Why in the News?
Recently, IEEE approved a wireless network architecture for affordable broadband access in rural areas, developed at IIT Bombay.
What’s in Today’s Article?
- Basics of Cellular Network
- Challenges Associated with Rural Connectivity
- IIT-Bombay’s Wireless Network Architecture (Details, Middle Mile Network)
- BharatNet Project (Objective, Features, Progress)
Fundamentals of Cellular Network:
- A cellular network, such as a 5G network, includes a set of network equipment connected by communication links.
- They work together to move data between different devices and to other networks, e.g., the Internet.
- A cellular network can be divided into two sub-networks: the Access Network (AN) and the Core Network (CN).
- Access Network:
- The AN includes base stations that provide wireless connectivity to mobile devices within a specific area, known as the coverage area.
- These base stations are typically seen as towers with antennae boxes on top and are installed throughout the region by a network operator.
- Core Network:
- The CN is different from the AN as it contains equipment that connects to other networks, like the Internet.
- The CN is centrally located and connected to base stations via optical fiber links called backhaul.
- The CN is crucial for maintaining user mobility, a key feature of cellular networks.
Challenges of Mobile Connectivity in Rural Connectivity in India:
- Even though cellular networks seem to be everywhere, their availability and use differ greatly between urban and rural areas, especially in developing countries like India.
- According to recent data from the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, urban areas have a tele-density of 127%, meaning each person on average has more than one mobile connection.
- In contrast, rural areas have a tele-density of 58%, meaning only about half the rural population has a mobile connection.
- This shows a clear urban-rural digital divide, a common issue in many developing countries.
- Reasons for Lack of Sufficient Mobile Connectivity in Rural Areas:
- One major reason for the lack of cellular networks in rural areas is the lower income of rural residents, making mobile services too expensive for many.
- Additionally, rural areas have lower population densities, scattered populations in villages separated by large empty spaces, and remote locations.
- For instance, bringing fiber infrastructure to a distant village in the Himalayas is neither cost-effective nor easy.
- These rural characteristics call for a communication system that can cover large areas efficiently.
- However, most research and development in cellular networks focus on urban needs in developed countries, like achieving high data rates and low latency with 5G.
- As a result, rural connectivity remains significantly behind.
IIT-Bombay Develops Wireless Network Architecture IEEE 2061-2024 Standard:
- The IEEE 2061-2024 standard defines a wireless network architecture for affordable broadband access in rural areas.
- It was approved on June 6 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
- The IEEE-2061 network also includes a CN and AN similar to cellular networks.
- However, the IEEE-2061 AN is heterogenous wherein different types of base stations coexist.
- It is different from the 5G network, where the AN is homogeneous comprising base stations of the same type and typically smaller coverage area.
- Middle Mile Network:
- The IEEE-2061 standard proposes the use of a multi-hop wireless middle-mile network to extend connectivity to areas where optical-fiber links are not available.
- A multi-hop wireless middle-mile provides cost-effective connectivity over long distances, eliminating the need for a costly and difficult-to-deploy optical fiber.
- The IEEE2061-2024 provides a direct and alternative path to the Internet, unlike 4G/5G networks, which connect only through the CN.
- While the CN supports user mobility, many rural users remain stationary. Therefore, a direct Internet connection from AN, bypassing the CN, is more efficient for these users.
- Additionally, the IEEE-2061 network allows direct communication between nearby users within the AN, avoiding the CN, similar to traveling directly between two towns without detouring through a distant city.
About BharatNet Project:
- BharatNet is the world's largest optical fiber-based rural broadband connectivity project.
- It is executed by Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL), a special purpose organisation under the Telecom Ministry.
- It is an ambitious rural internet access programme. An initiative by the Union government under its Digital India
Features & Benefits of BharatNet:
- Using optical fibre, the programme is intended to bring broadband internet connectivity to each of the more than 2.5 lakh gram panchayats across the country.
- The government intends to provide a minimum of 100 Mbps bandwidth at each Gram Panchayat through BharatNet so that everyone, especially those in rural India, can access online services.
- As part of BharatNet project, the Centre will also provide last mile connectivity through Wi-Fi and other means and is setting up Wi-Fi hotspots in all gram panchayats.
Progress So Far:
- The initial scope of the project was to cover 2.5 lakh gram panchayats in the country with optical fiber by August 2021.
- However, that deadline was missed.
- Around 1.94 lakh villages have been connected at present and rest of the villages are expected to be connected in the next 2.5 years.
- The project progress was affected due to lockdown and movement restrictions due to COVID pandemic.
- In the Union Budget 2022-23, the Government extended the project deadline to 2025.