Why in News?

Recently, a powerful explosion at Sigachi Industries, a pharmaceutical factory in Pashamylaram near Hyderabad, flattened a three-storey building. Of the 143 workers present, 39 lost their lives.

Sigachi Industries denied initial claims of a reactor explosion, asserting the blast did not originate from reactor failure.

A four-member expert committee, led by CSIR-IICT emeritus scientist B. Venkateshwar Rao, is probing the cause of the explosion.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Part of a Larger Pattern
• Telangana Sigachi Industries Blast: Likely Cause
• Regulatory Lapses in the Telangana Factory Blast
• Implications of Telangana Blast for the Pharmaceutical Sector
• Pollution Control Failures in Telangana’s Pharma Hub
• The Way Forward for India’s Pharmaceutical Sector

Part of a Larger Pattern

• The incident follows a series of deadly accidents in pharmaceutical units:
  • SB Organics, Sangareddy (2024): 6 dead
  • Anakapalli, Andhra Pradesh (Aug 2024): 17 dead
  • Parawada, Andhra Pradesh (June 2025): 2 dead

Telangana Sigachi Industries Blast: Likely Cause

• The blast was initially thought to be a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE), but this theory was dismissed by the company and forensic experts.
• Experts now suspect a dust explosion, likely triggered by airborne microcrystalline cellulose—a fine wood pulp powder used in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
• Dust explosions have a well-documented history in industries like flour milling, mining, and grain storage, dating back to 1785 in Turin, Italy.
• The factory processed wood slurry into microcrystalline cellulose using spray dryers. The powder is highly combustible when suspended in air, making it prone to ignition.

Regulatory Lapses in the Telangana Factory Blast

• Emergency responders arrived at the site without knowing the materials involved, as mandatory environmental display boards were incomplete or missing.
• Both the State and Central Pollution Control Boards require factories to display environmental and operational details to guide fire and disaster teams. Sigachi Industries failed to comply.
• The lack of environmental data delayed and complicated the rescue and firefighting efforts, putting lives at greater risk.
• A robust regulatory framework with periodic audits could have ensured compliance and faster emergency response.

Implications of Telangana Blast for the Pharmaceutical Sector

• Safety is integral to brand trust in the pharma sector. Any compromise in manufacturing practices can cause ripple effects across the industry’s global reputation.
• Telangana’s Strategic Role in Pharma
  • Telangana accounts for:
    • One-third of India’s pharmaceutical production
    • One-fifth of pharmaceutical exports
    • One-third of global vaccine output
  • It has attracted over $1.49 billion in life sciences investments in four years and hosts India’s largest concentration of biotech incubators in Hyderabad.
  • Despite global success, smaller pharma firms in India face ongoing safety and quality issues. Lapses like the Sigachi blast undermine industry credibility.
• U.S. Market and Regulatory Scrutiny
  • India’s pharma exports heavily rely on the U.S. FDA-regulated market.
  • To maintain access, firms must adhere to stringent quality and safety standards under the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary.
  • It is a well documented fact that regulatory gaps and cost-cutting measures have led to unsafe drug production practices in Indian firms.

Pollution Control Failures in Telangana’s Pharma Hub

• The growth of the pharmaceutical sector in Telangana, especially around Hyderabad, has been driven by permissive zoning and weak regulatory enforcement.
• Industrial zones like IDA Pashamylaram, once isolated, are now encroached by residential settlements, increasing health risks for nearby communities.
• Alarming Environmental Impact
  • Environmental studies show that toxic chemicals and untreated effluents from pharma units have been leaching into soil and local water bodies, degrading both ecosystem and public health.
  • The Musi River ranks 22nd globally in terms of active pharmaceutical ingredient concentration.
  • This highlights severe water contamination linked to ineffective wastewater management and poorly regulated discharge from pharma factories.
  • Pollutants in the river and groundwater have been associated with a rise in antimicrobial resistance, posing a global health threat and demanding urgent regulatory intervention.

The Way Forward for India’s Pharmaceutical Sector

• Recent explosions and accidents are critical warning signs. A strong, transparent, and enforceable regulatory framework is essential to ensure safety and sustainability.
• To remain a trusted global pharma supplier, India must align growth with stringent safety, environmental, and quality standards.
• Reforming regulations is not just an industrial need—it’s a national imperative to protect lives, preserve global reputation, and build long-term economic resilience.