Context

• The aviation industry in India has witnessed several safety lapses, the most recent being the incident on December 5, 2024, involving an Air India Airbus A320 at Goa’s Mopa Airport.
• The Hyderabad-bound aircraft mistakenly entered a parallel taxiway instead of the main runway, leading to a rejected take-off. This event underscores a recurring issue in Indian aviation: runway confusion.
• The incident raises concerns about systemic failures in aviation safety oversight, pilot training, and accountability mechanisms, reflecting broader issues within the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) and airlines.

A History of Safety Lapses

• India's aviation history is rife with incidents of runway confusion.
• From a Jet Airways flight mistakenly landing at an Indian Air Force base in 1993 to a SpiceJet aircraft landing on the wrong runway in 2008, such errors highlight persistent safety deficiencies.
• More recent examples, such as the Air India A320 landing on an under-construction runway in the Maldives (2018) and a SpiceJet aircraft's hard touchdown in Guwahati (2020), illustrate a pattern of oversight failures.
• Fortunately, these incidents have not resulted in fatalities, but the potential for disaster is ever-present.

An Analysis of Systemic Accountability Deficit

• Failure of the DGCA
  • As the primary regulatory body for civil aviation in India, the DGCA bears the responsibility of ensuring compliance with safety standards.
  • However, its track record reveals a consistent failure to address root causes of incidents. Instead of initiating comprehensive investigations, the DGCA often attributes incidents to pilot error, conveniently absolving itself and airlines of accountability.
  • This approach violates the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)’s Annex 13, which mandates thorough investigations into incidents and the implementation of corrective measures to prevent recurrence.
  • For example, after runway confusion incidents in the past, such as the 2018 Air India A320 landing on an under-construction runway in the Maldives, the DGCA failed to enforce stricter pilot training or infrastructure upgrades.
  • The lack of meaningful action demonstrates the regulator's inability to learn from past mistakes, leaving the aviation sector vulnerable to similar risks.
• Ineffectiveness of Safety Audits
  • Safety audits conducted by the DGCA and the Airports Authority of India (AAI) are often superficial, with significant deficiencies overlooked or underreported.
  • Many Indian airports fail to meet ICAO standards for runway infrastructure, lighting, and markings, which are critical for pilot decision-making, especially during adverse conditions.
  • Despite these shortcomings, audits seldom lead to corrective measures, perpetuating a cycle of negligence.
  • For instance, the failure to address issues like inadequate runway markings and poor aerodrome design directly contributes to runway confusion and other errors.
  • Yet, year after year, these deficiencies persist, signalling a lack of enforcement and accountability.
• Airlines’ Role in Safety Lapses
  • Airlines in India also bear significant responsibility for safety lapses due to their cost-cutting measures and operational priorities.
  • Instead of investing in rigorous pilot training and enhanced safety protocols, many airlines prioritise profitability and operational efficiency.
  • The emphasis on on-time performance (OTP) further exacerbates the problem, as pilots and crew are pressured to meet tight schedules, often at the expense of safety.
  • This pressure was evident in the Kozhikode (2020) and Mangaluru (2010) crashes, where pilots’ decisions to land despite unsafe conditions were influenced by operational demands.
  • Despite these incidents, airlines have continued to sideline safety concerns, relying on the DGCA's lenient oversight to avoid accountability.
• The Culture of Blame-Shifting
  • The systemic accountability deficit is perpetuated by a pervasive culture of blame-shifting, where pilots are often scapegoated for incidents.
  • This narrative deflects attention from broader systemic issues, such as inadequate training programs, substandard infrastructure, and regulatory failures.
  • The aviation industry’s tendency to label incidents as pilot error not only undermines the credibility of investigations but also prevents meaningful reforms from being implemented.
  • Moreover, this culture discourages open reporting of safety concerns.
  • Pilots and crew, fearing punitive action, may hesitate to highlight operational or regulatory shortcomings, further eroding safety standards.

