About Dihing Patkai National Park:

• Located: It is located in the Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts of
• It lies in the Dehing Patkai Landscape, which is a dipterocarp-dominated lowland rainforest.
• It is situated at the foothills of Patkai Hill Ranges, on the banks of the River Dehing (Tributary of Brahmaputra), and adjacent to the Namdapha Wildlife Sanctuary.
• It is famous for its largest stretch of tropical lowland rainforests in India.
• It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 2004. In 2020, Government of Assam upgraded it into a national park. 
• Tribal Communities: indigenous Assamese communities, particularly Tai Phake, Khamyang, Khampti, Singpho, Nocte, Ahom, Kaibarta, Moran and Motok, Burmese, and non-indigenous Nepali people.
• Vegetation: The Park is a deciduous rainforest with semi-evergreen and lush green flora.
• Flora: It is dominated by species like Hollong, Nahor, Mekai, Paroli, Simul, various orchids, ferns, cane, and bamboo.
• Fauna: The rich biodiversity includes diverse species such as slow loris, pig-tailed macaque, stump-tailed macaque, capped langur, Indian leopard, Asian elephant, royal Bengal tiger, etc.

About Lead:

• It is a naturally occurring element found in small amounts in the earth’s crust.
• Properties:
  • It is a soft, silvery white or grayish metal in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table.
  • Lead has a bright lustre and is a dense, ductile, very soft, highly malleable, bluish-white metal that has poor electrical conductivity.
  • It is also highly resistant to corrosion and because of this property is used to contain corrosive liquids (e.g. sulphuric acid).
• Occurrence: It is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and copper and is extracted together with these metals.
• The main lead mineral is galena (PbS). Other common varieties include cerussite (PbCO3) and angelsite (PbSO4).
• Uses of Lead:
  • It used for lead-acid batteries for vehicles, backup emergency systems, the telecoms sector and fork lift trucks.
  • It is also used in rolled and extruded products, compounds in the glass and plastics industries, shot and ammunition and for radiation shielding.
• Impacts of Lead on Human Health:
  • It is highly toxic to humans and the environment.
  • Exposure to lead can affect multiple body systems and is particularly harmful to young children and women of child-bearing age.

About Adi Vaani Platform:

• It is India’s first AI-powered translator for tribal languages.
• It is designed to bridge communication gaps between tribal and non-tribal communities, while safeguarding endangered tribal languages using advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• The project combines advanced AI technologies with community-driven approaches to protect, promote, and revitalize tribal languages and cultures across India.
• It is developed by a national consortium of premier institutions led by IIT Delhi with BITS Pilani, IIIT Hyderabad, and IIIT Nava Raipur in collaboration with Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) in Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Meghalaya.
• AI Language Models: Refined deployment of models such as No Language Left Behind (NLLB) and IndicTrans2 for low-resource tribal languages.
• It aims to:
  • Enable real-time translation (text and speech) between Hindi/English and tribal languages.
  • Provide interactive language learning for students and early learners.
  • Digitally preserve folklore, oral traditions, and cultural heritage.
  • Support digital literacy, healthcare communication, and civic inclusion in tribal communities.
  • Awareness of the government schemes and important speeches
• Features:
  • Multilingual Translator: It converts images and documents to editable text in seconds.
  • Audio files to Text: It transcribes live speech or audio files into text and translate into indigenous languages instantly.
  • Speech to speech Translation: Speak or upload speech in English or Hindi and listen to real-time voice translation in Santali, Mundari, or Bhili.

About Mongolia:

• Location: It is a landlocked country located in north-central Asia.
• Bordering Countries: Mongolia is bordered by two nations: China (South) and Russia (North).
• Capital City: Ulaanbaatar
• Geographical Features of Mongolia:
  • Climate: It has continental climate because of its high latitude and elevation and distance from oceans.
    • It has four main vegetation zones that run from north to south and from mountains to basins: forest-steppe, steppe, semidesert, and desert.
  • Major Mountains: Khentii Mountains, Khangai Mountains, and the Altay Mountains.
  • Highest Point: The highest point of Mongolia is Nayramadlin Orgil
  • Major River: Orkhon River (Orkhon River valley was inscribed by UNESCO in the World Heritage List).
  • Major Lake: Hovsgol Nuur, one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes, is located on its border with the Russian Federation.
  • Natural Resources: It possesses large deposits of coal and fluorite (fluorspar) and of copper, gold, silver, and other metallic ores.

