Context

• India has a long history of family planning initiatives, beginning in 1952 with a national program aimed at improving maternal and child health and stabilizing population growth.
• Over the years, the program has evolved, but one striking trend has emerged: a stark gender disparity in the adoption of permanent contraceptive methods.
• This disparity underscores systemic challenges to achieving gender equality, particularly in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 5: empowering all women and girls by 2030.

The Decline of Male Sterilisation

• During the late 1960s, vasectomies were the dominant sterilisation method in India, constituting over 80% of such procedures.
• However, policy shifts, misconceptions, and societal attitudes have led to a steep decline.
• The five rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) reveal a consistent drop in male sterilisation rates, with the most recent surveys, NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5, showing no progress.
• This stands in contrast to the National Health Policy of 2017, which set a target of increasing male sterilisation rates to 30%.

Reasons Behind Disparity between Male and Female Sterilisation Rates in India

• Societal Expectations and Responsibility
  • In many Indian communities, family planning is perceived primarily as a woman's responsibility.
  • This notion is perpetuated by cultural expectations that women are the primary caregivers and thus must manage reproductive health.
  • Men, on the other hand, are often considered exempt from these responsibilities due to their roles as breadwinners.
  • These ingrained attitudes perpetuate the idea that women must endure the physical and emotional costs of sterilisation, while men remain uninvolved.
• Myths and Misconceptions About Vasectomies
  • Misconceptions about vasectomies play a significant role in their low uptake.
  • Many men fear that the procedure will affect their masculinity, libido, or physical strength, despite medical evidence to the contrary.
  • This fear is compounded by a lack of reliable information and widespread myths, such as vasectomy leading to impotence or being a form of emasculation.
  • Such unfounded beliefs discourage men from considering the procedure, even when it is a safer and less invasive alternative to female sterilisation.
• Economic and Practical Barriers
  • Economic considerations further discourage men from undergoing vasectomies.
  • Many families rely heavily on male income, and the prospect of missing work for even a day can seem untenable for those living on daily wages.
  • Despite government cash incentives designed to compensate for lost wages, awareness of these programs remains low.
  • Women interviewed in a 2024 field study in Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Maharashtra, expressed concerns that vasectomies would impose additional financial burdens on their families.
  • This highlights a critical gap in communication about government support systems.
• Patriarchal Resistance and Female Reluctance
  • Interestingly, the resistance to male sterilisation is not confined to men because many women also view vasectomy as inappropriate or unnecessary for their husbands.
  • In patriarchal households, women may internalise societal norms that assign reproductive responsibilities to them alone.
  • Some women interviewed in rural areas believed that asking their husbands to undergo a vasectomy would be disrespectful or could lead to marital discord.
  • This further entrenches gender imbalances and perpetuates the cycle of female burden in family planning.
• Lack of Skilled Healthcare Providers and Awareness
  • In rural areas, limited access to skilled healthcare providers exacerbates the problem.
  • Even when men are willing to undergo vasectomies, the unavailability of trained professionals poses a significant barrier.
  • Additionally, community health workers, often the primary source of medical information in rural regions, are themselves poorly informed about vasectomy options, particularly modern techniques like no-scalpel vasectomies.
  • This lack of awareness reduces the visibility of male sterilisation as a viable option, perpetuating reliance on female sterilisation.

Implications for Gender Equality

• This gendered disparity undermines broader efforts to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment.
• When women bear the brunt of sterilisation, they face higher health risks and potential disruptions to their daily lives and livelihoods.
• Moreover, the societal narrative that places the burden solely on women reinforces harmful gender stereotypes and limits the potential for shared responsibilities in marital and familial dynamics.
• Addressing these disparities requires not only increased awareness about the safety and simplicity of vasectomy procedures but also a societal shift in how reproductive responsibilities are viewed.
• Until men are encouraged to take an active role in family planning, achieving gender equality in India will remain an elusive goal.

Strategies for Promoting Vasectomy Adoption

• Early Education, Awareness, Social and Behavioural Change Initiatives
  • Sensitisation about shared family planning responsibilities should begin in schools.
  • Early exposure to concepts of gender equality and reproductive health through peer-group discussions and structured awareness programs can challenge existing stereotypes and destigmatise vasectomies.
  • Sustained efforts in debunking myths surrounding vasectomies are crucial.
  • Campaigns must focus on the procedure's safety and simplicity compared to tubectomy, the corresponding surgical method for women.
• Enhanced Incentives and Learning from International Successes
  • Conditional cash incentives can play a vital role in increasing male participation.
  • For instance, a 2019 study in Maharashtra revealed that financial incentives encouraged more men in rural tribal areas to opt for vasectomies.
  • Madhya Pradesh's 2022 decision to raise these incentives by 50% demonstrates a promising policy direction.
  • Countries like South Korea, Bhutan, and Brazil offer valuable lessons.
  • South Korea's high vasectomy prevalence is linked to progressive gender norms, while Bhutan's government-run camps and Brazil's mass media campaigns have effectively increased male sterilisation rates.
  • These examples show that normalising vasectomies and offering high-quality services can drive acceptance.
• Strengthening Health Systems
  • The Indian government must align its health infrastructure with policy goals by training more professionals to perform vasectomies and promoting technical advancements like non-scalpel techniques.
  • Investments in awareness and accessibility are essential for creating an environment where male sterilisation is a viable option.

Conclusion

• The disproportionate reliance on women for sterilisation highlights deep-seated gender inequalities in India's family planning efforts.
• Bridging this gap requires more than policy intentions; it demands actionable steps that integrate education, incentives, and systemic reform.
• By normalising vasectomies and addressing societal misconceptions, India can promote shared responsibility in family planning, paving the way for gender equality and improved reproductive health outcomes.

Why in News?

The Supreme Court is deliberating a critical case concerning the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, a statute that preserves the religious character of places of worship as they stood on August 15, 1947.

Despite its significance, the case has seen minimal progress in recent years, with the Union government maintaining a non-committal stance.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
• Legal Challenges w.r.t. the Places of Worship Act, 1991
• Concerns Raised by Muslim Representatives and Judicial Response
• Conclusion

The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991:

• Background: The Act was brought in by the P V Narasimha Rao-led Congress government during the height of the Ram temple movement.
• Key provision: It mandates that the nature of all places of worship, except the one in Ayodhya that was then under litigation, shall be maintained as it was on August 15, 1947.
• Objective: The Act prohibits conversion of any place of worship and provides for the maintenance of the religious character of any place of worship (as it existed on 15th August, 1947).
• Scope: It restricts individuals from filing suits aimed at reclaiming religious sites.
• SC verdict: In the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case (2019), it had underlined that the Act is “a legislative intervention which preserves non-retrogression as an essential feature of our secular values”.

Legal Challenges wrt the Places of Worship Act, 1991:

• Petitioners’ argument: The Act unfairly denies Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs the right to reclaim places of worship allegedly taken over during historical invasions.
  • They deem the Act an impediment to seeking justice for historical wrongs.
• Counter argument:
  • The All-India Muslim Personal Law Board defends the Act, asserting that it upholds secularism and fraternity - values enshrined in the Constitution’s Basic Structure.
  • Muslim parties highlight the SC’s 2019 observation that the Act safeguards national harmony by preventing the misuse of history to oppress the present and future generations.
• SC proceedings: The apex court has yet to resolve the four-year-old case. The last significant order, dated November 30, 2023, noted the Union government’s lack of response on the issue.
• Contrasting actions by the courts:
  • Ajmer Sharif Dargah case: Rajasthan courts issued notices to the Minority Affairs Ministry and Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) over claims that the dargah was built over a Shiva temple.
  • Shahi Jama Masjid, Sambhal: A local court in Uttar Pradesh ordered a survey after claims it was constructed by Emperor Babar on a demolished temple.
  • Gyanvapi Mosque: The SC permitted the continuation of a scientific survey, excluding excavation, after claims of discovering a "shivling" on the premises.
  • Shahi Eidgah case: The apex court stayed a High Court order permitting a survey at Mathura’s Eidgah mosque.

Concerns Raised by Muslim Representatives and Judicial Response:

• Survey modus operandi: Many experts described ongoing surveys as part of a systematic strategy to challenge the integrity of religious sites one claim at a time.
• Calls for action: Muslim parties, including the Gyanvapi mosque management, have urged the court to enforce the Act to halt frivolous claims.
• Judicial response: The then Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud emphasised the importance of balancing faith and legality, remarking that what may appear frivolous to some could represent genuine faith to others.

Conclusion:

• The Places of Worship Act case reflects a broader conflict between historical grievances and constitutional values of secularism and unity.
• While the SC deliberates, contrasting judicial interventions at local levels continue to fuel debates on religious and cultural identity in India.
• A resolution on this matter remains crucial to maintaining communal harmony and reinforcing the rule of law.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• India’s GDP Growth (Slowdown, Reasons, Challenges, Recommendations, etc.)
• Key Economic Terms

India’s GDP Growth Performance:

• Slowest Growth in Seven Quarters:
• India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 5.4% in the July-September 2024 quarter, down from 6.7% in the previous quarter. This is below the 6.5% projected by analysts.
• Sectoral Slowdown:
• Manufacturing grew by just 2.2%, compared to 7% previously, driven by weak consumer demand, inflation, and high borrowing costs.
• Private Consumption, constituting 60% of GDP, slowed to 6%, reflecting reduced demand for goods.
• Rural-Urban Dynamics:
• Rural demand showed recovery due to strong agricultural output (+3.5%), while urban demand lagged due to high inflation and weak wage growth.

Economic Concerns and Policy Challenges:

• Policy Pressures:
• Economists suggest the RBI might need to cut the repo rate, currently at 6.5%, to stimulate growth.
• The government faces challenges in balancing growth targets, inflation control, and job creation.
• Private Sector Issues:
• Weak hiring and wage growth have reduced purchasing power and dampened demand, particularly for consumer goods.
• The profit-GDP ratio grew to 4.8% in FY24 but did not translate into proportional compensation or job growth.

Structural Recommendations:

• Deregulation: Double down on deregulation, especially at state and local levels, to foster ease of doing business and increase investment.
• Public Investment: Focus on increasing capital expenditure (capex) for long-term infrastructure development.
• Private Sector Responsibility: Improve hiring practices and wage growth to sustain demand and boost private consumption.
• Geopolitical Risks: Address challenges like supply chain disruptions, rising US dollar strength, & tightening liquidity conditions in emerging markets.

Positive Outlook

• Resilience in sectors like agriculture, construction, and parts of manufacturing supports optimism.
• Record production in Kharif food grains and promising prospects for Rabi crops signal rural economic recovery.
• The labour market shows signs of improvement, though further policy efforts are needed.

Conclusion:

• India’s growth remains one of the fastest among major economies but faces challenges from domestic constraints like weak consumption and global risks such as geopolitical uncertainties.
• Policymakers must balance stimulating growth with controlling inflation, focusing on structural reforms and private sector participation.

Explanation of Key Economic Terms:

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a specific period. It reflects the economic health of a nation.
• Gross Value Added (GVA): A measure of economic activity that shows the value of goods and services produced, excluding taxes and subsidies. It offers a more precise sectoral view of economic performance.
• Repo Rate: The rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks. Lowering the repo rate can stimulate borrowing and investment, boosting economic growth.
• Profit-GDP Ratio: The share of corporate profits in the GDP. A high ratio indicates profitability but may also signal unequal income distribution if wages do not grow proportionally.
• Capital Expenditure (Capex): Government or corporate spending on physical assets like infrastructure, machinery, or buildings, aimed at boosting long-term growth.
• Kharif and Rabi Crops: Kharif crops are sown during the monsoon season (e.g., rice), while Rabi crops are sown during the winter season (e.g., wheat).
• Supply Chain Disruptions: Interruptions in the production and distribution process of goods due to geopolitical issues, natural disasters, or pandemics.

Why in news?

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has initiated an investigation into Google following a complaint by real money gaming (RMG) platform Winzo.

The complaint alleges that Google’s pilot project, which selectively allowed fantasy sports apps like Dream11 and rummy games on its Play Store, discriminates against other RMG companies and distorts market competition.

What’s in today’s article?

• Online Gaming in India
• CCI Launches Probe into Google

Online Gaming in India

• Types
  • E-sports
    • Competitive video gaming where players or teams compete in popular games at local, national, and international levels.
    • Examples: PUBG Mobile, Call of Duty, Dota 2, League of Legends, Free Fire etc.
  • Fantasy Sports
    • Games where users create teams of real-life athletes and earn points based on their performance in actual games.
    • Examples: Dream11, MyTeam11, MPL Fantasy.
  • Games of Skill
    • Games where the outcome is primarily determined by the player’s skills and decision-making rather than luck.
    • Examples: Chess, Rummy, Poker, Carrom.
  • Games of Chance
    • Games where the outcome is determined largely by luck, with minimal or no skill involved.
    • Examples: Roulette, Slot Machines, Lottery, Dice games.
• Online gaming regulations in India
  • Game of Skill vs. Chance
    • The central principle is that only "games of skill" are permitted, while games of chance are generally considered gambling and prohibited.
    • However, there is no clear definition to distinguish between game of skill and game of chance.
  • State Level Regulations (Online gaming - a state subject)
    • While the central government sets the basic framework, individual states can enact their own laws regarding online gaming based on their interpretation of games of skill.
  • Self-Regulatory Bodies (SRBs)
    • The MeitY has established a system where online gaming platforms can register with SRBs that verify if their games are compliant with the rules, and these bodies also handle user complaints.
    • Online games, which do not involve real money, do not require any regulatory nod.
  • KYC and User Verification
    • Online gaming platforms are required to implement Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures to verify user identities.
  • Nodal Ministry
    • Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) for online gaming in India.
    • For e-sports, the Department of Sports, under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS), has been notified as the nodal agency.
• Challenges Faced by the Online Gaming Market in India
  • There is currently no regulatory framework to govern various aspects of online gaming companies.
  • No mechanism exists for individuals to differentiate between legitimate gaming platforms and illegal gambling/betting sites.
  • Money laundering and national security concerns are exacerbated by the growth of illegal offshore gambling and betting markets.