The Role of Poor Training and Infrastructure and Operational Pressures on Crew

• The Role of Poor Training and Infrastructure
  • Runway confusion incidents point to glaring deficiencies in pilot training and aerodrome infrastructure.
  • Pilots’ lack of familiarity with runway markings and failure to comply with stabilised approach criteria are indicative of inadequate training programs.
  • Moreover, India’s aviation infrastructure often fails to meet ICAO standards, exacerbating safety risks.
  • Safety audits by the DGCA and the AAI have historically overlooked critical deficiencies, further compromising safety standards.
• Operational Pressures on Crew
  • A significant contributor to these incidents is the operational pressure on flight crews.
  • India’s regulations on flight and duty time limitations are among the weakest globally, allowing airlines to push pilots and cabin crew to their limits.
  • High-profile accidents like the Kozhikode (2020) and Mangaluru (2010) crashes exemplify the dangers of such pressures, where pilots ignored co-pilot warnings in their haste to meet schedules.

Judiciary and Legislative Challenges and the Path Forward

• Judiciary and Legislative Challenges
  • India’s approach to aviation safety is further undermined by judicial and legislative decisions that prioritise commercial interests over safety.
  • The recent deferment of stricter flight and duty time limits under pressure from airlines reflects a disregard for crew fatigue and its impact on safety.
  • Additionally, judicial interventions, such as the High Court asking the DGCA to mediate between stakeholders, highlight a lack of understanding of aviation safety’s non-negotiable nature.
• The Path Forward
  • India must adopt a proactive and holistic approach to address aviation safety challenges.
  • The DGCA and airlines must be held accountable for implementing robust training programs and complying with international safety standards.
  • Lessons can be drawn from Singapore’s example, emphasising swift corrective actions and a culture of accountability.
  • Furthermore, the judiciary and regulatory bodies must prioritise safety over commercial interests, recognizing that crew fatigue and operational pressures are critical safety issues.

Conclusion

• The December 2024 incident at Goa’s Mopa airport is not an isolated event but a symptom of deeper systemic issues in Indian aviation.
• Addressing these challenges requires a collective effort from regulators, airlines, and policymakers to create a culture of accountability, prioritise crew welfare, and enhance safety standards.
• As India’s aviation industry grows, ensuring safety must remain paramount, lest the nation continues to ‘cut a sorry figure’ in international aviation.

Why in news?

The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA) has successfully strengthened economic ties, boosting growth, MSMEs, businesses, and employment in both nations.

Entering its third year, the Indian government aims to sustain this momentum to achieve the Vision 2047 goal of making India a developed country.

What’s in today’s article?

• India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA)
• Two Years of Ind-Aus ECTA

India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (Ind-Aus ECTA)

• About
  • ECTA significantly reduces tariffs on over 90% of Australian goods exports to India.
    • From 29 December 2022, over 85% of Australian goods exports by value to India become tariff free, rising to 90% in six years.
  • Similarly, 96% of imports from India are now tariff free, rising to 100% by 2026.
  • ECTA is a stepping stone towards a full Australia-India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA).
  • Both India and Australia aim to build on ECTA's success, deepening economic integration to achieve a bilateral trade target of AUD 100 billion by 2030.
• Background
  • In April 2022, India and Australia signed an ECTA that came into effect on December 29, 2022.
• Significance of ECTA For India
  • Labour-intensive sectors
    • The major boost would be in its labour-intensive sectors, which are currently subject to import duty of 4-5% by Australia.
    • Now, it will gain immediate duty-free access.
  • Manufacturing sector
    • Exports of textiles and apparel, leather and footwear, furniture, sports goods, jewellery, machinery, railway wagons and select agricultural and marine products are seen to be the top beneficiaries in addition to pharma.
    • Australia is the largest importer of garments in the southern hemisphere.
    • With the ECTA getting operationalised, India will have a slight duty advantage over Vietnam and Indonesia for imports in the Australian market.
  • Power sector
    • Coal accounts for three-fourths of Indian imports from Australia.
    • LNG, alumina, and manganese are other vital imports. The Indian power sector will gain from cheaper coal.
  • Service sector
    • There are major gains on the services side too.
    • Australia has committed to facilitate India’s services in IT, ITeS, business services, health, education and audio-visual, among others.
    • It has agreed to provide a post-study work visa of 2-4 years for Indian students and a work and holiday visa for youth.
    • It has also offered a quota for entry of 1,800 Indian chefs and yoga teachers.

