Why in news?

Recently, the Supreme Court raised concerns over the ongoing issue of stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. The court condemned the selective enforcement of penalties, describing it as a violation of citizens' fundamental right under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution to live in a pollution-free environment.

What’s in today’s article?

• Right to environment in India constitution
• Stubble burning
• Key highlights of the observation made by SC

Right to environment in India constitution

• Right to life under Article 21
  • The Supreme Court in Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, 1991 held that Article 21 includes the right to a wholesome environment.
  • This position was again reaffirmed in Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana,1994.
• Directive Principle of State Policy
  • Article 48A puts a duty on the State to protect and improve the environment and further to safeguard the forests and wildlife. 
  • In Sher Singh vs State of H.P. 2014, the National Green Tribunal held that the State is under a constitutional obligation to protect and improve the environment.
  • In M.C. Mehta vs Union of India, 2002, the court held that Article 39(e), 47 and 48A collectively cast a duty on State to secure public health and environment protection.
• Fundamental Duties
  • Article 51A(g) puts a fundamental duty on the citizens to protect and preserve the environment.

Stubble Burning

• Why Farmers opt for Stubble Burning?
  • Rice and wheat straws left in the field, after combine harvesting, are generally burnt by the farmers to facilitate seed bed preparation and seeding.
  • Farmers find this method as quick and cheap compared to other practices for crop residue management.
  • Since input costs of farming is going up day by day, farmers are not willing to further invest in equipments useful for crop residue management.
    • Happy Seeder (a tractor-operated machine for in-situ management of paddy stubble) continues to be an expensive method for majority of farmers.
• Areas where this practice is rampant
• Burning of agricultural residue is done on a large-scale basis in states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and National Capital Region of Delhi.
• This is prevalent in other states too. This includes: Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal etc.
• Impact
  • Environmental Pollution
    • Agriculture fires are a major contributor to air pollution in north India in October-November.
    • Pollutants from these fires spread across the region, triggering smog and extreme air quality situations.
    • An increase in the concentration of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM 10 in the atmosphere is observed in these months.
  • Harmful to the health of soil
    • Burning of crop residues removes huge amount of nutrient from the soil.
    • Practices like residue burning has further reduced the organic carbon content in soil.

Steps Taken by the government to tackle the issue of farm fires

• Taken by Centre
  • A Central Sector Scheme on ‘Promotion of Agricultural Mechanisation for In-Situ Management of Crop Residue in the States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and NCT of Delhi’ was approved.
  • Farmers are being provided 50 percent of the cost of machinery/equipment as financial assistance for the purchase of such machinery.
  • The central government has released Rs 3,062 crore to the governments of Punjab, Delhi and states in NCR during the five-year period from 2018 to 2023 towards effective management of stubble.
  • Profit from the left-over biomass is shared with farmers.
• Pusa Decomposer by Indian Agricultural research Institute (IARI)
  • The Pusa decomposer is a bio-enzyme developed by IARI to decompose crop residue.
  • It decomposes stubble within 20-25 days after spraying and turn it into manure, improving the soil quality.
• Taken by State Governments and Other agencies
  • States governments and other agencies are sensitising farmers on healthier practices.
  • The Punjab government had proposed to provide cash incentives to farmers for not burning stubble.
  • It also decided to provide non-fiscal incentives to these industries in terms of availability of Panchayat land for storage of paddy straw with lease agreement upto 33 years.

Key highlights of the observation made by SC

• Fundamental Right to a Pollution-Free Environment
  • The Supreme Court emphasized that every citizen has a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution to live in a pollution-free environment.
  • It stressed that violations of this right go beyond mere implementation of laws, highlighting the blatant infringement of fundamental rights.
• Section 15 of the Environment Protection Act Rendered "Toothless"
  • The court criticized the ineffectiveness of the amended Section 15 of the Environment Protection Act-1986, which replaced criminal penalties with financial penalties for environmental violations.
  • This provision has become "toothless" due to the Centre's failure to establish necessary support systems, such as framing rules and appointing adjudicating officers, even after six months of the amendment's enactment.
• Inadequate Enforcement Mechanism
  • The absence of appointed adjudicating officers prevents law enforcement from imposing penalties under the amended Section 15, leaving environmental violations unpunished.