CCI Launches Probe into Google

• About the news
  • CCI has launched a probe into Google for alleged abuse of its dominant position in the real money gaming (RMG) ecosystem.
  • The CCI noted that prolonged pilot programs and non-transparent policy enforcement by Google raise concerns about anti-competitive practices.
  • It has tasked its director general to carry out a “thorough probe” into the matter within the next two months.
• Allegations on Google
  • Google’s 2022 Policy Update and Pilot Programme
    • Google introduced a one-year pilot programme in 2022, allowing only Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS) and rummy apps on its Play Store in India.
    • Winzo criticized the exclusion of other real money gaming (RMG) apps, calling it “discriminatory and arbitrary.”
    • Winzo alleged that Dream11, a competitor included in the pilot, gained 1.7 crore new users within two months of the programme’s launch.
  • Advertising Policy Restrictions
    • Google restricted its advertising policy in 2022, allowing only DFS and rummy apps to host advertisements.
    • Winzo argued that this restriction constituted an abuse of Google’s dominant position, as access to Google’s advertising platform offered significant business growth potential.
  • Payment Warning Messages
    • Winzo alleged that Google discouraged users from engaging with its app by showing warning messages during payments made via Google Pay.
    • Messages included warnings like “This person might be flagged as risky” and “This is an unusually high amount,” potentially deterring users.
  • Key Allegations
    • Winzo claimed Google’s actions created unfair competition, provided undue advantages to select competitors, and hindered the growth of other RMG platforms.
• Google’s defence
  • Lack of Objective Definition for Games of Skill
    • Google argued before the CCI that there is no clear or objective definition of "games of skill" in India.
    • Determining whether a game qualifies as a game of skill requires case-by-case evaluation based on specific features, format, and rules.
  • Pending Online Gaming Rules
    • Google highlighted the uncertainty surrounding the online gaming rules notified by the IT Ministry.
    • These rules mandate the creation of self-regulatory bodies to decide permissible games on platforms like the Play Store, but their implementation is still pending.
  • Fragmented Gaming Legislations in India
    • Google raised concerns about India’s fragmented gaming laws, where different state governments have varying regulations.
    • The lack of uniformity complicates compliance for online gaming platforms.

Why in news?

Recently, new research revealed that the entire population of 674 Asiatic Lions, confined to Gujarat, coexists with humans due to mutual adaptation, strict legal protection, economic incentives, and government compensation for livestock losses.

The research analyzed over 14,000 livestock depredations, 11,000 compensation claims, human attacks, and surveys from 277 villages to explore the factors enabling human-lion coexistence.

What’s in today’s article?

• Asiatic Lion
• Key Findings of the Study

Asiatic Lion

• About
  • Also known as the Indian Lion, it is a subspecies of the lion found exclusively in India. It is a symbol of courage and strength in Indian culture and is an integral part of the country’s wildlife heritage.
• Features
  • Physical Appearance: Smaller and more compact than African lions, with a less developed mane in males.
  • Distinctive Traits: A unique fold of skin runs along their belly, and they have shorter, sparser manes compared to their African counterparts.
• Habitat
  • Preferred Habitat: Dry deciduous forests, scrublands, and open grassy patches.
  • Current Habitat: Confined to the Gir Forest and surrounding areas in Gujarat, India.
• Geographical Range
  • Historically ranged across the Middle East and India but now restricted to Gujarat.
  • The population has expanded beyond Gir Forest into neighboring districts, covering an increasing geographic range.
• IUCN Status
  • It was listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. However, the organization has revised the Asiatic lion’s status to vulnerable in 2024.
• Challenges Faced
  • Habitat Loss: Agricultural expansion, industrialization, and human settlements encroach on lion habitats.
  • Human-Wildlife Conflict: Livestock depredation and occasional attacks lead to tension with local communities.
  • Genetic Bottleneck: Small population size increases vulnerability to diseases and reduces genetic diversity.
  • Poaching and Illegal Activities: Threats from poaching and illegal wildlife tourism practices.
  • Natural Calamities: Risk from droughts, forest fires, and potential pandemics.
• Conservation Efforts
  • Legal Protection: Listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. They are also listed in Appendix I of CITES.
  • Conservation Projects: Initiatives like the Lion Conservation Project and compensation schemes for livestock losses.
  • Translocation Plans: Efforts to establish a second population in Madhya Pradesh for long-term survival.

Key Findings of the Study

Factors enabling human-lion coexistence

• Economic and Sociocultural Drivers
  • Earnings from regulated and unregulated wildlife tourism on private lands are significant.
    • Regulated tourism happens in and around protected areas such as Gir National Park.
    • On the other hand, there is unregulated tourism on private land and this also includes offering livestock as bait, illegally.
  • Proper implementation of livestock compensation schemes also reduced the human-lion conflict.
    • A study in Kenya found that compensating for livestock killed by lions reduced the number of lions killed by pastoralists by 87–91%.
  • Sociocultural acceptance, including viewing lions as noble and charismatic, fosters tolerance.
• Benefits to lions
  • Lions have benefitted on two key counts.
    • With greater human acceptance, they can move around outside Gir’s protected areas.
    • Second, owing to legal and cultural practices, old cattle are abandoned, which forms a big chunk of the big cat’s diet in the form of old livestock or carrion.
• Conclusion
  • The lions and communities are co-adapting to co-exist. And benefits to each other, lions and people, exceed the costs of living together, resulting in co-existence.

Challenges and Recommendations

• Conservation Concerns:
  • Co-existence is fragile and requires management to reduce conflicts and protect lions.
  • Translocation of lions to Madhya Pradesh for genetic diversity and disease prevention remains unimplemented despite Supreme Court orders.
• Conflict Mitigation:
  • Proactive monitoring of lion prides in risk areas using radio collars with virtual geofences that can trigger warning signals.
    • This can pre-empt lion movement and mitigate negative human-lion interactions.
  • Revising livestock compensation schemes to match market rates and exploring livestock insurance schemes.

Community Tolerance and Conflict

• High- and moderate-conflict villages showed greater tolerance due to economic benefits from lions.
• Pastoralist communities exhibited the highest intolerance, primarily due to economic losses.

Livestock Losses

• 91% of livestock depredations occurred outside protected areas.
• Amreli district reported the most livestock death claims, followed by Junagadh, Gir Somnath, and Bhavnagar.
• Cattle were the most common prey, followed by goats, sheep, and buffalo.

Context

• The 2025 Census, a crucial demographic exercise, incorporates the updating of the National Population Register (NPR).
• It marks the first step toward the establishment of the National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC), a key initiative aimed at distinguishing citizens from non-citizens and providing a robust framework for governance and security.
• Therefore, it is imperative to explore the origins, objectives, processes, and challenges of the NRIC, while addressing concerns about its implementation, data privacy, and potential exclusionary effects.

Historical Context and Legislative Basis of NRIC

• The concept of the NRIC originates from the Citizenship Act of 1955, initially conceptualised after the 1951 Census.
• It gained renewed momentum following the Kargil War (1999), with the Subrahmanyam Committee emphasising the need for a comprehensive database of citizens and non-citizens to enhance national security.
• This led to the addition of Section 14A to the Act, making citizen registration mandatory and authorising the issuance of identity cards.
• Various pilot projects, such as the Multi-Purpose National Identity Card (MNIC) and the fishermen identity card, have since been tested, providing valuable insights into implementation challenges.

Objectives and Benefits of NRIC

• Enhancing National Security
  • The foremost objective of the NRIC is to enhance national security by maintaining a verified and authenticated registry of Indian citizens.
  • In a world increasingly vulnerable to illegal immigration, identity fraud, and cross-border threats, the NRIC serves as a safeguard.
  • By clearly distinguishing citizens from non-citizens, the registry aims to identify and address security risks while ensuring that the rights and privileges of Indian citizens are protected.
  • This framework is particularly critical in areas with historical challenges related to undocumented migration.
• Streamlining Identity Verification
  • Another key objective of the NRIC is to establish a single, definitive identity verification system that reduces reliance on multiple documents.
  • This unified approach eliminates ambiguities in verifying citizenship, a step that becomes particularly valuable in addressing legal disputes, property ownership issues, and entitlement claims.
  • By ensuring uniformity, the NRIC minimises discrepancies and improves administrative efficiency.
• Facilitating Targeted Welfare Programs
  • A significant benefit of the NRIC is its potential to make welfare programs more efficient and effective.
  • By accurately identifying citizens, the NRIC ensures that public resources are allocated to the intended beneficiaries.
  • This reduces leakages and improves the reach of schemes in areas such as healthcare, education, and social security.
  • For instance, subsidy programs or benefits reserved for citizens can be implemented without the risk of extending them to ineligible individuals, ensuring optimal utilization of public funds.
  • Finally, a well-implemented NRIC can enhance public trust in governance by providing citizens with a reliable identity document that is universally recognized.
  • This sense of security and belonging creates stronger civic engagement and reinforces the social contract between citizens and the state. 

The NPR-NRIC Process and Aadhaar vs NRIC Debate

• The NPR-NRIC Process
  • The process of creating the NRIC involves multiple phases. It begins with the collection of demographic data during Census house listing operations, followed by biometric data collection to ensure record accuracy.
  • A crucial step involves inviting public claims and objections to enhance transparency. This is supplemented by a verification and appeals process, allowing residents to challenge or amend records.
  • Detailed inquiries into citizenship status are then conducted, culminating in the issuance of identity cards mandated by the Citizenship Act.
  • The 2025 Census is expected to follow the data collection patterns of the 2011 Census, covering demographic and socio-economic details such as name, gender, nationality, and residency.
  • However, biometric data collection will likely be omitted, as it is already available in the Aadhaar database.
• Aadhaar versus NRIC Dabate
  • A common question concerns the necessity of the NRIC given the existence of Aadhaar. It is crucial to distinguish between the two systems.
  • Aadhaar, a 12-digit unique identification number, is issued to all residents of India, regardless of citizenship.
  • Its primary function is identity verification for accessing services like banking and subsidies.
  • In contrast, the NRIC is a citizenship verification tool, requiring proof of citizenship and serving as a definitive record of citizens.
  • While Aadhaar is inclusive and serves all residents, the NRIC is exclusive to citizens, making both systems complementary but distinct in purpose.

Challenges of Implementing Nationwide NRIC:

• Documentation Challenges:
  • Many individuals, especially in rural areas, lack proper documentation to prove their citizenship.
  • These challenges are compounded for marginalized groups such as tribal communities, migrants, and women who may have limited access to or knowledge of legal records.
  • The process must account for such disparities to prevent widespread exclusion.
• Privacy and Data Security:
  • A nationwide NRIC would involve collecting and managing vast amounts of sensitive demographic and citizenship data.
  • Concerns about data misuse, unauthorized access, and surveillance are significant, particularly in the absence of robust data protection laws.
  • Safeguarding this data is critical to maintaining public trust and preventing potential human rights violations.
• Exclusion Fears:
  • Large-scale verification exercises risk alienating vulnerable populations, including those with limited education, financial resources, or access to legal aid.
  • Exclusion fears could lead to social unrest, protests, and legal challenges, underscoring the importance of designing an inclusive and transparent process.

Way Forward

• Lessons from Assam on the Challenges of Implementation
  • The Assam experience with the National Register of Citizens (NRC) offers valuable insights into the potential challenges of a nationwide NRIC.
  • The Assam NRC, updated in 2019 under the Assam Accord, aimed to identify illegal immigrants, particularly from Bangladesh.
  • However, stringent documentation requirements resulted in the exclusion of many rural and less-educated residents, raising concerns about fairness and accuracy.
  • Unlike Assam’s NRC, a national NRIC would not be governed by state-specific accords, but Assam’s case underscores the humanitarian and administrative difficulties that could arise on a larger scale.
• Addressing Privacy Concerns
  • Privacy concerns also persist, despite the Supreme Court’s guidelines in the Aadhaar case.
  • The potential misuse of demographic and biometric data necessitates robust data protection measures.
  • Additionally, fears of exclusion among communities with limited documentation remain a significant concern.
  • Implementing such a massive exercise requires streamlined procedures, logistical planning, and targeted awareness campaigns to address these issues.
• Citizen Engagement and Moving Forward
  • For the NRIC initiative to succeed, citizen participation is paramount.
  • Transparency and fairness depend on citizens staying informed, verifying their records, and understanding their rights.
  • Public awareness campaigns must ensure that all residents are proactive and engaged in the process.
  • Equitable implementation requires addressing exclusion fears and ensuring that the NRIC is inclusive, effective, and reflective of India’s diverse population.

Conclusion

• The 2025 Census and the NRIC initiative represent a significant step toward establishing a comprehensive and verified citizen registry.
• While it promises to enhance governance and national security, challenges related to data privacy, exclusion, and logistical execution cannot be overlooked.
• Drawing lessons from the Assam experience and maintaining transparency throughout the process will be crucial.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet approved the launch of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) as a standalone Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare.

The mission aims to promote natural farming practices across India in a focused, mission-mode approach.

What’s in today’s article?