Two Years of Ind-Aus ECTA

• Surge in Bilateral Trade
  • Bilateral merchandise trade more than doubled, increasing from USD 12.2 billion in 2020-21 to USD 26 billion in 2022-23.
  • Trade moderated to USD 24 billion in 2023-24, with India’s exports to Australia growing by 14%.
  • From April to November 2024, bilateral merchandise trade reached USD 16.3 billion, reflecting sustained growth.
• Effective Implementation of ECTA
  • Exchange of preferential import data between the two countries highlights 79% export utilization and 84% import utilization in 2023, showcasing the agreement's effective implementation.
• Sectoral Growth and Diversification
  • Key growth sectors: textiles, chemicals, and agriculture.
  • Diversified exports: gold studded with diamonds and turbojets.
  • Imports fueling industries: metalliferous ores, cotton, and wood products.
  • Growth potential: electronics and engineering sectors.
• Progress Towards CECA
  • India-Australia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) builds on ECTA's foundation, with 10 formal rounds and inter-sessional discussions held.
• Vision for 2030 and Beyond
  • Both nations are committed to deeper economic integration and achieving the trade target of AUD 100 billion by 2030.
  • This partnership aims to foster mutual prosperity and contribute to a resilient global economy.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Introduction (Context of the Article)
• Accountability of Judges (Legal Framework, Impeachment Process, Case Studies, Need for Reforms, etc.)

Introduction:

• The accountability of judges in India, particularly in the higher judiciary, remains a contentious issue due to the complex mechanisms and significant immunity granted to them.
• Recent events, such as controversial remarks by Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court, have reignited the debate on judicial accountability and the difficulties in addressing judicial misconduct effectively.

Accountability Mechanism for Judges:

• Legal Framework:
  • The process for holding judges accountable is governed by the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, supported by Articles 124(4), 124(5), 217, and 218 of the Indian Constitution.
• Review Process:
  • A judge can only be removed based on "proved misbehaviour or incapacity" as determined by a three-member committee comprising:
    • A Supreme Court judge
    • A Chief Justice of a High Court
    • An eminent jurist
• Impeachment Process:
  • Initiation of impeachment requires a motion in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha, approved by the respective presiding officer.
  • Removal demands a two-thirds majority of members present and voting in both Houses of Parliament.

Case Studies Highlighting the Challenges:

• Justice V. Ramaswamy (Supreme Court Judge)
  • Allegations: Accused of financial impropriety, such as extravagant spending on his official residence and misusing public funds.
  • Outcome:
    • A committee found him guilty, leading to the Chief Justice of India deciding not to allocate any work to him.
    • Despite this, the impeachment motion in the Lok Sabha failed in 1993 due to abstentions by the ruling Congress Party.
    • Justice Ramaswamy continued in office and retired with full benefits, highlighting the inadequacy of the impeachment process.
• Justice Soumitra Sen (Calcutta High Court Judge)
  • Allegations: Misappropriation of ₹33.23 lakh as a court-appointed receiver and misrepresentation of facts.
  • Outcome:
    • Found guilty by a three-member committee.
    • Rajya Sabha voted for his removal, but he resigned before the motion could be tabled in the Lok Sabha.
    • His resignation underscored the challenge of ensuring accountability once a judge steps down.
• Justice P.D. Dinakaran (Sikkim High Court Chief Justice)
  • Allegations: Accused of land grabbing and other serious misconduct.
  • Outcome:
    • Resigned on the day the three-member committee was to begin its proceedings.
    • His resignation effectively halted the investigation and highlighted the loophole wherein resignation can abort accountability mechanisms.

Need for Reforms:

• Continue Investigations Post-Resignation:
  • Resignation should not end an investigation, as it allows accused judges to evade accountability.
  • Legal reforms must ensure the continuation of proceedings to establish guilt or innocence, irrespective of resignation.
• Independent Oversight:
  • Establish a more robust framework to investigate allegations without requiring parliamentary approval at the initial stages.
• Revisiting the Judges (Inquiry) Act:
  • Amendments are needed to address procedural delays and reduce political interference in impeachment motions.

