Why in the News?

• India has committed to importing goods worth $100 billion annually from the U.S. for five years as part of a broader trade understanding that also involves significant tariff reductions.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• India-US Trade Deal (Background, Key Features, Agriculture & Market Access, Strategic Significance, Concerns & Criticism, etc.)

Background: India-U.S. Trade Relations

• India and the United States share a rapidly expanding trade relationship, shaped by strategic convergence, supply chain realignments, and geopolitical considerations.
• The U.S. is India’s largest trading partner, accounting for a substantial share of India’s exports in services, pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and IT.
• However, trade ties have also witnessed friction, particularly over tariffs, market access, digital trade, and agriculture.
• In August 2025, the U.S. raised tariffs on Indian goods to 50%, citing trade imbalances.
• This escalation set the stage for renewed negotiations aimed at stabilising bilateral trade while protecting domestic interests.

Key Features of the India-U.S. Trade Deal

• Large-Scale Import Commitment
  • India has committed to importing $100 billion worth of U.S. goods annually for five years, more than double the $45.62 billion imported in FY25. The imports will primarily include:
    • Energy products (oil, gas, coal), Aircraft and aircraft parts, Technology and high-value manufactured goods, Precious metals, Nuclear-related equipment and Selected agricultural products
• Tariff Reduction by the United States
• As part of the understanding, the U.S. agreed to reduce tariffs on Indian goods to 18%, down from the earlier 50%.
• This rollback improves market access for Indian exporters and restores competitiveness in sectors such as engineering goods, textiles, and auto components.
• Protection of Sensitive Sectors
  • Despite opening its market to a wide range of U.S. products, India has maintained explicit protection for sensitive sectors, including:

• Genetically modified agricultural products, the dairy sector, Poultry, maize, cereals, and corn
• This calibrated approach reflects India’s long-standing policy of shielding small farmers and food security from external shocks.

Agriculture and Market Access Framework

• India has allowed quota-based or limited access for select agricultural commodities such as cotton, pulses, chestnuts, and onions.
• Market access has also been extended to apples, wine, spirits, and beer, products already permitted under trade agreements with other partners like the EU and New Zealand.
• The government has consistently reiterated that no compromise has been made on farmer welfare.

Strategic and Economic Rationale

• Addressing Trade Imbalances
  • The deal aims to reduce persistent U.S. trade deficits in goods, particularly in agriculture.
  • For India, the arrangement helps ease tariff pressure while ensuring continuity of access to the U.S. market.
• Energy Security and Diversification
  • Large-scale energy imports from the U.S. support India’s energy diversification strategy, reducing overdependence on volatile regions and strengthening long-term supply stability.
• Geopolitical Significance
  • Beyond economics, the deal reinforces India-U.S. strategic alignment amid shifting global trade patterns, decoupling pressures, and competition with China.
  • Trade is increasingly being used as a tool of diplomacy and strategic reassurance.

Concerns and Criticisms

• Fiscal and Trade Deficit Risks
  • Committing to fixed import values may constrain India’s trade flexibility and widen the merchandise trade deficit if exports do not grow proportionately.
• Farmer and MSME Concerns
  • Farmer groups have expressed apprehensions that surplus U.S. agricultural produce could eventually seek deeper access to Indian markets, affecting domestic prices and livelihoods.
• Absence of a Formal FTA
  • Despite its scale, the arrangement stops short of a full-fledged Free Trade Agreement (FTA), leaving uncertainties about dispute resolution mechanisms and long-term enforceability.

Way Forward

• India will need to closely monitor implementation, ensure safeguard mechanisms remain robust, and simultaneously push for export expansion in services, manufacturing, and technology.
• Strengthening domestic competitiveness and productivity will be critical to maximising gains from the deal.