• Natural farming
• National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)
• Need for a mission on natural farming

Natural Farming

• About
  • The Agriculture Ministry defines natural farming as a “chemical-free” farming system that only uses inputs produced using livestock and plant resources.
  • It is a system where the laws of nature are applied to agricultural practices.
    • This method works along with the natural biodiversity of each farmed area.
    • It encourages the complexity of living organisms, both plants, and animals that shape each particular ecosystem to thrive along with food plants.
• Natural Farming in India
  • There are many working models of natural farming all over the world, the zero-budget natural farming (ZBNF) is the most popular model in India.
  • ZBNF was popularized by Subhash Palekar in India.

National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)

• Background
  • NMNF builds on the Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhti (BPKP), launched under the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY).
  • The Centre also promoted natural farming in a five-kilometre belt along the Ganga River under the Namami Gange scheme in the financial year 2022-23.
  • In her Budget Speech (2024-25), Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a plan to initiate one crore farmers countrywide into natural farming in the next two years.
• About
  • The government launched the NMNF within 100 days of returning to power in 2024, with a target to initiate one crore farmers into natural farming over the next two years.
  • This initiative will include certification, branding, and the establishment of 10,000 bio-input resource centres, implemented via scientific institutions and gram panchayats.
• Mission Objectives
  • Promote sustainable agriculture through natural farming.
  • Create a robust infrastructure for training, certification, and branding of chemical-free produce.
  • Develop a large-scale adoption model through effective farmer support and community engagement.
• Coverage under natural farming
  • Current Coverage - 22 lakh hectares under natural farming; 34 lakh farmers engaged nationwide.
  • Breakdown of Coverage
    • 4 lakh hectares under the Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhti (BPKP)
    • 88,000 hectares under Namami Gange
    • 17 lakh hectares under various state government initiatives.
  • Goals of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)
    • Target Area Expansion: Add 7.5 lakh hectares under natural farming.
    • Cluster-Based Implementation: Establish 15,000 clusters in willing Gram Panchayats.
    • Farmer Outreach: Reach 1 crore farmers within two years.
• Support Infrastructure
  • Bio-input Resource Centres (BRCs)
    • Set up 10,000 centres to provide ready-to-use natural farming inputs.
    • Priority to areas with existing natural farming practices, SRLM, PACS, and FPOs.
  • Infrastructure and Implementation Plans
    • Model Demonstration Farms
      • Establish 2,000 farms at Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Agricultural Universities (AUs), and farmers’ fields.
      • Supported by experienced Farmer Master Trainers.
    • Farmer Training Programs
      • Train 18.75 lakh farmers in natural farming practices and input preparation (e.g., Jeevamrit, Beejamrit).
    • Community Engagement
      • Deploy 30,000 Krishi Sakhis/Community Resource Persons (CRPs) for awareness, mobilization, and handholding.
    • Bio-Input Resources
      • Farmers will use livestock resources or procure inputs from Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs).
• Key Differences Between NMNF and Earlier Initiatives
  • Higher Budgetary Allocation: Total outlay: Rs. 2,481 crore (Central share: Rs. 1,584 crore; State share: Rs. 897 crore) until the 15th Finance Commission (2025-26).
  • Broader Target Group: Aims to benefit over 1 crore farmers.
  • Focus on Ecosystem Development
    • Establishes scientifically supported standards for natural farming practices.
    • Simplifies certification for chemical-free produce.
    • Proposes a single national brand for natural produce.

Need for a mission on natural farming

• To promote natural farming practices
  • There was a growing need for promoting natural farming practices.
• Many districts with high fertilizer sale
  • 228 districts across 16 states have been identified with fertiliser usage above the national average of 138 kg/hectare in 2022-23.
    • These districts have been targeted in the NMNF.
    • Also, special focus will be given on districts where fertiliser use exceeds 200 kg/hectare.
    • It also includes a 5 km-wide area along the main stem of the Ganga River.
• Economic Benefits
• Reduces input costs for farmers by minimizing dependency on externally purchased fertilisers and pesticides.
• Soil and Environmental Health
  • Improves soil health, fertility, and quality.
  • Increases soil carbon content, enhances biodiversity, and promotes microorganisms.
  • Builds resilience to climate risks such as waterlogging, floods, and droughts.
• Health and Nutrition
  • Reduces health risks associated with fertilisers and pesticides.
  • Provides nutritious food for farmers' families.
• Intergenerational Benefits
  • Ensures a healthy Mother Earth for future generations through sustainable farming.

Why in news?

According to a study published in The Lancet journal, over 90 per cent of the global deaths per year linked to air pollution from landscape fires were in low and middle-income countries, including India.

The study covers all kinds of fires in any landscape like fires in forests, grasslands, vegetated areas or wildfires.

What’s in today’s article?

• Wildfire
• Global and Local Impact of Landscape Fire Pollution

Wildfires

• About
  • Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly in natural or cultural landscapes, such as forests, grasslands, or agricultural areas.
  • They are a significant environmental and public health concern, releasing smoke and pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5) that can travel long distances, impacting air quality and human health.
• Causes of Wildfires
  • Natural Causes: Lightning strikes; Volcanic eruptions; Droughts or prolonged dry seasons, making vegetation highly flammable.
  • Human-Induced Causes: Agricultural burning; Discarded cigarettes and campfires; Arson or accidental ignitions; Poor Forest management practices.
  • Climate Change Influence: Increased temperatures and reduced precipitation exacerbate the frequency and severity of wildfires.
• Types of Wildfires
  • Ground Fires
    • Burn organic matter in the soil, such as peat or decaying vegetation, beneath the surface. Example: Peat fires in Indonesia.
    • Characteristics: Typically smolder rather than flame; Spread slowly but are difficult to detect and extinguish; Produce significant smoke and carbon emissions.
  • Surface Fires
    • Burn vegetation on or just above the ground, such as grass, leaves, and low shrubs. Example: Fires in savannas or grasslands
    • Characteristics: Most common type of wildfire; Can be low-intensity or high-intensity, depending on fuel and weather conditions; Spread relatively quickly but are easier to control.
  • Crown Fires
    • Burn the canopy of trees in forested areas, often fueled by surface fires. Example: Wildfires in coniferous forests, such as those in Canada or the western United States.
    • Characteristics: Extremely intense and fast-spreading; Hard to control due to their height and ability to leap from tree to tree; Occur in dense forests with abundant dry fuel.
  • Ladder Fires
    • Begin as surface fires and climb vegetation (shrubs, small trees) to reach the canopy, transitioning into crown fires. Example: Fires in mixed forests with dense undergrowth.
    • Characteristics: Act as a "ladder" for flames to ascend; Facilitate the spread of more destructive crown fires.
  • Spot Fires
    • Occur when embers or burning debris are carried by wind to ignite new fires away from the main blaze. Example: Fires in windy conditions near large wildfires.
    • Characteristics: Often create unpredictable fire behavior; Can rapidly spread the wildfire across large areas.

Global and Local Impact of Landscape Fire Pollution

• Key Findings from the Study
  • Global Mortality: More than 1.53 million deaths annually are attributed to pollution from landscape fires, including forest fires, agricultural burns, and wildfires.
  • India's Burden: Approximately 1.2 lakh deaths annually in India (2000-2019) were linked to such fires, amounting to 25.54 lakh deaths over 20 years.
  • Primary Health Risks: Cardiovascular (450,000 deaths/year) and respiratory diseases (220,000 deaths/year) are major contributors.
• Geographic and Socio-Economic Disparities
  • Low-Income Countries: Deaths due to respiratory illnesses caused by fires are four times higher in low-income nations compared to high-income nations.
  • Top-Affected Nations: China, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Indonesia, and Nigeria.
• Role of PM2.5 and Climate Change
  • Airborne Risks: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone from fires travel hundreds of kilometers, affecting large populations.
  • Climate Feedback Loop: Increased wildfires due to global warming contribute to long-term climate impacts and disrupt ecosystems.
• Preventive Measures and Observations in India
  • Forest Fires in Maharashtra: Fire incidents often start from agricultural burns, spreading to forests. Awareness programs and fire watchers are deployed as preventive steps.
  • Local Emissions: Large-scale fires release smoke containing black carbon and fine particles, adversely impacting health, air quality, and climate.
• Outlook and Recommendations
  • Increasing Risk: The frequency and severity of wildfires are expected to rise due to climate change, escalating the global health burden.
  • Call for Action: Stronger preventive measures, improved air quality management, and international collaboration are needed to mitigate the growing health and climate impacts of fire pollution.

Why in News?

Undergraduate students in India will soon have the flexibility to complete their degrees earlier or extend them beyond the standard duration.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced Accelerated Degree Programmes (ADPs) and Extended Degree Programmes (EDPs), aligning with the learner-centric objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

The National Credit Framework (NCrF) enables learners with varying learning abilities to move through the curriculum at rates faster or slower than the standard duration of a programme by earning the required credits.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What is the National Credit Framework (NCrF)?
• Key Highlights of the UGC Initiative
• Benefits of the UGC Initiative
• Conclusion

What is the National Credit Framework (NCrF)?

• About:
  • The NEP 2020 has introduced visionary reforms to dismantle the colonial legacy in India's education system.
  • Among its transformative initiatives is the National Credit Framework (NCrF), which promotes flexibility, skill integration, and multidisciplinary education to address India’s evolving societal and economic needs.
• Developed by:
  • School education (CBSE, NCERT and NIOS),
  • Higher education (UGC, AICTE),
  • Vocational education (NCVET and DGT),
  • Overall representation (Ministry of Education and Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship).
• Key features:
  • 
  • Unified credit accumulation and transfer:
    • NCrF allows the seamless accumulation and transfer of credits across disciplines, including skill and vocational education.
    • It provides an enabling, non-regulatory framework for educational institutions.
  • Flexibility for students:
    • Credits can be earned through diverse activities, such as Classroom teaching and laboratory work; Research projects, sports, yoga, performing arts, and social work; Internships, on-the-job training, and apprenticeships.
    • This approach enables students to tailor their academic paths based on interests and career goals.
  • Alignment with modern needs:
    • NCrF addresses the skill mismatch by equipping students with competencies for emerging jobs and self-employment.
    • Encourages HEIs to adapt to economic and technological advancements.
• Impact on Higher Education Institutions (HEIs):
  • Multidisciplinary education and research:
    • NEP 2020 advocates the establishment of multidisciplinary education and research universities (MERUs) as hubs for intellectual growth.
    • HEIs are encouraged to focus on both knowledge production and vocational training to meet diverse societal needs.
  • Democratisation of education:
    • By promoting flexibility and skill integration, the NCrF ensures that higher education is accessible and inclusive.
    • Reduces elitism in higher education by balancing theoretical and practical learning.
  • Vocational and skill training:
    • Vocational and skill training is placed on par with traditional academic pursuits.
    • Institutions can specialise in various roles, from fundamental research to skill development, fostering interconnected processes.

Key Highlights of the UGC Initiative:

• Accelerated Degree Programmes (ADPs):
  • Students with exceptional academic performance can graduate earlier by earning additional credits per semester.
  • A three-year programme can be completed in five semesters, and a four-year programme in six or seven semesters.
• Extended Degree Programmes (EDPs):
  • Students facing personal, financial, or academic challenges can extend their degree duration by up to two semesters.
  • Fewer credits per semester are required for extended timelines.
• Implementation framework:
  • Role of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs):
    • HEIs will form committees to evaluate student eligibility for ADPs and EDPs based on credit-completion potential and performance in the first or second semester.
    • These committees will recommend adjustments in the number of courses and credits per semester.
    • HEIs will allocate up to 10% of their student intake for ADPs.
  • Guidelines by UGC: SOPs have been issued to standardise academic content, credit systems, assessments, and degree issuance for both programmes.

Benefits of the UGC Initiative:

• For students:
  • Supports those pursuing interdisciplinary or professional courses and students balancing education with other commitments.
  • Provides flexibility to tailor academic journeys based on individual needs and learning abilities.
• For institutions: Encourages a flexible and modern approach to higher education, aligning with global trends.
• Equivalence with standard degrees:
  • Degrees completed through ADPs or EDPs will be treated on par with those of standard duration for employment, academic, and recruitment purposes.
  • Government departments, private organisations, and recruiting agencies like UPSC and State Service Commissions will recognise these degrees equally.

Conclusion:

By enabling students to accelerate or extend their academic timelines, the initiative empowers them to navigate their educational goals more effectively while maintaining academic equivalence and credibility.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Background (Context, Working Mechanism of Wikipedia)
• Allegations on ANI (Legal and Structural Implications, Wider Implications, etc.)

Background:

• Earlier in 2024, Indian news agency Asian News International (ANI) filed a defamation suit against the Wikimedia Foundation and three Wikipedia administrators.
• ANI alleged that defamatory statements on its Wikipedia page tarnished its reputation.
• The Delhi High Court directed Wikimedia to disclose the details of these administrators, marking a significant moment in the case.

Key Allegations by ANI:

• Defamatory Statements: ANI claimed that its Wikipedia page included statements accusing it of:
  • Acting as a propaganda tool for the central government.
  • Distributing content from fake news websites.
  • Misreporting events.
• Editing Issues:
  • Attempts by ANI-associated editors to amend these claims were reversed or modified by independent editors.
  • The page was later placed under ‘extended confirmed protection’, restricting further edits by ANI-affiliated editors.
• Legal Accusations:
  • ANI argued that Wikimedia violated safe-harbour provisions under the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.
  • It demanded that Wikimedia and its administrators be held liable for hosting and publishing defamatory content.

How Does Wikipedia Function?

