Why in the News?

Several foreign universities are setting up branch campuses in India.  So far, seven universities from the U.K., five from Australia, and one each from the U.S., Italy and Canada are in the process of obtaining necessary approvals or have done so already.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Foreign Universities in India (Introduction, Reasons Behind Expansion in India, Opportunities, Challenges, Regulatory Framework, Outlook, etc.)

Introduction

• India is witnessing a landmark shift in its higher education landscape as several globally renowned foreign universities gear up to establish campuses in the country.
• Facilitated by the UGC (Setting up and Operation of Campuses of Foreign Higher Educational Institutions in India) Regulations, 2023, and reinvigorated by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, this development is set to diversify academic opportunities for Indian students.
• With campuses likely in GIFT City (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City) and Navi Mumbai, this move aligns with India's ambition to become a global education hub.

Drivers Behind Foreign University Expansion into India

• Global Decline in Domestic Enrolments
  • Post-World War II, countries in the Global North expanded their higher education systems significantly.
  • However, in recent decades, declining birth rates have led to stagnation or a fall in domestic student enrolments. Consequently, many institutions became increasingly dependent on international students to sustain revenues and infrastructure.
  • In 2023, international students comprised 22% of total enrolments in U.K. universities, 24% in Australia, and 30% in Canada.
  • U.S. universities had 6% international enrolments, but elite institutions like the Ivy League saw nearly 27%.

• Recent Policy Constraints in Traditional Host Countries
  • Host nations like Australia, Canada, and the U.K. have introduced visa restrictions and capped international student admissions.
  • These policies have adversely impacted university revenues, leading to faculty layoffs and resource cuts.
  • In response, foreign universities are now exploring direct in-country presence in emerging markets like India.

Opportunities in the Indian Higher Education Market

• Expansive Student Demographics
  • India’s higher education sector hosts over 40 million students. With a gross enrolment ratio of under 30% (as per AISHE 2021-22), there is vast room for growth.
  • The increasing aspirations of a young, urban, and economically advancing population make India an attractive destination for foreign universities.
• Lack of Quality Institutions
  • While India boasts some globally ranked institutions such as IITs and IIMs, the overall quality of its higher education landscape is uneven.
  • Most public and private universities remain mediocre in teaching standards, infrastructure, and research output.
  • Branch campuses from reputed foreign universities could address this quality gap by offering globally benchmarked curricula and learning environments.
• Local Access to Global Degrees
  • Many Indian students aspire to study abroad not only for academic excellence but also to secure migration pathways.
  • However, a growing segment prefers to stay in India due to personal or financial constraints.
  • Foreign university campuses in India offer a valuable alternative: obtaining a foreign degree without leaving the country.

Structural and Market-Level Challenges

• Affordability Concerns
  • Although India has a large student population, affordability remains a critical issue.
  • The cost of foreign university education, even if offered within India, may still exceed what an average Indian household can bear.
  • Ensuring cost-effective fee structures and scholarships will be essential for the success of these ventures.
• Precedents of Mixed Success
  • Experiences of foreign branch campuses in regions such as China, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia have been mixed.
  • While some ventures succeeded, others faced regulatory, financial, or student enrolment challenges and exited. India presents its own complex regulatory, cultural, and economic dynamics.
• Limited Initial Impact
  • In the near to medium term, the actual number of branch campuses and their total enrolment figures are expected to remain modest.
  • The initial response from Indian students will play a crucial role in determining long-term viability and scaling of such campuses.

Regulatory Framework and Policy Evolution

• The University Grants Commission (UGC) notified the Foreign Higher Educational Institutions (FHEI) Regulations, 2023, which provide a legal and regulatory foundation for foreign universities to operate in India.
• Key features include:

• Autonomy in curriculum, admission policies, and faculty recruitment.
• Provisions for repatriation of surplus funds.
• Requirements to be among the world’s top 500 universities in global rankings or demonstrate exceptional expertise in niche disciplines.

• This policy marks a significant liberalization of India’s higher education governance and reflects its global ambitions outlined in the NEP 2020.

Future Outlook

• If implemented successfully, foreign university campuses in India could:

• Enhance student choices and academic quality.
• Encourage Indian institutions to raise standards through competitive pressure.
• Attract students from neighbouring South Asian and African nations.
• However, long-term success will depend on a supportive policy environment, pricing strategies, student perception, and the ability to adapt to Indian realities without compromising academic standards.