About Guggal Plant:

• It is a spiny shrub or small tree belongs to Burseraceae family.
• Distribution: It is native to India, Arabia and Pakistan.
• In India, it is found in the arid, rocky tracts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka in India.
• Characteristics:
  • The plant prefers arid and semi-arid climates and is tolerant of poor soil.
  • It grows well in sandy to silt loam soils, which are poor in organic matter and rich in other matters and also considered as drought and salinity resistant plant.
• Uses:
  • Traditional Uses: Gum guggul is used as incense, to make lacquers, varnishes, and ointments, as a fixative in perfumes, and in medicine.
  • Modern Uses: Modern therapeutic uses of guggul include nervous diseases, hemiplegia, leprosy, marasmus, musclespasms, neuralgia rtc.
  • Guggal-gum extract targets the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) that regulates cholestrol and checks bile acids produced from cholestrol by the liver.
  • The resin from the Guggal tree, known as guggul, is valued in Ayurvedic medicine for treating various ailments.

About Dak MITRA App:

• The upgraded Dak MITRA (Mobile Interface for Transactions & Rural Assistance) application serves as a unified operational platform for more than 1.4 lakh Branch Post Offices.
• It is developed indigenously by the Centre for Excellence in Postal Technology (CEPT)under the Advanced Postal Technology (APT) platform as part of DoP IT 2.0 Modernization,
• It enables Branch Postmasters to undertake paperless and real-time postal and financial transactions,
  • It includes mail booking, OTP-based doorstep delivery, Core Banking Services, insurance services, Aadhaar-based biometric e-KYC, cash deposits and withdrawals etc.

Key Facts about Dak Sewa App

• It provides citizens with 24x7 access to postal services, including tracking, booking, complaints; Post Office and PIN code locators, and financial calculators.
• It supports 23 Indian languages through BHASHINI.

About Waterspout:

• A waterspout is a large column of air and mist rotating over a water body.
• It is less intense and typically lasts for around five minutes — occasionally it can last up to 10 minutes.
• The average waterspout can be around 165 feet in diameter, with wind speeds of 100 kilometres per hour.
• They occur when there are high levels of humidity and relatively warm water temperatures compared to the overlying air.
• Types of waterspouts:
  • Tornadic waterspouts:
    • These are tornadoes that form over water, or move from land to water.
    • They have the same characteristics as a land tornado.
    • They are associated with severe thunderstorms, and are often accompanied by high winds and seas, large hail, and frequent dangerous lightning.
  • Fair-weather waterspouts:
    • These are usually formed under calmer conditions along the dark flat base of a line of developing cumulus clouds.
    • It is generally not associated with thunderstorms.
    • It is develop from the water’s surface upward. (While tornadic waterspouts develop downward in a thunderstorm)
    • Typically move very little due to light wind conditions.

About Information Technology Resilience Index:

• It is introduced to assess the functioning and resilience of information technology systems of market infrastructure institutions (MIIs), including stock exchanges, depositories and clearing corporations.
• It is an initiative of the Securities and Exchange Board of India.
• Aim: It is aimed at strengthening oversight of the resilience of IT systems and identifying emerging weaknesses at an early stage, so that timely corrective measures can be taken.
• Key Features of IT Resilience Index:
  • Parameters: The ITRI will be computed using a uniform set of nine parameters, each carrying a specific weightage.
    • These parameters are namely availability, security, integrity, governance, reliability and monitoring, business continuity, modularity and flexibility, scalability, and other relevant factors.
  • Weightage: Availability and security will carry the highest weightage of 20 per cent each, followed by integrity, governance, reliability and monitoring, business continuity, and modularity and flexibility at 10 per cent each.
  • MIIs would be required to calculate the index on a half-yearly basis within 60 days of the end of each half-year.
    • They would also have to submit a comparative analysis of two consecutive half-years on a rolling basis, along with details of corrective actions taken or proposed, to their Standing Committee on Technology (SCOT) and governing boards.
  • MIIs will also develop an Early Warning System (EWS) to detect any deterioration in ITRI parameters that could potentially lead to performance issues, system slowness or other disruptions, and take remedial measures.

About Doronicum sanctum:

• It was discovered in the high-altitude wilderness of Arunachal Pradesh.
• It is the new plant species belonging to the sunflower family.
• It is the first time a member of the Doronicum genus, commonly known as Leopard’s bane, has been documented in Northeast India.
• Nomenclature: The researchers chose sanctum name because the plant’s type locality is situated near the Chumi Gyatse Holy Waterfalls, a site held in high spiritual regard by the local population.
• It was found at an elevation of approximately 4,086 metres above sea level in the Tawang district.
• Characteristics:
  • It possesses pubescent ray cypselae, which are tiny, hairy seeds at the edge of the flower head, and a caducous pappus, a feathery structure that falls off easily.
  • It has dilated flower stalks (peduncle apex) and flat, lance-shaped green bracts that cup the flower.
  • It has vibrant yellow flowers and heart-shaped leaves, the species appears to be extremely rare.