Why in news?

The Tamil Nadu government has announced that the collected works of former Chief Minister M Karunanidhi would be "nationalised" — making them freely available for the public to publish, translate and adapt.

What’s in today’s article?

• Key features of Copyright Act, 1957
• Copyright laws and Nationalisation of copyright
• Case of Ambedkar's works

Key features of Copyright Act, 1957

• Background – about Copyright
  • Copyright is an intellectual property right that protects the expression of original works such as literature, music, art, films, and sound recordings under Indian law, specifically Section 13 of the Copyright Act, 1957.
  • Rather than safeguarding ideas themselves, copyright law protects the specific manifestation of those ideas, like books or computer programs.
  • Under Section 14 of the Act, copyright grants a set of exclusive rights to the owner, including the rights to adapt, reproduce, publish, translate, and communicate the work to the public.
  • These rights can only be exercised by the copyright owner or someone authorized by them.
  • While copyright registration records the work in the Copyright Register, it does not create the rights themselves.
• Key features
  • Exclusive Rights
    • The Act grants creators of original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, translate, and adapt their works.
  • Duration of Protection
    • Copyright protection lasts for the lifetime of the author plus 60 years after their death. (literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works)
    • For works like photographs, sound recordings, and films, the duration is 60 years from the year of publication.
  • Assignment of Rights
    • Section 18 of the Act allows the copyright owner to assign their rights, either wholly or partially, to another party in exchange for compensation.
    • This allows the owner to transfer rights for a specific period, territory, or purpose.
  • Public Domain
    • After the copyright term expires, the work enters the public domain, making it freely available for use without the need for permission.
  • Moral Rights
    • The Act also recognizes the author's moral rights, which include the right to claim authorship of the work and the right to object to any distortion, mutilation, or modification of the work that could harm the author's reputation.
  • Infringement and Remedies
    • The Act provides remedies for copyright infringement, including civil remedies like injunctions and damages, as well as criminal penalties like fines and imprisonment for serious violations.
  • Fair Use Doctrine
    • Certain uses of copyrighted material, such as for criticism, review, research, or education, are considered "fair use" and do not require permission from the copyright owner.
  • Compulsory Licensing
    • In certain cases, the Act allows for compulsory licensing, where the government can permit the use of a copyrighted work without the owner's consent, typically for public interest purposes.

Copyright laws and Nationalisation of copyright

• Copyright laws
  • Under the Copyright Act, 1957, an author is granted several legal rights, including the ability to reproduce, issue copies, perform, adapt, or translate their work.
    • After the author's death, these rights are passed on to their legal heirs.
• Nationalisation of copyright in Tamilnadu
  • In 2001, the Tamil Nadu government created the Tamil Virtual Academy (TVA) to offer online education in the Tamil language.
  • The TVA works with the legal heirs of original copyright owners to transfer the rights of specific works to the government.
  • These nationalized works are then placed in the public domain and made available on the TVA's free commons website, allowing anyone to copy, modify, distribute, and use the works for commercial purposes without needing permission.
  • To date, the Tamil Nadu government has nationalized the works of 179 Tamil scholars and paid a total of Rs 14.42 crore in royalties to their legal heirs.

Case of Ambedkar's works

• Prakash Ambedkar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's grandson, granted the copyright for Dr. Ambedkar's works to the Maharashtra government in the 1960s.
• The state government then established a committee in 1976, which published the first volume of Dr. Ambedkar's works in 1979 as part of a 22-volume series.
• In 2016, Prakash Ambedkar transferred the copyright to the Nagpur-based Symbiosis Centre, which now holds the rights to most of Dr. Ambedkar's works and manages their translation and digitization.
• These works are available both in print and online. The Maharashtra government retains rights to a few books, which are distributed through specific institutions in Pune.
• In 2018, the Maharashtra government requested the removal of Dr. Ambedkar's works from the Centre, triggering the grant of copyright.