• Wikipedia is a community-driven platform, with content created and edited by volunteers. Key features of its structure include:
• Editorial Process:
  • Anyone can edit articles, provided edits are backed by reliable and verifiable sources.
  • Original research is prohibited, and any unpublished arguments or analyses are removed.
  • Editing histories of pages are transparent and accessible via the "view history" tab.
• Protection Measures:
  • Pages on controversial topics can be placed under ‘extended confirmed protection’ or ‘full protection’ to maintain neutrality.
  • Extended protection limits edits to experienced users, while full protection restricts editing to administrators.
• Roles and Responsibilities:
  • Administrators: Selected by community elections based on reputation. Wikimedia is not involved in their selection.
  • Wikimedia’s Role: Limited to providing the technical infrastructure for the platform and supporting editors.

Legal & Structural Implications:

• Safe-Harbour Status:
  • The safe-harbour provision protects intermediaries like Wikimedia from liability for content posted by users.
  • ANI’s lawsuit challenges this status, potentially making Wikimedia accountable for the content on Wikipedia.
• Impact on Wikipedia:
  • Loss of Anonymity: If editor details are disclosed, it could deter volunteers from contributing, fearing retaliation.
  • Global Precedents: Countries like China, Russia, and Pakistan have censored Wikipedia, and similar actions in India could damage its democratic reputation.
• Initial Directives:
  • The Delhi High Court initially directed Wikimedia to provide administrator details in a sealed cover.
• Potential Blocking:
  • If Wikipedia fails to comply, the court has hinted at the possibility of blocking the platform in India.

Wider Implications:

• Impact on Democracy:
  • Wikipedia’s open and democratic structure supports free knowledge sharing. Judicial or legislative interference could undermine this ethos.
  • India’s handling of this case will reflect its stance on balancing freedom of speech with accountability.
• Comparison with Other Nations:
  • Countries like China and Russia have taken restrictive actions against Wikipedia, leading to censorship. India risks aligning with these precedents.

Conclusion:

• This defamation case raises critical questions about intermediary liability, freedom of expression, and the functioning of community-driven platforms like Wikipedia.
• While ANI seeks accountability, the broader implications for Wikipedia's operations and India’s democratic values remain significant.
• A balanced approach will be crucial to uphold both accountability and the open nature of platforms like Wikipedia.

Context

• In November 2024, the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) mandated a shift from physical to online learning in Delhi schools due to severe air pollution.
• This decision, rooted in concerns over health risks associated with the poor Air Quality Index (AQI), raises critical questions about its scientific validity, practicality, and consequences.
• While addressing pollution is imperative, linking school closures to air quality highlights deeper issues regarding the treatment of education, children’s rights, and public health.

The Impact of Poor Air Quality and Limitations of the Current Approach

• The Continuum of Health Risks
  • The harmful effects of air pollution are not limited to AQI levels above 400, which are deemed ‘severe.’
  • Even at moderate levels (AQI 51-100), pollution starts to affect vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions.
  • This arbitrary emphasis on ‘severe’ AQI as the threshold for action risks normalising the health effects of prolonged exposure to AQI levels between 51 and 399.
  • Such exposure can lead to respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and developmental delays, especially in children.
• Children: The Most Vulnerable Group
  • Children are particularly susceptible to air pollution due to their developing respiratory systems and higher metabolic rates.
  • Unlike adults, children breathe more air relative to their body weight, increasing their exposure to pollutants.
  • This vulnerability makes it imperative to protect children from poor air quality, however, this protection cannot be achieved merely by closing schools and asking them to stay indoors.
  • Many children, especially those from low-income families, live in cramped, poorly ventilated homes where indoor air quality can be as bad as or worse than outdoor air.
  • For these children, schools equipped with air purifiers may offer relatively safer breathing environments.
• Socioeconomic Disparities in Exposure
  • Children from underprivileged backgrounds often bear the brunt of its effects.
  • They are more likely to live in densely populated areas with high pollution levels and lack access to clean indoor air.
  • While wealthier families can afford air purifiers and other mitigative measures, disadvantaged families rely on public spaces like schools to provide their children with a safer environment.
  • Therefore, closing schools during high-pollution days disproportionately affects these children, exacerbating health and educational inequities.
• The Limitations of the Current Approach
  • The current strategy of using GRAP measures, including the closure of schools during severe air pollution, reflects a reactive rather than proactive approach.
  • While the intention is to shield children from the worst effects of pollution, the policy overlooks the broader context: poor air quality is a constant, not an episodic, issue.
  • By focusing only on extreme AQI levels, policymakers fail to address the chronic exposure that harms children throughout the year.
  • This myopic approach results in minimal health benefits while causing significant disruptions to education and exacerbating societal inequities.

GRAP Policy and Its Broader Implications

• Disproportionate Impact on the Vulnerable
  • The closure of schools during periods of severe pollution disrupts educational access, particularly for children from low-income families who lack the technological resources to transition smoothly to online learning.
  • For many such children, schools are not only centres for education but also places where they receive essential services such as mid-day meals and a safer environment.
  • Shifting classes online deprives them of these benefits, exacerbating pre-existing inequalities in education and health outcomes.
• Education as a Collateral Victim
  • India experienced one of the longest school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in significant learning losses and developmental setbacks.
  • Repeating these closures for pollution-related reasons reflects a failure to learn from past mistakes.
  • Education is a fundamental right and should not be treated as expendable in the face of environmental challenges.
  • Instead, policies must ensure that children can continue their education safely, regardless of external circumstances.
• The Problem with Temporary Fixes
  • The decision to close schools in response to extreme AQI levels highlights a reactive policy approach that addresses symptoms rather than root causes.
  • While GRAP seeks to mitigate immediate health risks, it fails to provide long-term solutions to pollution.
  • School closures may reduce children's exposure to polluted air temporarily, but they do nothing to address the chronic pollution problem that remains pervasive throughout the year.
  • Such measures may even create a false sense of progress, diverting attention from the systemic reforms needed to tackle the pollution crisis comprehensively.
• Long-Term Implications for Society
  • The way a society treats its children reflects its values and priorities.
  • Closing schools during high pollution days not only disrupts education but also sends a message that children’s development is secondary to short-term policy goals.
  • Nelson Mandela’s assertion that the soul of a society is revealed by its treatment of children highlights the moral and ethical dimensions of this issue.
  • By failing to invest in solutions that protect both education and health, society risks creating a generation that is less equipped to tackle the challenges of the future, including environmental degradation itself.

Effectiveness of Online Learning and Masks for Children

• Shifting Schools to Online: A Flawed Substitute
  • Schools are more than academic institutions; they create holistic development through social interaction, extracurricular activities, and life skills.
  • Online education, while a necessary alternative during emergencies, is an inadequate substitute for in-person learning, especially for younger children.
  • Prolonged screen time can harm children’s cognitive and physical development, while the absence of mid-day meals affects their nutrition.
• Questions on the Role of Masks
  • The recommendation for children to wear face masks during periods of high pollution also warrants scrutiny.
  • Scientific evidence during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that masks were not universally necessary for children under five and were only recommended, not mandated, for those aged six to eleven.
  • For classrooms with functional air purifiers, masks add little benefit; Instead, schools should adopt a more personalised approach, considering factors like pre-existing health conditions.
  • Blanket advisories not only lack scientific backing but can also cause unnecessary discomfort and stigmatisation among children.

Way Forward: A Science-Based and People-Centric Approach

• To address the issue holistically, schools must remain open with necessary mitigations.
• Outdoor activities can be suspended, and classrooms equipped with air purifiers should maintain sealed environments to ensure clean air.
• Mask policies should be individualised rather than universal, prioritising children with respiratory conditions or other vulnerabilities.
• Hybrid models, often misinterpreted as a license for convenience, must not replace the emphasis on physical schooling.
• Innovative solutions are needed to ensure that learning remains active, interactive, and inclusive.

Conclusion

• Shifting schools to online learning as a response to poor air quality is a reactive and ineffective measure that overlooks scientific evidence and socio-economic realities.
• A more nuanced, science-based approach is essential, one that safeguards children’s education and well-being without compounding the inequities already exacerbated by pollution.
• Only by valuing schools as indispensable spaces for development can society truly fulfil its responsibility to its youngest and most vulnerable members.

Why in news?

The Union Cabinet has allocated ₹6,000 crore for the 'One Nation One Subscription' initiative.

This program aims to centralize journal subscriptions for approximately 6,300 government-run higher education institutions (HEIs), providing equitable access to 13,000 scholarly journals through a unified platform. It seeks to enhance academic resource availability across India.

What’s in today’s article?

• Current Access to Journals in HEIs
• What is One Nation One Subscription initiative?
• Benefits of the ONOS Initiative

Current Access to Journals in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)

• Library Consortia System
  • HEIs access journals through 10 library consortia managed by various ministries.
  • Library consortia are collaborations among libraries to share resources and meet common needs.
  • E.g., INFLIBNET Centre in Gandhinagar, under the Ministry of Education, manages the UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium.
  • This consortium provides access to selected scholarly electronic journals and databases across disciplines.
• Individual Subscriptions
  • HEIs also subscribe to journals independently, supplementing consortium-based access.
• Access Statistics
  • Currently, around 2,500 HEIs have access to approximately 8,100 journals through consortia and individual subscriptions.

What is One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) initiative?

• Background
  • Prime Minister Modi's 2022 Independence Day address emphasized the importance of research and development for India’s progress, calling for “Jai Anusandhan” to drive innovation and scientific exploration.
  • Aligned with this vision, the National Education Policy (2020) highlights research as a key driver for educational and national excellence.
  • The establishment of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) underscores the government's commitment to fostering a strong research culture.
  • Building on these initiatives, the Union Cabinet has approved the ONOS scheme, granting nationwide access to international research articles and scholarly journals.
• Objective
  • The ONOS scheme aims to streamline and centralize journal access for all state and central government HEIs, replacing the fragmented system currently in place.
• Implementation Timeline
  • The platform will go live on January 1, 2025, consolidating access to thousands of journals under a single system.
• Key Features:
  • Access to 13,000 Journals: Journals from 30 international publishers, including Elsevier Science Direct, Springer Nature, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, IEEE, and more, will be available.
  • Unified Registration: HEIs will need to register on the platform to access the journals.
  • Implementing Agency: Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET) Centre has been designated as the implementing authority.
  • Funding and Pricing: The central government has allocated ₹6,000 crore for the initiative covering three years (2025–2027).
    • A single subscription price was negotiated with each publisher for all institutions.
  • Additional Subscriptions: HEIs seeking access to journals beyond the 13,000 available can continue subscribing to them individually.
  • Dedicated portal: A dedicated portal, “One Nation One Subscription,” will serve as the gateway for institutions to access these resources.
• Role of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)
  • The access and usage of subscription will be regularly monitored by the ANRF.
  • It will also contribute to the expansion of publications by Indian authors in participating.
• Plans for future expansion
  • The first phase included all 6,300 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and research institutes under both central and state governments.
  • In the second phase, the government plans to expand this to the remaining higher education institutions in the country, both public and private.
  • Phase 3 will expand the access of ONOS to the entire country.

Benefits of the ONOS Scheme

• Broader Access to Scholarly Resources
  • Expands access to top-tier scholarly journals for 1.8 crore students, faculty, and researchers across approximately 6,300 government HEIs, including those in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.
  • Extending benefits to students residing in tier-2 and tier-3 cities will help in reducing the knowledge gap between urban and rural students.
• Elimination of Resource Duplication
  • Avoids overlapping subscriptions across various library consortia and institutions, reducing excess expenditure on duplicate resources.
• Enhanced Bargaining Power
  • Consolidates subscription under one platform, allowing the government to negotiate better deals with publishers.
    • Example: Negotiations reduced the initial cost of ₹4,000 crore per year for 13,000 journals to ₹1,800 crore annually.
• Data-Driven Utilization and Planning
• Enables the Centre to monitor journal usage across HEIs, aiding long-term planning and promoting better utilization of resources in inactive institutions.
• Alignment with national goals
  • The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), and the government's Viksit Bharat@2047 vision.

Why in news?

Israel and Lebanon have entered into a ceasefire. This happened a day after Israel’s security cabinet approved a US-backed proposal to end the 13-month-long conflict that escalated in September.

This ceasefire has been modeled after UNSC Resolution 1701 from the 2006 conflict.

What’s in today’s article?

• UNSC Resolution 1701
• key takeaways from Israel-Lebanon ceasefire
• Reasons for Israel's Ceasefire Decision

UNSC Resolution 1701

• Overview of UNSC Resolution 1701
  • UNSC Resolution 1701, adopted on August 11, 2006, seeks to end hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel, establish a buffer zone, and achieve a permanent ceasefire.
• Historical Context
  • The resolution aimed to complete Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon along the Blue Line and Golan Heights, following its partial withdrawal in 2000.
  • Triggered by Hezbollah's attack in July 2006, which killed three Israeli soldiers and kidnapped two, the ensuing war lasted over a month, causing significant casualties (1,000+ Lebanese and 170 Israelis).
• Key Provisions
  • Disarmament and Sovereignty:
    • Full disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon, ensuring the Lebanese State's monopoly over weapons and authority.
    • Prohibition of foreign forces in Lebanon without government consent.
  • Arms Control:
    • No sales or supply of arms to Lebanon without government authorization.
  • Landmine Information:
    • Israel to provide maps of landmines in Lebanon to the UN.
  • Buffer Zone and Ceasefire:
    • Respect for the Blue Line by both parties.
    • Creation of a demilitarized zone free of armed personnel and weapons, apart from Lebanese authorities and UNIFIL, between the Blue Line and the Litani River.
  • UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) Mandate: The resolution authorized up to 15,000 UN peacekeepers to:
    • Monitor the cessation of hostilities.
    • Assist Lebanese troops in securing the buffer zone.
    • Ensure the safe return of displaced Lebanese populations.
  • 

key takeaways from Israel-Lebanon ceasefire

• Cessation of hostilities
  • A 60-day cessation of hostilities has been established as a framework for a lasting truce between Israel and Hezbollah.
• Withdrawal of Forces
  • Hezbollah: Required to retreat approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) from the Israel-Lebanon border.
  • Israel: Committed to withdrawing its ground forces from Lebanese territory.
• Basis of the Deal
  • The agreement is rooted in UNSC Resolution 1701, which ended the 2006 war. Negotiations focused on the resolution's enforcement.
• Enhanced Monitoring and Supervision
  • Lebanon will intensify its oversight of Hezbollah’s movements south of the Litani River to prevent regrouping.
  • Monitoring responsibilities are shared by:
    • United Nations peacekeeping troops.
    • The Lebanese military.
    • A multinational committee (A key update is the inclusion of the U.S. and France in the oversight mechanism, alongside Lebanon, Israel, and UNIFIL.)
• Israel’s Conditional Stance
  • Israel has warned it will resume military operations if the agreement is breached.
  • The agreement does not mandate complete disarmament of Hezbollah in northern Lebanon.