Conclusion:

• The current framework for holding judges accountable in India is inadequate to address instances of judicial misconduct effectively.
• High levels of immunity, coupled with procedural delays and loopholes, undermine public confidence in the judiciary.
• Strengthening the legal mechanisms and ensuring continuity in accountability processes are essential to uphold judicial integrity and maintain trust in the rule of law.

Why in News?

2024 has been a transformative year for technology, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI). This year marked significant advancements in AI, responsible tech, and greener innovations, while also revealing challenges in adoption and ethical considerations.

Predictions for 2025 hint at further developments and shifts in the tech landscape.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Tech Developments in 2024 (Key Highlights)
• Tech Predictions for 2025
• Conclusion

Tech Developments in 2024 (Key Highlights):

• AI's growing influence:
  • AI became all-pervasive, impacting various sectors and introducing existential questions.
  • Companies have recognised AI's potential but are recalibrating use cases due to difficulties in realising immediate returns.
  • For individuals, AI acts as a "copilot," supporting but not replacing human creativity and specialised skills.
• Responsible AI and ethical concerns:
  • The focus on responsible AI highlighted the importance of ethical considerations in deployment.
  • AI agents raised questions about autonomy and human intervention, particularly in sensitive areas like healthcare and finance.
• Greener tech and sustainability: Efforts to integrate sustainable practices into technology gained momentum, reinforcing the importance of eco-conscious innovations.
• Missed predictions: Though these trends gained popularity worldwide, predictions regarding the prevalence of a "cookieless world" and extended reality in India were not met.

Tech Predictions for 2025:

• AI agents revolutionise automation:
  • Adoption and capabilities:
    • AI agents capable of autonomous learning and decision-making will become prevalent.
    • Use cases include handling routine tasks, data processing, and generating alerts for human oversight.
  • Consumer impact: Personalised AI agents may shift interactions beyond the current chat-driven paradigm.
• Death of dashboards:
  • GenAI in analytics: Generative AI tools are set to replace traditional dashboards, answering complex queries with visual insights and predictions.
  • Data evolution: Data collection formats will adapt to support advanced analytics, requiring greater granularity and complexity.
• Rise of not-so-social media:
  • Platform challenges: TikTok faces uncertainty despite its popularity. Platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and Facebook struggle to retain users.
  • User shifts: Closed-group platforms and niche networks are gaining popularity among younger audiences.
• Unmatched computing power:
  • Quantum leap: Innovations like Google’s Willow chips and NVIDIA’s GPUs are pushing computing boundaries.
  • Data challenges: Computational advancements highlight the need for robust, complex data models to leverage full potential.
• AI meets hardware:
  • Early failures and new hope: Initial AI hardware attempts (e.g., Humane AI Pin) faced setbacks. 2025 might witness a new wave of AI-integrated hardware with targeted functionalities.
  • Innovative devices: Possible advancements include AI-led smartphones and laptops, replacing traditional apps and operating systems with AI agents.

Conclusion:

• 2024 underscored AI's transformative potential while revealing its limitations and ethical implications.
• Predictions for 2025 suggest continued innovation, particularly in AI agents, analytics, and computing power.
• The tech landscape is set for significant shifts as companies and users adapt to these advancements, navigating both opportunities and challenges.

Why in news?

As per the data released by the Election Commission of India, ~1.2 lakh overseas Indians registered as voters for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, showing enthusiasm for electoral participation. However, only a small fraction actually voted.

What’s in today’s article?

• Voting by overseas Indian voters
• Participation of overseas Indian voters in Lok Sabha polls 2024

