Why in the News?

Recently a study on the topic of Endogamy in India conducted by CSIR Bhatnagar Fellow at the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) and senior scientist K. Thangaraj has been published.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Introduction (Context)
• Endogamy in India (Caste System, Regional & Linguistic Endogamy, Genetic Implications, etc.)
• News Summary (CSIR Report Highlights)

Introduction:

• Endogamy, or the practice of marrying within a specific social, caste, or religious group, has been a long-standing tradition in India.
• It is deeply rooted in the country's cultural and social structures, particularly within caste and tribal communities.
• While endogamy has historically been seen as a way to preserve community identity, customs, and social cohesion, modern studies have highlighted its significant implications for genetic health.
• A recent study by the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) reveals that endogamy contributes to population-specific diseases in India.
• The study, conducted by senior scientist K.Thangaraj and his team, provides key insights into how genetic mutations arising from endogamy can influence health outcomes and drug responses.

Endogamy in India: A Cultural and Social Perspective:

• Endogamy has traditionally played a vital role in maintaining social hierarchy and group identity in India. Some of the key factors influencing its practice include:
• Caste System & Social Structure

• The varna (caste) system in Hindu society promotes marriage within one's caste and sub-caste to maintain social status and hereditary occupations.
• Similar trends are observed among Muslim, Christian, and tribal communities, where intra-group marriages are encouraged to maintain religious and cultural identity.

• Regional & Linguistic Endogamy

• Certain linguistic groups in India also practice regional endogamy, restricting marriage within their own community to preserve cultural traditions and dialects.
• Example: The Tamil Brahmins, Gujarati Patels, and Marwari business communities follow strict endogamy.

• Economic & Political Influence

• Endogamous marriages help preserve family wealth, political power, and business interests by preventing external influences from diluting family assets and decision-making.
• Many business families in India, such as those in Gujarat and Rajasthan, prefer marrying within their communities for financial stability.

Genetic Implications of Endogamy:

• While endogamy has historically served as a means of cultural preservation, recent genetic research highlights its potential drawbacks.
• Increased Risk of Genetic Disorders
  • The CSIR-CCMB study found that marrying within small communities leads to a higher prevalence of genetic mutations, which increase the risk of hereditary diseases.

• Ankylosing Spondylitis (a type of arthritis) is more common among the Reddy community of Andhra Pradesh due to the presence of a specific genetic variant, HLA-B27:04 risk allele.
• Other population-specific genetic disorders have also been observed, emphasizing the role of genetic screening and counselling.

• Drug Metabolism & Personalized Medicine

• The study also examined pharmacogenomic markers, revealing that certain communities process medications differently due to genetic variations.
• Drugs such as Tacrolimus (an immunosuppressant) and Warfarin (a blood thinner) have different effects in individuals from different genetic backgrounds, highlighting the need for personalized medicine.

• Need for Genetic Counselling

• Dr. Thangaraj and his team suggest that genetic counselling and screening programs be introduced to identify high-risk groups and provide medical guidance.
• This is particularly relevant in rural and marginalized communities, where knowledge of genetic disorders remains limited.

News Summary:

• A study led by the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) highlights that endogamy is a major contributor to health disparities in India.
• Some key takeaways from the research include:
  • Genetic mutations caused by endogamous marriages are responsible for hereditary diseases in specific populations.
  • The study underscores the need for genetic screening, counselling, and medical interventions to manage population-specific health risks.

• The findings, published in the Journal of Genetics and Genomics, mark an important step in understanding India's genetic landscape and developing better diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Conclusion:

• Endogamy has been a defining feature of India's social and cultural fabric, shaping identities and traditions across generations.
• However, its genetic consequences raise concerns about hereditary diseases and drug response variations.
• With new scientific research shedding light on the health impact of inbreeding and genetic mutations, the need for genetic counselling, public awareness, and improved healthcare policies has become more urgent than ever.
• Future strategies must focus on balancing cultural traditions with medical advancements to ensure better health outcomes for all communities.