Reasons for Israel's Ceasefire Decision

• Focus on Iran: Israel aims to direct its attention toward countering Iran.
• Military Replenishment: The ceasefire allows Israeli forces to regroup and replenish resources.
• Separation of Fronts: By halting conflict with Hezbollah, Israel seeks to isolate the Hamas and Hezbollah theaters of war.
• Hezbollah's Parallel Front: Hezbollah opened a secondary front in support of Hamas following Hamas’s terror attack and Israel's subsequent bombardment of Gaza.
• Additional Factors Influencing the Decision
  • Civil-Military Dynamics in Israel
    • Former Defense Minister and the IDF Chief of Staff advocated for a ceasefire, questioning the government’s military objectives.
  • Strategic Challenges in Lebanon
    • Prolonged military presence in Lebanon risks wearing down the IDF and strengthening Hezbollah’s domestic support.
  • Hezbollah's Resilience
    • Despite heavy losses, Hezbollah retained the capability to strike, launching 250 rockets two days before the ceasefire.
    • Israel’s symbolic achievement of reaching the Litani River was followed by a ceasefire to avoid a prolonged and costly conflict.

Why in the News?

Union Women and Child Development Minister announced a substantial reduction in child marriages in India, from 47.4% in 2006 to 23.3% in 2019-21, attributed to the Prevention of Child Marriage Act (2006).

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Child Marriages in India (Statistics, Global Scenario, Impact, Legal Provisions, Government Schemes)
• News Summary

Child Marriages in India:

• In India, child marriage reduced from 47.4% in 2005-06 to 26.8% in 2015-16.
• In the last five years, it declined by 3.5% points to reach 23.3% in 2020-21, according to the latest National Family Health Survey-5 data.
• There is a growing trend for decline in the overall prevalence of child marriage, but 23.3% is still a disturbingly high percentage in a country with a population of 141.2 crore.
• Eight States have a higher prevalence of child marriage than the national average:
  • West Bengal, Bihar and Tripura top the list with more than 40% of women aged 20-24 years married below 18, according to NFHS data.
• Some States have shown a reduction in child marriages, like Madhya Pradesh (23.1% in 2020-21 from 32.4% in 2015-16), Rajasthan (25.4% from 35.4%) and Haryana.

Global Scenario:

• According to data from UNICEF, the total number of girls married in childhood stands at 12 million per year.
• The 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals aim to eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilations, under goal 5.
• While it is encouraging that in the past decade great progress has been made in South Asia, where a girl’s risk of marrying before she is 18 has dropped by more than a third, from nearly 50% to below 30%, it is not enough, and progress has been uneven.

Impact of Child Marriage:

• While child marriage is considered a human rights violation and a recognised form of sexual and gender-based violence, the adverse impact of child marriage is manifested across maternal and child health.
• Recently, 10 infants died at Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital in a span of 24 hours.
  • The hospital authorities said the majority of the children were born with extremely low birth weight.
• Murshidabad, one of the economically poorer districts of the State, has one of the highest numbers of child marriages in West Bengal.
• The NFHS - 5 points out that 55.4% of women aged 20-24 years are married before the age of 18 years in the district.
• The district saw a rise from NFHS-4 numbers, which stood at 53.5 %.

Legal Intervention in India:

• There are several laws including the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, which aim at protecting children from violation of human and other rights.
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 seeks to increase the marriage age of women from existing 18 years to 21 years.

Why Minimum Age of Marriage for Females should be Increased?

• Lack of access to education and employment:
• Women face inequalities when it comes to access to education and employment as a consequence of their early marriages.
• It is often the case that women are denied access to education and an economic means of livelihood after entering into the institution of marriage at an early age.
• Increasing the minimum age for marriage will lead to more women pursuing higher education and opt for employment.
• Impact of early marriage on health of women and children:
• An early age of marriage and consequent early pregnancies have a substantial impact on the nutritional levels of mothers and their children, along with their overall health and mental wellbeing.
• Underage mothers are at a higher risk of reproductive health challenges, malnutrition, postpartum haemorrhage, and a susceptibility to sexually transmitted diseases.

Schemes/ Policies for Preventing Girl Child Marriage:

• Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY):
  • Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY), was launched in 2015, in order to promote the welfare of girl child.
  • It encourages parents to invest and build funds for the future studies and marriage expenses of the girl's children.
• Balika Samriddhi Yojana:
  • Balika Samriddhi Yojana is another central government scheme to support girls in financially vulnerable sections of society.
  • This scheme ensures the enrolment and retention of girl child in primary and secondary schools.
  • It aims at the prosperity of a girl's child and provides them with a better quality education.
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao:
  • Among all the other girl's child welfare schemes, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao is the most popular.
  • This scheme celebrates girl children, literally translating to Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl child. It believes in women empowerment and creating an inclusive ecosystem for the same.
  • This scheme is to promote girl children’s safety before and after they are born.

News Summary:

• Union Women and Child Development Minister announced a substantial reduction in child marriages in India, from 47.4% in 2006 to 23.3% in 2019-21, attributed to the Prevention of Child Marriage Act (2006).
• Speaking at the launch of the Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (Child Marriage-Free India Campaign), she highlighted the prevention of over two lakh child marriages in the past year alone.
• Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan Goals:
  • Focus on seven high-burden states (West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Tripura, Assam, and Andhra Pradesh) and 300 districts with above-average child marriage rates.
  • Aim to reduce child marriage rates to below 5% by 2029.
  • Launch of the ‘Child Marriage Free Bharat’ portal for awareness, reporting, and progress monitoring.
• Global Context:
  • India significantly contributed to South Asia’s reduction in child marriage rates, according to UN reports.
• Challenges and Solutions:
  • Education continuity for girls
  • Skill development and employment
  • Nutritional and reproductive health
  • Safety, anti-trafficking, and social protection
  • Awareness campaigns are critical, as laws alone cannot eradicate the issue.

Why in News?

The Centre has identified eight automakers, including Hyundai, Kia, Mahindra, and Honda, for exceeding mandated fleet emission levels during the financial year 2022-23.

Non-compliance with Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) norms has led to an estimated penalty of ₹7,300 crore, with Hyundai alone facing over ₹2,800 crore in fines.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What are CAFE Norms?
• Penalty on Automakers for Violating CAFE Norms
• Conclusion

What are CAFE Norms?

• Introduced by: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in 2017 under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, to regulate fuel consumption and carbon emissions for passenger vehicles.
• Objective: Reduce oil dependency and curb air pollution.
• Scope: Vehicles under 3,500 kg, including those powered by petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG, hybrids, and EVs.
• 
• Implementation: These standards were introduced in two phases - the first CAFÉ norms stage I fuel consumption standards were introduced effective 2017-18, and the CAFÉ norms stage II standards came into force in 2022-23.
• Compliance Criteria for FY23:
  • Fuel consumption: ≤ 4.78 litres per 100 km.
  • Carbon emissions: ≤ 113 grams of CO2 per km.
• Penalties for non-compliance: The financial year 2022-23 saw tighter CAFE norms come into effect, resulting in significant penalties for non-compliance.
• Significance of CAFE norms:
  • The CAFE framework incentivises automakers to produce EVs, hybrids, and CNG vehicles while penalising reliance on fossil fuel-driven cars.
  • Stricter norms align with India’s broader goals to reduce emissions and promote sustainable transportation.

Penalty on Automakers for Violating CAFE Norms:

• Breakdown of penalty: The penalties represent a substantial proportion of some automakers' profits, with Hyundai's fine equating to nearly 60% of its FY23 earnings.
  • 
• Stricter penalty norms:
  • In December 2022, the Energy Conservation Act was amended to enforce stricter penalties:
    • ₹25,000 per vehicle for a shortfall below 0.2 litres per 100 km.
    • ₹50,000 per vehicle for exceeding the threshold.
  • Base penalty: ₹10 lakh.
• Carmakers’ contentions: Automakers argue that the stricter penalty norms took effect only from January 1, 2023, making it unfair to apply them retroactively to cars sold throughout FY23.
• Government’s counter:
  • In FY23, 18 manufacturers’ models were tested in accredited laboratories to simulate real-world driving conditions.
  • While all 19 automakers complied in FY22, data for FY23 indicates non-compliance for eight carmakers.

Conclusion:

• The penalties for non-compliance with CAFE norms underscore the government's commitment to enforcing stricter emission standards.
• However, ongoing discussions and delayed compliance reports highlight the challenges in balancing regulatory enforcement with industry concerns.

Context

• India’s recent signing of the High Seas Treaty, formally known as the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, marks a significant step in global ocean governance.
• Celebrated as a landmark multilateral effort under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the treaty aims to conserve marine biodiversity, promote equitable sharing of marine genetic resources, and regulate environmental impacts of human activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
• While the treaty’s ambitious scope has drawn praise, it also faces considerable scepticism due to structural complexities, geopolitical tensions, and enforcement challenges.

A Detailed Analysis of Structural Gaps in the Treaty’s Design and Implementation Framework

• Ratification Hurdles
  • One of the most glaring challenges is the treaty's ratification process.
  • To come into force, the treaty requires ratification by at least 60 of its 104 signatories, yet only 14 nations have ratified it so far.
  • This slow progress reflects a lack of global consensus, stemming from deep-seated geopolitical and economic concerns.
  • Many states are hesitant to ratify the treaty due to disputes over maritime territories, particularly in politically sensitive regions like the South China Sea.
  • In such areas, overlapping territorial claims not only complicate the creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) but also worsens existing geopolitical tensions, stalling the treaty's progress.
• Geopolitical Complexities
  • The establishment of MPAs, a cornerstone of the treaty, is a particularly contentious issue.
  • High-seas MPAs are designed to protect marine biodiversity by restricting harmful activities in designated areas.
  • However, their implementation is fraught with complications; for example, coastal states worry that these international conservation zones might inadvertently affect their territorial sovereignty or economic interests.
  • Southeast Asian nations, for instance, remain divided over the potential implications of MPAs on territorial claims and coastal community livelihoods.
  • Similarly, states bordering the Bay of Bengal fear that MPAs could limit access to vital marine resources, further highlighting the tension between conservation goals and economic priorities.
• Lack of Clarity in Implementation
  • Another significant gap lies in the treaty’s lack of a clear roadmap for implementation.
  • While it sets out broad objectives, it provides little guidance on how these goals should be achieved in practice.
  • This absence of specificity creates room for interpretation, which could lead to inconsistent application across nations.
  • For instance, the treaty mandates environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for harmful activities on the high seas but does not specify how these assessments should be conducted, reviewed, or enforced.
  • This lack of detail could undermine the treaty’s effectiveness, particularly in regions with limited institutional capacity to carry out comprehensive EIAs.
• Equity and Accountability Challenges
  • The treaty’s provisions on marine genetic resources further illustrate its structural weaknesses.
  • These resources, derived from organisms found in the high seas, hold immense potential for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial applications.
  • The treaty mandates that profits from their exploitation be shared through a global fund to promote equity.
  • However, without robust accountability mechanisms, there is a significant risk that wealthier nations might underreport their activities or monopolise benefits.
  • This inequity could marginalise smaller and less-developed states, exacerbating existing disparities in maritime governance and access to resources.
• Fragmentation and Overlap with Existing Frameworks
  • The BBNJ Agreement also risks creating conflicts with existing international frameworks, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
  • Overlapping jurisdictions and mandates could lead to fragmentation in ocean governance, making it difficult to establish cohesive and effective enforcement mechanisms.
  • Smaller states could find themselves caught between competing legal regimes, further complicating their ability to comply with international norms.
• The Role of Capacity-Building
  • A major gap in the treaty is its approach to capacity-building and technology transfer.
  • While the agreement emphasises the need for equitable partnerships in ocean science, it does not provide enforceable mechanisms to ensure that less capable nations receive the support they need.
  • This omission threatens to perpetuate inequalities, as low- and middle-income countries may lack the resources and expertise to fully participate in the treaty’s initiatives.
  • Without concrete commitments from wealthier nations to provide technical and financial assistance, the benefits of the treaty are unlikely to be equitably distributed. 

Some Other Gaps in the High Seas Treaty

• Overlooked Interconnections of Marin Ecosystems
  • The treaty’s exclusive focus on the high seas neglects the interconnectedness of marine ecosystems, where activities in Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) often impact international waters.
  • Pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction originating in EEZs cannot be isolated from high-seas governance.
  • By failing to address these linkages, the treaty risks being ineffective in its broader conservation goals.
• Limited Provisions for EIAs
  • Additionally, the treaty’s provisions for EIAs are limited and while it mandates assessments for planned activities, it remains silent on ongoing harms from oil and gas exploration, a significant economic activity for many states.
  • The reluctance of coastal states to accept international reviews of their EIAs further weakens the treaty’s enforcement framework.
  • This gap is particularly problematic in regions with limited institutional capacity and conflicting domestic and international legal standards.

