all-weather conditions.

About Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve:

• It is located between the Vindhyan and Satpura ranges in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It was declared a National Park in 1968 and a Tiger Reserve in 1972.
• It also contains ancient structures, including stupas and statues from the 1st century BCE.
• Flora:
  • Main vegetation in the reserve consists of Sal trees along with huge expanses of grasslands and bamboo forests.
  • Other kinds of trees which are found here are Saja, Dhauda, Tendu, Arjun, Aonla, Pals, Salai, Bhirra, Khamer, Dhaman, Mango, Jamun, Dhobin, etc.
• Fauna:
  • It is known to have one of the highest density of tigers in the world. It is also considered the origin of all the white tigers in the world.
  • It also hosts other notable mammals such as leopards, Indian bison (gaur), sambar deer, spotted deer, nilgai, wild boar, sloth bears, Indian wolves, jackals, and both langur and rhesus macaque monkeys.
  • It has bird species, including the crested serpent eagle, Malabar pied hornbill, white-rumped vulture, and Indian roller.

About Schokari Sand Racer:

• The Schokari Sand Racer, also known as the Afro-Asian sand snake, is an extremely fast diurnal snake well adapted to arid and desert environments.
• Scientific Name: Psammophis schokari
• Habitat and Distribution:
  • It inhabits desert regions with sparse vegetation, especially sand deserts, wadis, and oasis margins.
  • Its distribution stretches from North Africa (Libya, Egypt) across the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East to Pakistan, including southern Turkmenistan and northwestern India.
  • From India, it has been reported only from the deserts of Rajasthan and Kutch of Gujarat.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Least Concern

About Bathymyrus perplexus:

• It is a new species of fish.
• It was identified in the Bay of Bengal, almost four years after it was first discovered off the coast of Paradip,
• Features:
  • The fish has a long, cylindrical body. It possesses a distinctive head and snout structure.
  • Its body colour ranges from pink to a cloudy pink hue.
  • There is heavy black pigmentation on the upper part of the head, and a black mark extends from the eye to the snout.
  • Its mouth features teeth on both the upper and lower jaws, as well as on the head region.

About ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise 2026:

• It is the second edition of the ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise (AIME-2026) conducted in Subic Bay, Philippines.
• Participating Ships: Indian Naval Ships Sahyadri and Kulish along with maritime forces from ASEAN Member States.
• Theme: It is conducted under the theme “Anchored in Trust, United at Sea”,
• It is aimed at enhancing mutual understanding, cooperation and interoperability.
• Phases
  • Harbour Phase: It will comprise a series of professional, operational and social engagements, including Subject Matter Expert Exchanges, sporting and cultural activities, community engagement and Operational Synchronisation.
  • Sea Phase: Here participating maritime forces will undertake coordinated maritime exercises and operational serials.
• Significance:
  • It will strengthen maritime partnerships and promoting practical cooperation with ASEAN maritime forces.
  • The exercise is being conducted in furtherance of India’s Act East Policy and the vision of MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions).

About Swyer Syndrome:

• It is a rare difference of sex development, medically known as 46, XY complete gonadal dysgenesis.
• It is a rare genetic condition where individuals have one X and one Y chromosome in each cell (typically associated with males) but develop female reproductive structures.
• It is characterized by the failure of the sex glands (i.e., testicles or ovaries) to develop.
• It results from disruption of the genetic pathway involved in testicular development during early embryonic development.
• This syndrome is one of many “Disorders of Sex Development”, or DSDs.
  • People with Swyer syndrome are genetically male but phenotypically female, meaning they have a female appearance and female external genitalia.
• Treatment:
  • There is currently no treatment that can change the 46, XY chromosome pattern or turn the streak gonads into functioning ovaries.
  • However, the effects of Swyer syndrome can be effectively managed through hormone replacement therapy.

About PM-DHARA Scheme:

• The PM-DHARA stands for PM-Developing Harmonized and Accelerated Renewable-energy Access.
• It will strengthen India’s Intra-State Transmission System (InSTS) to enable evacuation of up to 135 Gigawatt (GW) of renewable energy across States/ Union Territories.
• It has provided for the deployment of 50 GWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) at generator ends or other locations that are crucial for grid flexibility.
• Time Period: The scheme is targeted for implementation by FY 2032-33.
• Implementation:
  • All Greenfield projects under the InSTS component will be implemented through Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) mode,
  • Brownfield upgradation and network strengthening works will be executed under Cost Plus Basis (CPB).
  • Implementing Agency: The State Transmission Utilities will be the overall implementing agency, and Transmission Service Providers (TSPs) will participate under TBCB on a Build-Own-Operate-Maintain (BOOM) model.

About CHIME Telescope:

• The CHIME (Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment) is a radio telescope located in British Columbia, Canada which was built in 2017.
• Focus: It was built to map the distribution of hydrogen gas in the early universe.
• It is capable of mapping the sky with unprecedented sensitivity and speed.
• It delivers a snapshot of what our sky looks like at radio wavelengths every day.
• Components:
  • CHIME comprises four massive parabolic radio antennas that collect radio waves in the 400 to 800 MHz range.
  • It has no moving parts and instead uses signal processing techniques to combine the information from over a thousand antennas to focus and point the telescope digitally. 
  • The telescope receives radio signals each day from half of the sky as the Earth rotates.
• CHIME focuses incoming signals using a correlator—a powerful digital signaling processor that can work through huge amounts of data, at a rate of about 7 terabits per second.
• It has capability to detect and study Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), transient flashes of radio waves originating from distant galaxies.