Voting by overseas Indian voters

• What is the current process of voting by NRIs/overseas Indian voters?
  • Currently, Election Commission of India (ECI) allows NRIs to register as overseas electors as long as they have not acquired the citizenship of another country.
  • An NRI can vote in the constituency in which his/her place of residence, as mentioned in the passport, is located.
  • He/she can only vote in person and will have to produce her passport in original at the polling station for establishing identity.
    • Voting rights for NRIs were introduced only in 2011, through an amendment to the Representation of the People Act 1950.
  • As per the government, total number of overseas voters on January 1, 2023 stood at over 1.15 lakh.
    • In Lok Sabha elections of 2019, roughly 25,000 of them flew to India to vote.
• Proxy voting proposal
• In 2018, a bill to allow proxy voting for NRIs was passed in the Lok Sabha but stalled in the Rajya Sabha.
• Postal Ballot Proposal
  • The EC, in 2020, had written to the Law Ministry proposing NRIs be allowed to vote through postal ballots.
  • For this, EC had proposed the extension of Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) facility to these voters.
    • ETPBS enables the voters to cast their vote on an electronically received postal ballot from their preferred location.
    • ETPBS facility is so far available to service voters, including members of the armed forces and central armed police forces posted outside their home constituencies and members of Indian embassies and diplomatic missions.
  • According to the EC proposal, any NRI interested in voting through postal ballot in an election will have to inform the Returning Officer (RO).
  • RO should be informed in a time period not later than five days after the notification of the election.
  • On receiving such information, the RO will dispatch the ballot paper electronically.
  • The NRI voters will download the ballot paper, mark their preference on the printout and send it back.
  • This ballot is to be sent back along with a declaration attested by an officer appointed by the consular representative of India in the country where the NRI is resident.

Participation of overseas Indian voters in Lok Sabha polls 2024

• Enthusiasm in Registration but Poor Turnout
  • Overseas Indians showed significant enthusiasm in registering as electors, with 1,19,374 enrolling in the 2024 voter list, an increase from 99,844 in 2019.
  • However, only 2,958 flew to India to cast their votes, with Kerala contributing the majority (2,670).
• State-Wise Voting Trends
  • Kerala: Highest participation with 2,670 voters out of 89,839 registered electors.
  • Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Bihar, Goa: Zero turnout despite registrations.
  • Gujarat: Only 2 out of 885 overseas electors voted.
  • Maharashtra: Only 17 of the 5,097 electors participated.
  • Andhra Pradesh: 195 out of 7,927 electors cast their votes.
• Legal and Logistical Challenges
  • Registered NRI voters must travel to their constituencies in India to vote and show their original passports for identity verification.
  • High travel costs, employment obligations, and education are cited as barriers to participation.
• Future Prospects
  • The Election Commission continues to receive appeals from the Indian diaspora for postal voting, highlighting the need for electoral reforms to address the low turnout among overseas electors.

Why in news?

2024 has been a bittersweet year for India's economy, with strong growth in the first half that surprised many, including the government.

However, the latter half proved challenging, with growth slowing, inflation remaining high, and ongoing tensions between the RBI and Finance Ministry over policy responses.

What’s in today’s article?

• Clamour for a Rate Cut
• Economic Outlook: A Year Ago
• Economic Performance in 2023-24
• Post-Poll Budget: Focus on Employment and Consumption
• Early Signs of Growth Slowdown
• Inflation and Rate Cut Hopes
• The Road Ahead: Growth vs. Inflation

Clamour for a Rate Cut

• Top government officials have been advocating for an RBI rate cut since November, urging it to prioritize growth and investments over volatile food prices.
• This push intensified after Q2 GDP growth slowed to a 7-quarter low of 5.4%, with weak urban demand and disappointing corporate results affecting market sentiment.

Economic Outlook: A Year Ago

• This time last year, India’s stock markets were at record highs, and GDP growth was 7.7% in the first half of 2023-24.
• The Finance Ministry expected growth to exceed 6.5% for the full year and anticipated an interest rate cut cycle by the RBI, which had projected inflation to average 4% through Q2 2024.

Economic Performance in 2023-24

• Despite challenges, India’s economy performed better than expected in 2023-24, with the NSO growth estimates revised upwards.
• The first half saw 8.1% growth, followed by a strong 8.6% in Q3.
• The year ended with a remarkable 8.2% growth, boosted by election-related activities and political continuity post-elections.

Post-Poll Budget: Focus on Employment and Consumption

• In the 2024-25 Union Budget, Finance Minister emphasized employment, middle-class welfare, and schemes to boost skilling and job creation, along with some token income tax cuts.
• The government aimed to boost consumption to stimulate private investments while acknowledging the need for continued public infrastructure spending, with an ₹11.11 lakh crore capex plan to support growth.