The Path Forward Towards Integrated Maritime Governance

• Addressing Structural Gaps
  • For the High Seas Treaty to succeed, its structural and political limitations must be addressed through a more cohesive maritime governance framework.
  • Integrating high-seas and coastal regulations is essential to reflect the interconnectedness of marine ecosystems.
  • Coastal states, particularly in the Global South, require incentives to align their domestic laws with international norms, while wealthier nations must commit to providing technical and financial support to ensure equitable implementation.
• A Collective Collaboration at the International Level
  • Achieving the treaty’s objectives also necessitates a collective political commitment among nations.
  • This includes developing consensus on contentious issues like MPAs and marine genetic resources while ensuring enforceable mechanisms for compliance.
  • Without these measures, the BBNJ risks becoming an ineffective instrument, unable to meet the growing challenges facing the world’s oceans.

Conclusion

• The High Seas Treaty represents an ambitious effort to safeguard the oceans as a shared global resource.
• However, its potential hinges on bridging the gap between ambition and action and overcoming structural, geopolitical, and enforcement challenges is imperative to ensure its success.
• In a time when marine ecosystems are under immense stress, the treaty’s success will depend on creating global cooperation and a shared responsibility to protect the oceans for future generations.

Why in news?

On Constitution Day (November 26), President Droupadi Murmu highlighted the contributions of women in India’s Constituent Assembly.

The 299-member body included 15 women (two later resigned), representing diverse regions and perspectives. Prominent figures like Sarojini Naidu, Sucheta Kripalani, and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit were joined by lesser-known women who actively engaged in debates on critical issues such as gender, caste, and reservations.

This article highlights the contributions of five of these women.

What’s in today’s article?

• Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)
• Annie Mascarene (1902-1963)
• Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001)
• Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978)
• Renuka Ray (1904-1997)

Ammu Swaminathan: A Pioneering Voice for Women in the Constituent Assembly

• Swaminathan, from Palakkad, Kerala, married Subbarama Swaminathan in her teens, setting conditions like independence in daily life. Among her children was Captain Lakshmi Sahgal of the Indian National Army.
• Her political interest stemmed from opposing restrictive widowhood practices she witnessed her mother endure.
• Swaminathan contested elections on a Congress ticket and, as a member of the Constituent Assembly, advocated for the Hindu Code Bill and gender equality, despite resistance from the male-dominated House.
• Post-independence, she was elected from Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, and served as India’s goodwill ambassador to countries like Russia, China, and the US.

Annie Mascarene: Advocate for Universal Franchise and Local Autonomy

• Annie Mascarene (1902–1963) was born into a Latin Christian family in Travancore, considered the lowest caste tier.
• Despite societal barriers, she excelled academically, studied law, and became an educator.
• Influenced by caste and gender reforms initiated by Travancore royals, she became politically active during the region's upheaval.
• Mascarene joined the All Travancore Joint Political Congress and later the Travancore State Congress, championing universal adult franchise and enduring violence from opponents.
• As a member of the Constituent Assembly, she advocated for a strong Centre while supporting local government autonomy.
• After leaving the Congress due to state factionalism, she won as an independent candidate from Thiruvananthapuram in 1952, marking a significant achievement in Indian politics.

Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul: A Trailblazing Woman in Politics

• Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909–2001), born into Punjab's royal family, pursued formal education despite opposition, including a fatwa against her convent schooling.
• After marrying Nawab Aizaz Rasul, she discarded the purdah and entered politics, winning a non-reserved seat in 1936 despite conservative criticism.
• As a member of the Muslim League, she campaigned for women’s issues and opposed separate electorates based on religion.
• While initially seeing potential benefits for Muslims in the idea of Pakistan, she ultimately chose to stay in India, concerned for poor Muslims left behind post-Partition.
• She later joined the Congress, served in the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1952, and contributed to promoting women’s hockey in India.

Dakshayani Velayudhan: A Pioneer for Dalit Rights and Equality

• Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912–1978) achieved multiple milestones as the first Dalit woman to graduate in science in Cochin and serve in the Cochin Legislative Council.
• Belonging to the Pulaya community, considered "slaves" at the time, she defied caste barriers, enduring discrimination, such as being excluded from practical experiments in college.
• After working as a teacher, she married a social worker in a simple wedding officiated by a leprosy-afflicted person in the presence of Mahatma Gandhi and Kasturba.
• Elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946, she opposed Ambedkar's call for separate electorates, arguing it promoted division and hindered nationalism.
• Financial struggles prevented her from pursuing a sustained political career, although she remained active in the Dalit movement.
• She returned to politics in 1971 but finished fourth in the Lok Sabha elections as an independent candidate.

Renuka Ray: A Trailblazer for Women’s Rights

• Renuka Ray (1904–1997), born in Pabna (now in Bangladesh), hailed from a distinguished family.
• Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, she left college to join the freedom struggle, raising awareness through grassroots efforts and briefly staying at Sabarmati Ashram.
• She later pursued studies at the London School of Economics, where she met her future husband, Satyendra Nath Ray.
• After returning to India, Ray championed women’s rights, focusing on divorce and inheritance laws.
• Representing women’s organisations in the Central Legislative Assembly in 1943, she joined the Constituent Assembly in 1946.
• She supported the Hindu Code Bill but opposed reserved seats for women in legislatures, viewing it as a hindrance to their progress.
• Although she lost the 1952 general election from Hooghly, she won in 1957 and contributed to governance in Bengal before returning to social work.
• Her life reflected her commitment to advancing women’s empowerment and social justice.

Why in news?

The Supreme Court ruled that conversions driven solely by the intent to secure reservation benefits are impermissible, labeling such actions a "fraud on the Constitution."

While affirming the fundamental right to profess and practice religion under Article 25, the bench clarified that genuine conversions are inspired by sincere belief in the principles of the new faith, not ulterior motives like reservations.

The court highlighted that misuse of reservation policies undermines their objective to uplift historically disadvantaged communities. Granting benefits to individuals without genuine claims defeats the social purpose of reservations.

What’s in today’s article?

• SC Reservations and Religion
• Case Background
• Anti-Conversion Laws in India

SC Reservations and Religion

• Existing provision for SC reservation
  • The original rationale behind giving reservation to Scheduled Castes was that these sections had suffered from the social evil of untouchability.
    • Untouchability was practised among Hindus.
  • Article 341 of the Constitution empowers the President to specify the castes, races or tribes etc. which shall be deemed to be Scheduled Castes.
• SC reservations and Dalit Coverts - Constitutional context
  • Currently, the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 stipulates that no person professing a religion different from Hinduism, Buddhism or Sikhism can be deemed to be a member of a Schedule Caste.
    • The original order under which only Hindus were classified was later amended to include Sikhs and Buddhists.
  • Hence, Dalits who get converted to Christianity and Islam are not covered and they do not get the quota benefits.
    • Interestingly, the religion-based bar does not apply to converted STs and OBCs.
      • As per the government, the rights of a person belonging to a Scheduled Tribe are independent of his/her religious faith.
    • Also, following the implementation of the Mandal Commission report, several Christian and Muslim communities have found place in the Central and state lists of OBCs.
• Larger constitutional question on extending SC benefits to Dalit Christians and Muslims
  • A batch of petitions were filed in the Supreme Court seeking the inclusion of Dalit Christians and Dalit Muslims and the removal of the religion criteria for inclusion as SCs.
  • In August 2022, the Supreme Court had directed the Centre to submit its current position on the issue.
  • In light of that, the Union Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment issued a notification in October 2022 to form a three-member Commission to study the matter.
    • The three-member Commission is headed by former Chief Justice of India, Justice K.G. Balakrishnan.
• Views of previous panels on this issue
  • Ranganath Misra Commission (submitted report in 2007)
    • It recommended that SC status should be completely de-linked from religion.
  • Sachar Committee (2005)
    • This  Report observed that the social and economic situation of Dalit Muslims and Dalit Christians did not improve after conversion.

Case Background

• Case matter
  • The appellant, C. Selvarani, challenged a January 2023 Madras High Court order dismissing her plea for SC status.
  • She claimed to belong to the Valluvan caste, recognized under the Constitution (Pondicherry) Scheduled Castes Order, 1964. Selvarani argued that she had been practising Hindu rituals since birth.
• Judgment by Supreme Court
  • The judgment upheld a Madras High Court ruling denying SC status to a woman born and baptised as a Christian, who later claimed to be Hindu to avail reservation benefits.
  • Despite holding an SC certificate, inquiries revealed her continued Christian practices, including church attendance and baptism.
  • The court ruled her claims as fraudulent and unsupported by evidence of reconversion.

Anti-Conversion Laws in India

• Historical Context of Anti-Conversion Laws
  • India has a long history of anti-conversion laws dating back to pre-Independence, with princely states enacting acts like the Raigarh State Conversion Act (1936) and Udaipur State Anti-Conversion Act (1946).
  • Post-Independence attempts at central anti-conversion legislation in 1954, 1960, and 1978 failed due to lack of support.
• Modern Anti-Conversion Laws
  • Several states, including Orissa (1967), Madhya Pradesh (1968), and Arunachal Pradesh (1978), enacted anti-conversion laws.
  • These laws were upheld by the Supreme Court in Rev Stainislaus Vs State of Madhya Pradesh (1977), which ruled that Article 25(1) does not guarantee a fundamental right to convert others.
  • The court emphasized that coercive or deceitful conversions violate the freedom of conscience.
• Relevant Precedents
  • Sapna Jacob Case (1993): Courts can scrutinize the intent behind conversions but not test the depth of religious belief.
  • Hadiya Vs Ashokan (2018): The right to choose one’s faith must be free from coercion or deceit.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Constitution Day (Context, History, Significance, etc.)
• News Summary (Key Highlights of PM Modi and CJI Justice Khanna’s Speeches)

Introduction:

• Constitution Day, or Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated annually on November 26 to honour the adoption of the Constitution of India by the Constituent Assembly on this day in 1949.
• This year marks the 75th anniversary, a momentous occasion reflecting on India’s constitutional journey and its enduring principles.

Historical Context:

• The Constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950, declaring India a sovereign, democratic republic.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Constitution, expressed both optimism and apprehension about India's ability to preserve its independence and maintain the values enshrined in the Constitution.

Significance of November 26:

• Declaration as Constitution Day:
• The Government of India officially recognized November 26 as Constitution Day in 2015, following an announcement by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• The day aims to raise awareness among citizens about the Constitution and its core values of justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity.

• Ambedkar’s Vision:
• Dr. Ambedkar famously stated, “If things go wrong under the new Constitution, the reason will not be that we had a bad Constitution. What we will have to say is, that Man was vile.” His words underscore the importance of human conduct in the success of constitutional governance. 

News Summary:

• India commemorated a historic milestone today, the 26^th November, 2024, marking the 75^thanniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of India. 
• The President of India along with Vice- President, Prime Minister, Speaker, Ministers, MPs and other dignitaries, attended the celebrations of the Constitution Day, 2024 in Central Hall of Samvidhan Sadan.

Summary of PM Modi’s Speech at the Constitution Day celebrations held in New Delhi:

• Tributes and Significance: Celebrated the 75th Constitution Day, paid homage to Constituent Assembly members and victims of the 26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks, affirming India's stance against terrorism.
• Constitution’s Adaptability: Described the Constitution as a "living, evolving guide" adaptable to India’s challenges and highlighted its relevance, including in Jammu & Kashmir post-Article 370 abrogation.
• Vision of a Developed India (Viksit Bharat): Emphasized socio-economic justice, citing welfare achievements like 53 crore bank accounts, 4 crore pucca houses, 10 crore gas connections, and 12 crore tap water connections.
• Infrastructure and Connectivity: Achievements include 2.5 crore electrified households, 4G/5G connectivity in remote areas, underwater broadband in Andaman & Nicobar, and digitized land records under PM Swamitva Yojana.
• Modern Infrastructure Development: Reviewed and accelerated ₹18 lakh crore infrastructure projects via the PRAGATI platform for timely completion and national progress.
• National Unity: Concluded with a call for honesty and national interest, emphasizing the spirit of "Nation First" to uphold the Constitution for generations.

Summary of Chief Justice of India Sanjiv Khanna at the Constitution Day celebrations:

• Defense of the Judiciary: Judges are appointed to ensure impartial decisions, free from external pressures. Warned against the risks of judges campaigning for votes.
• Judicial Independence: Judicial independence acts as a bridge for coordination among branches while maintaining separateness. Judges are guided solely by the Constitution and the law.
• Balancing Criticism: Judges face mixed reactions to their decisions and benefit from constructive feedback for efficiency and accountability.
• Transparency and Accountability: The judiciary values openness to identify inefficiencies and improve systems. Emphasized being public-centric and transparent.
• Global Standing: India’s constitutional courts are globally regarded as powerful but face diverse opinions about their approach to mandates and status quo.
• Pendency of Cases: Highlighted the large backlog of cases, with progress in case clearance rates:
• District courts: 101.74% (2024).
• Supreme Court: 97%.
• Judiciary’s Role: Judges prioritize serving the public, fostering transparency, and addressing critiques effectively.

Why in News?

