What’s in Today’s Article?

• Introduction (Context, Growing Crops in Plants, Challenges)
• Space Farming (Techniques, ISRO’s experiment, Significance of Space Farming, etc.)

Introduction:

• ISRO achieved a significant milestone by successfully germinating lobia (black-eyed pea) seeds in space as part of its Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS).
• This development highlights the importance of cultivating plants in extra-terrestrial environments, paving the way for sustainable life on celestial bodies like the Moon and Mars.

Why Grow Plants in Space?

• As space missions extend over years, traditional food supplies fall short due to their limited shelf life and nutritional degradation over time.
• Growing plants in space addresses these challenges by:
  • Sustaining Food Supply: Plants provide a renewable source of nutrition.
  • Oxygen Production: Photosynthesis in plants releases oxygen, making the air aboard spacecraft breathable.
  • Recycling Systems: Plants create a closed-loop system by recycling carbon dioxide and organic waste.
  • Mental Health Benefits: Tending to plants helps reduce stress and enhances astronauts' overall well-being.

Challenges of Growing Plants in Space:

• Growing plants in space presents several obstacles, primarily due to the microgravity environment:
  • Root Growth and Water Delivery:
    • In microgravity, roots lack the directional pull of gravity and fail to grow downward.
    • Water clings to surfaces rather than reaching the roots, complicating nutrient absorption.
  • Radiation and Temperature Fluctuations:
    • High levels of radiation can damage plant DNA and hinder growth.
    • Extreme temperature variations in space require insulation to protect plants.
  • Light Limitations:
    • In regions of low sunlight, photosynthesis is disrupted, reducing oxygen production.

Techniques for Space Farming:

• Scientists have developed innovative methods to grow plants in space:
  • Hydroponics: Uses liquid solutions to deliver water and nutrients directly to plants, eliminating the need for soil.
  • Aeroponics: Plants grow with their roots suspended in air, using mist for nutrient delivery. This method reduces water and fertiliser usage while eliminating the need for pesticides.
  • Soil-like Media: Mimics terrestrial soil to support plant growth, often supplemented with slow-release fertilisers.
• The ‘Veggie’ system aboard the International Space Station (ISS), a space garden about the size of a carry-on bag, exemplifies these approaches.

ISRO’s Experiment with Lobia:

• ISRO’s CROPS module functioned as a miniature greenhouse, simulating Earth-like conditions in space:
  • Medium: Highly porous clay pellets were used, retaining water and providing nutrients via slow-release fertilisers.
  • Light: Eight LEDs (four warm, four cool) simulated a 16-hour day and an 8-hour night for photosynthesis.
  • Temperature and Atmosphere: Conditions were regulated between 20–30°C, with Earth-like air composition.
  • Water Delivery: An electric valve controlled from Earth injected water into the soil-like medium.
• The seeds germinated on the fourth day, with leaves emerging a day later, demonstrating the success of the experiment.

Ideal Space Crops:

• Plants are chosen based on their growth efficiency, nutrient content, and adaptability to confined environments. Common space crops include:
  • Leafy Greens: Lettuce, spinach, and kale grow quickly and are nutrient-dense.
  • Beans and Peas: Protein-rich and capable of fixing nitrogen in the medium.
  • Root Vegetables: Radishes and carrots thrive in compact spaces.
  • Grains: Wheat and rice are essential for long-term sustenance.
  • Fruits: Tomatoes and strawberries offer a sweet, nutritious addition to space diets.

Significance of Space Farming:

• Cultivating plants in space is a cornerstone of future interplanetary missions.
• By providing fresh food, recycling resources, and enhancing mental health, space-grown crops contribute to the sustainability of long-term extra-terrestrial habitats.
• Advances like ISRO’s CROPS experiment underscore India’s growing expertise in this critical field.

Conclusion:

• The successful growth of lobia seeds in ISRO’s space module is a step forward in addressing the challenges of space farming.
• As humans prepare for extended missions and the colonisation of other planets, innovations in space agriculture will play a pivotal role in ensuring sustainability and self-sufficiency beyond Earth.