Early Signs of Growth Slowdown

• The first GDP data for 2024-25 showed a 6.7% rise, marking a five-quarter low, due to the extended election period affecting capital spending.
• While the mood remained positive initially, growth concerns grew as high interest rates affected urban demand. Growth projections were revised down to around 6.5%, signaling potential cyclical slowdown.

Inflation and Rate Cut Hopes

• Although consumer inflation remained below 6% for most of the year, it spiked in September due to rising food prices, halting rate cut expectations.
• The RBI did not lower rates despite initial hopes, revising its 2024-25 growth forecast down to 6.6%.
• The ongoing inflationary pressures and high interest rates continue to strain consumption and investment.

The Road Ahead: Growth vs. Inflation

• With slowing growth and persistent inflation, the government faces challenges in balancing the two.
• While interest rate cuts could help boost demand and investments, inflation remains a barrier.
• The RBI and Finance Ministry's differing views on how to handle this growth-inflation flux will be crucial in shaping economic policy for 2025.

Context:

After Prime Minister Modi's third term began in June, 2024 saw intense diplomatic activity amidst global insecurity and regional shocks, especially in Bangladesh.

With 2025 likely to be even more unpredictable, India's foreign policy must stay adaptable to change.

What’s in today’s article?

• Key highlights of India's external relations
• Challenges that preoccupied South Block in 2024
• How did Indian foreign policy navigate global conflict?
• India's diplomatic agenda for 2025

Key highlights of India's external relations

• Key Developments in India-China Relations
  • The most challenging negotiation of 2024 was the disengagement at the Line of Actual Control with China.
  • The first Modi-Xi Jinping meeting in five years, held at Kazan during the BRICS summit in Russia, marked a significant step towards rebuilding trust after PLA transgressions since 2020.
• Strengthening Strategic Ties with France
  • French President Emmanuel Macron attended Republic Day as the chief guest, solidifying India-France cooperation in defence, energy, and maritime sectors.
  • While India aimed to host U.S. President Biden and the Quad summit, Macron’s visit reinforced bilateral dependability.
• Progress on Trade Agreements
  • The conclusion of the India-European Free Trade Association agreement early in 2024 was a milestone, serving as a template for future FTAs.
  • However, no substantial progress was made on agreements with Australia, the U.K., or the EU by year-end.
• Diplomatic Engagements in the Neighborhood
  • India hosted leaders from most neighboring countries during PM Modi's swearing-in, except Pakistan.
  • Notable highlights included Bhutan's leadership visits, PM Modi’s trip to Thimphu, and successful diplomatic exchanges with Sri Lanka and Maldives, mending earlier tensions.

Challenges that preoccupied South Block in 2024

• Estranged Relations with Bangladesh
  • The ousting of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in August marked a significant setback for India-Bangladesh ties.
  • Rising attacks on Hindu minorities and Ms. Hasina’s stay in India further strained the once-strong partnership.
• Worsening Ties with Canada
  • Relations with Canada deteriorated after allegations of Indian involvement in the Nijjar killing, with even Home Minister Amit Shah being named.
  • India retaliated by freezing diplomatic ties with PM Justin Trudeau’s government, awaiting potential change in 2025.
• Legal and Diplomatic Challenges with the U.S.
  • Tensions with U.S. escalated due to indictments against the Adani group and an Indian official linked to the alleged Pannun assassination plot.
  • However, the election of U.S. President Donald Trump and his pro-India administration offers a glimmer of hope.
• Regional Rivalries and China's Influence
  • The U.S.’s involvement in South Asia, changes in Bangladesh, and China's growing influence in Nepal and neighboring countries remain persistent challenges for India’s foreign policy.

How did Indian foreign policy navigate global conflict?

• Balancing Act in Global Conflicts
  • India maintained a neutral stance, advocating for peace amidst the Russia-Ukraine conflict and Israel’s war in Gaza.
  • PM Modi’s visits to Russia and Ukraine sparked speculation about a potential mediatory role.
  • Despite meeting Palestinian PM Mahmoud Abbas at the UN and condemning civilian casualties, India avoided explicitly holding Israel accountable at the UN.
• Shifting Focus in West Asia
  • With multilateral initiatives like IMEC and I2U2 facing challenges, India pivoted to bilateral engagements with West Asian nations.
  • In 2025, navigating tensions between Iran and the Israel-U.S. alliance will be a key challenge for Indian diplomacy.