At least four people have been killed and numerous others injured in the violence that has erupted in Sambhal, western Uttar Pradesh, since a district court ordered a survey of the Shahi Jama Masjid.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About the Sambhal Mosque Dispute
• Historical Context of the Shahi Jama Masjid
• Legal Context of the Shahi Jama Masjid
• Broader Implications of the Sambhal Mosque Dispute
• Conclusion

About the Sambhal Mosque Dispute:

• Background:
  • A petition filed in the Sambhal district court claimed that the 16th-century Jama Masjid was built on the site of an ancient Hari Har Mandir, mirroring similar claims made about mosques in Varanasi, Mathura, and Dhar.
  • The petitioners demanded a survey to ascertain the site's historical and religious character.
  • The Shahi Jama Masjid, a protected monument under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904, is listed as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
    • This makes the case legally and culturally sensitive.
• Court-ordered surveys and resulting unrest:
• A court-ordered photographic and videographic survey was conducted peacefully with local authorities and mosque committee members present.
• However, a second survey led to violent clashes. The arrival of a petitioner accompanied by chanting crowds sparked protests near the mosque.
• Allegations surfaced of police firing, leading to the deaths of five individuals, including teenagers. Locals accused the police of excessive force and property damage, claims the police denied.
• Allegations of the locals:
  • Survey order issued immediately after the petition was filed, without determining whether the Hindu side’s claims were maintainable.
  • The survey began before parties could challenge the order in higher courts, bypassing critical procedural safeguards.

Historical Context of the Jama Masjid:

• Construction: During Mughal Emperor Babur's reign (1526–1530) by his general, Mir Hindu Beg, the Jama Masjid is a significant example of early Mughal architecture.
  • It is one of the three mosques built during the reign of Babur - the other two being the mosque in Panipat and the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya which was demolished in 1992.
• Architectural features:
  • Built on a hill at the center of Sambhal.
  • Features a large square mihrab hall with a dome, flanked by arches.
  • Constructed using stone masonry and plaster, resembling structures like the mosque in Budaun.
  • Repaired under Jahangir and Shah Jahan in the 17th century.
• Historical debate: Some scholars argue it may have Tughlaq-era origins, with Babur adding modifications.
• Hindu beliefs: Local tradition claims the mosque incorporates remnants of a Vishnu temple, believed to be the site of the arrival of Kalki, the tenth avatar of Vishnu.

Legal Context of the Jama Masjid:

• The Places of Worship Act, 1991: The dispute has reignited debates around the Places of Worship Act, which mandates maintaining the religious character of all sites as of August 15, 1947, barring the Babri Masjid dispute.
• Key provision: Section 3 of the Act explicitly bars the conversion of places of worship into sites for different religious denominations.
• Objective: To prevent future conflicts over religious sites and preserve India's secular fabric.
• Challenges to the Act:
  • The petition in Sambhal, seeking a change in the mosque's religious character, directly contravenes the 1991 Act.
  • Petitioners cite oral remarks by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud in 2022, suggesting the ascertainment of religious character may not violate the Act.
• Pending Supreme Court cases: Four petitions challenging the Act are under consideration, alongside disputes in Varanasi, Mathura, Dhar, and now Sambhal.

Broader Implications of the Sambhal Mosque Dispute:

• Legal precedents: Interpretation of the 1991 Act amid rising challenges.
• Historical accountability: Balancing archaeological studies with communal harmony.
• Communal peace: Preventing violence and ensuring coexistence among communities.

Conclusion: The Sambhal Mosque dispute case underscores the delicate interplay between history, law, and social harmony in India's pluralistic society.

Context

• On November 26, 2024, India commemorates the 75th anniversary of the adoption of its Constitution, a landmark event that established the framework for the nation’s democratic governance.
• The achievements of the Constituent Assembly, whose members shaped this seminal document, remain a source of inspiration and guidance for contemporary politics.
• As India celebrates this milestone, it is imperative to reflect on these foundational ideals and draw lessons for the present and future functioning of its Parliament.

The Spirit of the Constituent Assembly

• A Commitment to Dialogue and Consensus Building
  • The Constituent Assembly’s approach was characterised by a commitment to dialogue and consensus-building.
  • Members represented diverse ideological, cultural, and regional backgrounds, fostering a pluralistic and inclusive environment.
  • This diversity did not lead to chaos but rather enriched the process of drafting the Constitution.
  • B.R. Ambedkar, in his concluding speech to the Assembly on November 25, 1949, eloquently praised the Assembly for avoiding the pitfalls of rigid party discipline.
  • He highlighted the value of dissenting voices, noting that even though he often disagreed with their ideological positions, these contributions enlivened debates and clarified constitutional principles.
• A Stark Contrast to Present Day Parliamentary Culture
  • This respectful engagement offers a stark contrast to the present-day parliamentary culture, which is increasingly marred by polarisation and disruptions.
  • Ambedkar’s acknowledgment of dissent as a tool for refinement underscores the need for contemporary legislators to view ideological differences as opportunities for enrichment rather than obstacles to governance.

Evolution of Indian Parliamentary Democracy Over Past Few Decades

• Parliamentary Democracy: A Diminished Legacy
  • India's parliamentary democracy, once hailed as the cornerstone of the nation’s governance, has witnessed a noticeable decline in its functionality and relevance over the past few decades.
  • The ideals set by the Constituent Assembly, robust debate, consensus-building, and prioritising the nation’s collective welfare, have gradually been overshadowed by partisanship, disruptions, and procedural inefficiencies.
  • This decline is reflected across multiple dimensions, including the number of sittings, the quality of legislative debates, and the transparency of the decision-making process.
• Declining Parliamentary Sittings
  • In the early years of independent India, parliamentary sessions were more frequent, and debates were comprehensive.
  • The first Lok Sabha (1952–57) convened for 677 days, dedicating significant time to legislative and policy discussions.
  • However, in stark contrast, recent decades have seen a drastic reduction in parliamentary sittings.
  • Since the 1990s, Lok Sabha sessions have averaged only 345 days over a five-year period.
  • The 17th Lok Sabha set a troubling precedent by sitting for just 274 days during its entire term.
  • This decrease signifies a diminishing commitment to the detailed deliberation and accountability that are the lifeblood of parliamentary democracy.
• Erosion of Legislative Scrutiny
  • One of the most critical functions of Parliament is to scrutinise and refine legislation.
  • Historically, this was achieved by referring bills to Parliamentary Committees, where members could analyse proposals in-depth, consult experts, and engage with stakeholders.
  • This practice has witnessed a steep decline. In the 15th Lok Sabha, 71% of bills were sent to committees, ensuring thorough examination.
  • By the 17th Lok Sabha, this figure had fallen to a mere 16% and this shift undermines the legislative process, as complex bills are often passed without adequate discussion or revision.
• Waning Debate on the Union Budget
  • The Union Budget, a cornerstone of economic planning and resource allocation, has historically commanded significant attention in Parliament.
  • Prior to 1990, discussions on the budget spanned an average of 120 hours, allowing members to thoroughly debate fiscal priorities and policies.
  • This time has since dwindled to just 35 hours in recent years, with instances like 2023, 2018, and 2013 seeing the entire budget passed without any discussion.
  • Such trends not only diminish the role of Parliament in fiscal oversight but also weaken its ability to represent the priorities and concerns of the citizenry.
• Disruptions and Polarisation
  • Parliamentary proceedings have increasingly been disrupted by partisan conflicts, resulting in wasted time and resources.
  • For example, the 15th Lok Sabha lost 37% of its scheduled time to disruptions, while the 16th Lok Sabha lost 16%.
  • These disruptions often stem from ideological polarisation and a lack of willingness to engage in meaningful dialogue.
  • Such behaviour contrasts sharply with the respectful, issue-based disagreements that characterised the debates of the Constituent Assembly.

Lessons for Today’s Parliamentarians from the Constituent Assembly

• Commitment to Consensus and Nation-Building
  • The members of the Constituent Assembly recognised the enormity of their task and despite their diverse political and ideological beliefs, they shared a collective commitment to building a cohesive nation.
  • Their deliberations reflected an unwavering focus on the common good, transcending personal or partisan interests.
  • In contrast, contemporary parliamentary proceedings are often mired in polarization and adversarial politics.
  • The spirit of consensus-building is frequently overshadowed by partisan conflicts that hinder legislative progress.
  • Today's parliamentarians must draw from the Assembly's example, setting aside differences to address critical national issues like poverty, inequality, unemployment, healthcare, and education.
• Embracing Constructive Dialogue and Respectful Disagreement
  • Constituent assembly Members often disagreed vehemently, yet their debates were marked by respect and a focus on ideas rather than personal attacks.
  • B.R. Ambedkar acknowledged the valuable contributions of dissenters like H.V. Kamath, K.T. Shah, and others, even when their views diverged from the majority. Their disagreements enriched the discussions and refined the Constitution’s provisions.
  • For today’s parliamentarians, this serves as a powerful reminder that dissent, when expressed respectfully, can be a driving force for progress.
  • The current culture of frequent disruptions, walkouts, and hostile rhetoric diminishes the quality of parliamentary debate and erodes public trust in the institution.
  • By creating an environment where diverse perspectives are welcomed and debated in good faith, Parliament can become a forum for innovation and collective problem-solving.
• Bridging Ideological Divides
  • The Constituent Assembly was a microcosm of India’s diversity, encompassing members from various regions, communities, and political backgrounds.
  • Despite this diversity, the Assembly succeeded in crafting a unified vision for the country.
  • This was possible because members recognised that their shared goal of nation-building was greater than their ideological differences.
  • Today’s Parliament operates in a more complex political landscape, with strong party systems and entrenched ideological positions.
  • However, the need to bridge divides remains as urgent as ever.

Conclusion

• The 75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution is not just a celebration of a historic achievement but a call to action.
• By learning from the Constituent Assembly’s ethos, contemporary parliamentarians can address the democratic deficits that have crept into India’s parliamentary culture.
• The legacy of respectful disagreement, collective vision, and nation-building offers a roadmap for reimagining the future of India’s democracy.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About Cooperatives (Meaning, History, Types, Features, Regulations, Challenges, etc.)
• About ICA Global Conference (History, Objectives, Members)
• News Summary (Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech)

What are Cooperatives?

• Cooperatives are autonomous associations of people united voluntarily to meet common economic, social, and cultural needs through a jointly-owned and democratically controlled enterprise.
• In India, cooperatives play a vital role in fostering inclusive economic development, particularly in rural areas.

History of Cooperatives in India:

• Pre-Independence Era:
  • 1904: The Cooperative Credit Societies Act was passed to address rural indebtedness by enabling the formation of credit cooperatives.
  • 1912: The Cooperative Societies Act extended the scope of cooperatives to non-credit sectors, encouraging their establishment across various industries.
  • Early cooperatives focused on agricultural credit, marketing, and consumer goods.
• Post-Independence Era:
  • Cooperatives were integrated into India’s Five-Year Plans to support rural development and self-reliance.
  • The National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) was established in 1963 to provide funding and promote cooperatives.
  • The White Revolution (1970s) spearheaded by Amul, a dairy cooperative, demonstrated the transformative potential of cooperatives in rural economies.

Features of Cooperatives:

• Democratic Structure: Each member has an equal say, irrespective of their capital contribution.
• Member-Owned: Cooperatives are owned and controlled by their members.
• Profit Sharing: Profits are distributed equitably among members or reinvested for the organization’s benefit.
• Community-Oriented: They aim to serve the interests of members and improve local economies.

Types of Cooperatives:

• Agricultural Cooperatives: Provide credit, inputs, and marketing support to farmers. Examples include Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) and Marketing Cooperatives.
• Credit Cooperatives: Facilitate affordable loans to members, often in rural and semi-urban areas. Examples are Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) and Cooperative Credit Societies.
• Consumer Cooperatives: Operate stores to supply essential goods at reasonable prices.
• Housing Cooperatives: Help members acquire affordable housing.
• Worker Cooperatives: Owned and managed by workers, they provide employment and equitable income distribution.
• Dairy Cooperatives: Promote milk production and marketing. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) is a prominent example.

Legal Framework & Regulations for Governing Cooperatives:

• Legal Framework:
  • The item “Cooperative Societies” is in the State List (via entry 32).
  • Cooperative Societies Act, 1912: The first comprehensive law for cooperative societies in India.
  • State Cooperative Acts: Since cooperatives are a state subject, individual states have their own legislation for regulating cooperative societies.
    • No state government official can exercise any control on multistate cooperative societies.
  • Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002: Governs cooperatives operating in more than one state.
• Regulatory Bodies:
  • Registrar of Cooperative Societies (RCS): Oversees registration, administration, and functioning at the state level.
  • Reserve Bank of India (RBI): Regulates Urban Cooperative Banks and credit cooperatives.
  • Ministry of Cooperation: Established in 2021 to strengthen and streamline the cooperative movement at the national level.

Challenges Faced by Cooperatives:

• Lack of Professional Management: Limited expertise often hampers operational efficiency.
• Political Interference: Over-reliance on government support can lead to external control.
• Limited Access to Capital: Difficulty in raising funds restricts growth and diversification.
• Inefficient Governance: Internal conflicts and weak leadership impact decision-making.
• Lack of Modernization: Many cooperatives lag in adopting technology and innovative practices.

Successful Cooperatives in India:

• Amul: A world-renowned dairy cooperative that transformed rural livelihoods through the White Revolution.
• Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO): One of the largest fertilizer cooperatives in the world.
• Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA): Empowering women through cooperative-led initiatives.

About International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Global Conference:

• The ICA Global Conference is organized by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), founded in 1895 to promote and unite cooperatives worldwide.
• The conference is held periodically to discuss global cooperative challenges, opportunities, and strategies for growth and sustainability.
• It has evolved as a key platform for knowledge sharing and policy advocacy in the cooperative sector.
• Objectives:
  • To strengthen the global cooperative movement by fostering collaboration and sharing best practices.
  • To align cooperative initiatives with global goals, such as the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • To address emerging issues like climate change, digital transformation, and economic inequality through cooperative frameworks.
• Members:
  • The ICA represents over 315 cooperative organizations from more than 110 countries.
  • Members include cooperatives from diverse sectors like agriculture, banking, housing, consumer services, and worker cooperatives.
  • Participants in the global conference include cooperative leaders, policymakers, academics, and representatives from international organizations.