India's diplomatic agenda for 2025

• Strengthening U.S.-India Relations
  • External Affairs Minister Jaishankar's meetings with the Trump transition team signal a U.S. focus for 2025.
  • Key events include President Trump’s visit for the Quad Summit and PM Modi’s potential trip to Washington beforehand.
• Engagement with Iran and iCET Discussions
  • India will host a ministerial visit from Iran early in 2025, followed by U.S. NSA Jake Sullivan’s visit for a crucial iCET (Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology) meeting.
• High-Profile Diplomatic Visits
  • Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto will be the Republic Day guest, and Russian President Vladimir Putin’s first visit to Delhi since the war began is expected to be finalized.

Why in News?

• A recent working paper by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), titled "400 Million Dreams!", sheds light on the evolving migration trends in India.
• The similar exercise was undertaken in Economic Survey 2016-17, when Arvind Subramanian was Chief Economic Advisor, for calculating the migration trends.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What are the Migration Trends in India Highlighted in the EAC-PM Report?
• Major Migration Routes and District-Level Insights
• Methodology of the EAC-PM Report and its Limitations
• Conclusion

What are the Migration Trends in India Highlighted in the EAC-PM Report?

• Top states for migrant destinations:
  • West Bengal and Rajasthan emerged as new hotspots for migrant inflows, joining Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh in the top five states receiving the highest number of 2nd-class railway passengers.
  • States showing the highest growth in incoming migrants: West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Karnataka.
  • In contrast, states like Andhra Pradesh and Bihar saw a decline in rankings compared to 2012.
• Decline in overall migration:
  • The report notes an 11.78% reduction in the overall number of migrants since the 2011 Census.
  • This decline is attributed to improved economic opportunities in smaller cities, reducing the need for long-distance migration.

Major Migration Routes and District-Level Insights:

• Top state-to-state routes (2023):
  • Uttar Pradesh to Delhi
  • Gujarat to Maharashtra
  • Telangana to Andhra Pradesh
  • Bihar to Delhi
  • Bihar to West Bengal
• Top destination districts for migrants:
  • Mumbai
  • Bengaluru urban
  • Howrah
  • Central Delhi
  • Hyderabad
• Emerging origin districts (2023):
  • Villupuram (Tamil Nadu)
  • Saharsa (Bihar)
  • Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh)
  • Murshidabad (West Bengal)
• Major intra-state movement: The Murshidabad-Kolkata route is the most traveled path for general class passengers, reflecting significant intra-state movement.
• Migration to major urban centers:
  • Delhi: Major source districts include Agra, Patna, Kanpur Nagar, Jhansi, and Bareilly, with new entrants like Dausa (Rajasthan) and Ludhiana (Punjab).
  • Mumbai: Valsad, Surat, Nashik, Ratnagiri, and Varanasi remain key origin districts, with Sindhudurg as a notable addition.

Methodology of the EAC-PM Report and its Limitations:

• Methodology:
  • The report analyses migration patterns using Indian Railways’ unreserved ticketing data, mobile roaming data, and banking remittance records.
  • The 2nd-class in Mail Express and Ordinary trains is the most affordable travel option predominantly used by blue-collar workers.
• Limitations:
  • Lack of demographic details (age, gender, reasons for migration).
  • Data captures station-to-station travel rather than actual origin-destination routes.

Conclusion:

• The EAC-PM report provides crucial insights into migration patterns in India, highlighting significant changes in destination preferences and reduced migration trends due to localised economic opportunities.
• These findings are vital for policymakers addressing urban planning, infrastructure, and economic development.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Introduction (About Lothal)
• National Maritime Heritage Complex (Key Features, Govt Initiatives, Significance, etc.)
• Conclusion

Introduction:

• Lothal, an ancient city of the Indus Valley Civilization, is poised to become a global centre for maritime heritage with the development of the National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) in Gujarat.
• This initiative, spearheaded by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways under the Sagarmala Programme, aims to showcase India's rich maritime history while contributing to the nation’s economic and cultural development.