News Summary:

• India inaugurated the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) Global Cooperative Conference 2024 in New Delhi on November 25, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi leading the event alongside Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay.
• The five-day conference, hosted by Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah, has brought together 3,000 delegates, including 1,000 representatives from over 100 countries.
• Key Highlights from PM Modi’s Speech:
  • Global Cooperative Movement: PM Modi emphasized the role of cooperatives in addressing global challenges, noting that India has over eight lakh cooperatives active across the country.
  • Global Financing for Cooperatives: He advocated for the creation of large international financial institutions to fund cooperatives worldwide.
  • Circular Economy and Startups: He called for linking cooperatives to the circular economy and promoting startups within the cooperative framework to ensure innovation and climate resilience.
  • Opportunities in Crisis: Highlighting current global challenges, he stated that these crises offer significant opportunities for the cooperative movement to thrive and adapt.
• Bhutan’s Gelephu Mindfulness City: Bhutanese PM Tobgay highlighted the Gelephu Mindfulness City, a 2,500 sq. km zero-carbon smart city project. The city aims to embody cooperative values, with all Bhutanese citizens as shareholders.
• India-Bhutan Collaboration: The project seeks Indian investments in sectors like infrastructure, IT, hospitality, and wellness, with active discussions involving Indian companies such as the Adani Group.

Why in News?

The Supreme Court of India dismissed petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the 42nd Amendment Act, which added the words 'secular' and 'socialist' to the Preamble of the Constitution in 1976 during the Emergency.

In its verdict (Dr Balram Singh and ors v Union of India), the court emphasised the widespread acceptance of these terms and their clear understanding by the people of India.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What is the Preamble to the Constitution of India?
• The Terms 'Socialist' and 'Secular' in the Preamble
• Highlights of the SC Judgment in Dr Balram Singh Case
• Conclusion

What is the Preamble to the Constitution of India?

• The Preamble is an introductory statement of the Constitution that explains its philosophy and objectives. It lays down the basic principles and goals of the Constitution.
• The objectives were first laid in the Objective Resolution (adopted in 1947), and after much debate and deliberation, the Preamble was drafted and adopted on November 26, 1949.
• The Preamble indicated that the source of authority of the Constitution lies with the "people of India".
• It is an "integral part and scheme" of the Constitution. It is non-justiciable - a violation of any principle mentioned in the Preamble cannot be a reason to go to the courts in India.
  • However, judges can use it as an additional factor in their reasoning and judgements.

The Terms 'Socialist' and 'Secular' in the Preamble:

• History: The two terms were inserted into the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution in 1976, which is also called "mini-Constitution" because of the number and expanse of the changes introduced.
• Meaning:
  • Socialist:
    • Western concept: Socialism supports government/ collective ownership of the means of production in order to achieve economic equality.
    • Indian concept: Emphasises democratic socialism by distributing resources fairly and permitting a mixed economy that includes both the public and private sectors.
  • Secular:
    • Western concept: Secularism primarily refers to the absolute separation of religion and state.
    • Indian concept: No strict division between religion and the state. Highlights the importance of the state in fostering religious harmony and the equal respect for all religions.

Highlights of the SC Judgment in Dr Balram Singh Case:

• Context of the 42nd amendment:
  • The petitioners argued that the amendment was introduced during the Emergency imposed by the Indira Gandhi government, questioning its legitimacy.
  • The SC pointed out that this issue was deliberated during the Constitution Forty-Fourth Amendment Bill, 1978, which retained the terms after extensive parliamentary discussion.
• Parliament's power to amend the Preamble:
  • A bench comprising Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna and Justice Sanjay Kumar ruled that Parliament's power under Article 368 extends to amending the Preamble.
  • Hence, the argument against retrospective amendments was rejected.
  • The bench stated that accepting the retrospectivity argument would undermine all constitutional amendments, despite Parliament's unquestioned authority to amend the Constitution.
• Constitution as a ‘Living’ document: The court noted that while the Constituent Assembly had initially excluded the terms 'secular' and 'socialist' from the Preamble, their inclusion aligns with India's evolving democratic and social framework.
• Delay in filing the petitions: The court questioned the petitions filed in 2020, 44 years after the amendment, noting the widespread acceptance of these terms in India.
• Interpretation of key terms:
  • Secularism: The State remains neutral, neither endorsing nor opposing any religion. This principle is enshrined in Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the Constitution.
  • Socialism: The term 'socialist' does not constrain economic policies but reflects the State's commitment to being a welfare state.
• Significance of addition of 'secular' and 'socialist':
  • It has not impeded legislation or governance, provided they align with constitutional rights and the basic structure doctrine.
  • Reinforces India's commitment to democratic principles and inclusive governance.

Conclusion: The Supreme Court's verdict reaffirms the constitutional validity of the 42nd Amendment, emphasising the dynamic nature of the Constitution and the power of Parliament to adapt it to India's evolving societal and democratic needs.

Context:

India's persistent trade deficit, where imports exceed exports, does not signify weak manufacturing but highlights its relative strengths in services and its appeal as an investment destination.

Given these strengths, the goods trade deficit is likely to persist. To accelerate the growth of Indian manufacturing, the focus should be on domestic demand rather than relying on exports.

What’s in today’s article?

• Link Between Capital Inflows and Current Account Deficit
• India’s approach
• India’s deficit – not a sign of weakness

Link Between Capital Inflows and Current Account Deficit

• Current account deficit (CAD)
  • A current account deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports, making it a net importer overall.
  • India's CAD widened marginally to $ 9.7 billion (1.1% of GDP) in Q1:2024-25 from $8.9 billion (1.0% of GDP) in Q1:2023-24.
• Foreign investment and current account deficit are two sides of the same coin
  • Countries attracting investment through net capital account inflows must either run a current account deficit (net outflow) or accumulate foreign exchange reserves.
    • This happens because, in economic terms, the total amount of money flowing in and out of the country must balance out.
    • If money is coming in through foreign investment, there needs to be an equivalent outflow to maintain the balance.
    • If not through reserves, the outflow happens through buying goods and services from other countries (imports).
  • This relationship is a mathematical certainty, where: Capital Inflows = Current Account Deficit + Increase in Reserves.

India’s approach

• India’s Approach to Capital Inflows
  • India aims to attract foreign investment to supplement domestic savings, enabling higher investments and fostering faster economic growth.
  • This strategic inflow on the capital account aligns with India’s developmental goals.
• Role and Cost of Foreign Exchange Reserves
  • Foreign exchange reserves act as a buffer against economic shocks, like oil price spikes, allowing flexibility in addressing current account deficits.
  • However, holding reserves incurs costs, as India pays higher returns to foreign investors than it earns on its reserves.
• Capital Inflows and Current Account Deficits
  • Capital inflows must match the sum of the current account deficit and reserve accumulation.
  • Since India doesn’t need significant reserve accumulation, inflows correspond directly to the current account deficit.
  • This means attracting foreign investment implies accepting a net import of goods and services.
• India’s Balanced Policy
  • India maintains a prudent policy of running a current account deficit of ~2% of GDP, balanced by equivalent capital inflows, showcasing its status as an attractive investment destination.

India’s deficit – not a sign of weakness

• Composition of India’s Current Account Deficit: Goods and Services
  • India’s current account deficit arises because it imports more than it exports.
  • However, this deficit is influenced by the country's comparative advantage in different sectors.
  • India excels in services, making it a net exporter of services. This includes sectors like IT, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles, where India holds a significant edge globally.
  • As a result, India is able to offset the higher import bills by exporting services.
  • Since India is a net exporter of services, it must inevitably be a net importer of goods to maintain the overall current account deficit.
  • This means India imports manufactured goods, but its export strength in services helps to keep the deficit within manageable levels.
• Manufacturing and Comparative Advantage
  • India’s manufacturing exports, especially in pharmaceuticals and auto components, are sufficient to maintain the current account deficit.
  • This success is tied to India’s comparative advantage in these sectors, not necessarily a lack of productivity in manufacturing compared to countries like Vietnam or Bangladesh.
  • India’s advantage in services simply outweighs its advantage in manufacturing.
• Scope for Faster Manufacturing Growth
  • While India’s manufacturing sector is performing well, there is room for faster growth. However, achieving this requires stronger domestic demand.
  • If domestic consumption rises and the current account deficit remains stable, this increased demand would drive greater domestic production, leading to faster manufacturing growth.
  • This highlights that the expansion of India’s manufacturing sector is closely tied to internal market dynamics rather than solely relying on export markets.

Why in news?

The air quality in Delhi remains severely compromised post-Deepavali, despite stringent measures like GRAP Stage IV, Supreme Court intervention, and efforts by the Delhi government.

The issue has drawn significant attention to farm fires in nearby states, where farmers burn paddy stubble to prepare for wheat sowing. While not the sole cause of Delhi's pollution, these fires have sparked a controversy over their extent, reflecting the scrutiny they face as a contributing factor.

What’s in today’s article?

• Counting of farm fires
• Controversy around counting method
• Controversial role of CAQM
• Can Indian satellites help?

Counting of farm fires

• Monitoring of farm fires
  • Given the widespread occurrence of these fires, satellite monitoring is deemed most effective. India relies on data from two NASA satellites: Aqua and Suomi-NPP.
    • Aqua (Launched 2002): Equipped with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, it tracks changes in the lower atmosphere, especially over land, through time.
    • Suomi-NPP (Launched 2011): Features the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument, and the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite, which tracks aerosols and smoke contributions to pollution.
• Operational Details
  • Aqua’s and Suomi-NPP’s overpass at each location happens at 1.30 pm local time in the day and at 1.30 am local time at night.
  • Their MODIS and VIIRS instruments collect visible and infrared images of the earth at around these intervals and are capable of spotting fires and smoke in a small window centred on the overpass time.
  • The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite onboard Suomi NPP can also identify aerosol loads in the atmosphere, which is useful to track smoke from fires and their eventual contribution to air pollution.

Controversy around counting method

• NASA Scientist Observations on Farm Fires
  • On October 2, a senior scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Centre, reported a 40% reduction in farm fires for 2023 and expressed optimism for a continuing decline in 2024.
  • By October 24, he noted that fires in 2024 appeared to be the “lowest in the last decade.”
  • He suggested this could be due to successful anti-burning efforts or fires being lit after the Aqua and Suomi-NPP satellites’ overpass at 1:30 pm.
• Investigation Using Additional Satellite Data
  • To verify this, he compared data from Aqua and Suomi-NPP with South Korea's GEO-KOMPSAT 2A (Cheollian 2A) satellite, a geostationary weather satellite launched in 2018. This satellite offers continuous monitoring from its fixed position at 128.2º E.
• Findings of Late-Day Stubble Burning
  • Visuals from the three satellites showed a thicker smoke cover over Punjab and Haryana croplands after Aqua and Suomi-NPP’s overpass, suggesting an increase in fires later in the day.
  • This supports the hypothesis that farmers may be burning stubble outside the observation windows of the NASA satellites.
• Contradiction in Aerosol Data
  • Despite Aqua and Suomi-NPP indicating fewer fires, experts found that aerosol levels in the atmosphere were comparable to previous years.
  • This anomaly implies that more ground-level validation is necessary to reconcile satellite data with actual burning activities.
• Not a foolproof method
  • NASA satellites only capture instances of farm fires during the limited period when they are passing over the region, which takes them 90 seconds.
  • They therefore only capture any blaze visible at that time or lit in the previous half hour.
  • Experts suspect that farmers have, over time, become aware of this surveillance period and shifted the time of burning their crop waste to evade the NASA satellites.

Controversial role of Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)

• Creation and Mandate of the CAQM
  • The CAQM is tasked with identifying and resolving air quality issues in the NCR and adjoining areas.
  • Various media reports indicated that the CAQM knew farmers were burning paddy stubble after the overpass of NASA satellites to evade detection.
• Disputed Decline in Farm Fires
  • Despite evidence of post-overpass burning, the CAQM publicly maintains that the number of farm fires has decreased.
  • It defends this claim with alternate formulae, despite contradictions from other data sources.

Can Indian satellites help?

• CAQM’s Satellite Data Evaluation Initiative
  • Recently, in an affidavit to the Supreme Court, CAQM revealed ISRO is assessing the utility of various satellites for identifying farm fires.
  • These include INSAT-3DR (India), GEO-KOMPSAT 2-AMI (South Korea), Meteosat-9, Feng Yun-4A/4B (China), and HIMAWARI-8 (Japan).
  • However, ISRO experts believe these satellites can’t accurately count fires, with final assessments expected in a month.
• Limitations of INSAT-3DR
  • The INSAT-3DR satellite has coarse resolution:
    • 1 km in visible and short-wave infrared.
    • 4 km in middle and thermal infrared.
    • 8 km for water vapor.
  • This resolution is insufficient for precise fire detection.
• GISAT-1 Mission Failure
  • In August 2021, ISRO attempted to launch GISAT-1, which could have enhanced monitoring capabilities, but the GSLV-F10 mission failed when the rocket’s upper stage malfunctioned.
• RESOURCESAT Satellites
  • ISRO operates three RESOURCESAT satellites (launched in 2003, 2011, and 2016), with RESOURCESAT-2A offering superior features:
  • LISS-4 Camera: 5.8 m spatial resolution for visible and near-infrared radiation.
  • LISS-3 Camera: 23.5 m spatial resolution for similar radiation.
  • AWiFS Camera: 56 m resolution for wide-area monitoring.
• Conclusion
  • These instruments provide improved capabilities for observing farmland but are still less optimal for detecting individual fires.