Historical Significance of Lothal:

• Ancient Maritime Legacy:
  • Lothal, dating back to 2400 BCE, was a key centre of the Harappan Civilization.
  • It was renowned for its advanced dockyard, thriving trade networks, and expertise in bead-making.
  • Archaeological findings, including seals, tools, and pottery, highlight its vibrant cultural and economic history.
• A Strategic Maritime Hub:
  • Lothal served as a vital trade and commerce centre, connecting regions through its maritime infrastructure.

National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC):

• The NMHC is envisioned as a world-class facility combining education, tourism, and cultural preservation. Key Features Include:
  • "Edutainment" Approach:
    • Integrates education and entertainment to engage visitors.
    • Focuses on showcasing maritime history from ancient times to the modern era.
  • Progress:
    • 65% of construction work is complete.
    • Includes landmarks such as the Lothal Jetty Walkway, Museum Block, and INS Nishank, a decommissioned warship.
• Economic and Social Benefits:
  • Tourism Boost: Expected to attract both domestic and international tourists.
  • Employment Generation: Will create jobs and empower the youth through skill development.
  • Maritime Education: Provides a platform for learning and collaboration within the global maritime community.

Government Initiatives and Collaboration:

• Sagarmala Programme:
  • A flagship project of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways aimed at modernizing India’s maritime infrastructure.
  • Enhances economic growth through port-led development and connectivity.
• Stakeholders:
  • Collaboration with the Ministry of Defence (Navy and Coast Guard), Government of Gujarat to ensure a high-quality outcome.
• Community Integration:
  • Emphasis on involving local communities in the development process to foster inclusivity and shared benefits.

Significance:

• Tourism and Education:
  • The NMHC will transform Lothal into a centre for maritime education and tourism, preserving India’s maritime legacy.
• Economic Development:
  • The project aligns with India’s broader goal of enhancing its global economic presence through cultural and infrastructural advancements.
• Global Collaboration:
  • Provides a platform for collaboration between India’s maritime industry and international stakeholders.

Conclusion:

• The National Maritime Heritage Complex at Lothal is a monumental step in preserving India’s maritime heritage while fostering economic, educational, and cultural growth.
• This project underscores the historical importance of Lothal and reaffirms India's commitment to becoming a global leader in maritime excellence.

Context

• In India, elephants hold a revered status as sacred symbols of wisdom and strength, deeply embedded in cultural and religious traditions.
• However, their lives in captivity starkly contrast with these ideals. Privately held captive elephants are subjected to systematic exploitation and cruelty, particularly when used for religious ceremonies, tourism, or entertainment.
• Despite legislative efforts like the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 and the Captive Elephant (Transfer or Transport) Rules of 2024, loopholes and inadequate enforcement continue to perpetuate their suffering.

An Overview of Captive Elephants and Systemic Cruelty

• Elephants, known for their social and intelligent nature, are often subjected to isolation, harsh training, and abusive conditions to make them compliant.
• The Kerala High Court’s comparison of their lives to an eternal Treblinka underscores the severity of their suffering.
• These majestic animals are coerced into performing unnatural behaviours, driven by practices that break their spirits.
• While the Wildlife (Protection) Act grants elephants the highest level of legal protection, its implementation has been undermined by practices like capturing wild elephants for private ownership.
• The economic valuation of elephants as commodities, rather than sentient beings, has led to their objectification and abuse, turning them into tools for income generation.

Flaws in the 2024 Captive Elephant Rules

• Ambiguity in Ownership Transfers
  • One of the most glaring issues lies in the provision allowing the transfer of ownership when an owner is unable to maintain an elephant.
  • The rules fail to specify that such transfers must be non-commercial. This omission effectively allows elephants to be bought and sold as property.
  • The absence of safeguards creates a grey area where owners can exploit these provisions to profit from the sale of elephants under the guise of financial inability to care for them.
  • This commercial aspect undermines the very essence of wildlife protection laws, which are meant to ensure that elephants, as protected species, are not subjected to market forces.
  • Instead of fostering a culture of conservation and ethical care, this loophole normalises the commodification of elephants, treating them as assets to be traded.
• Lack of Justification for Transportation
  • The rules also permit the temporary transportation of elephants across or within state borders without requiring owners to provide explicit justification.
  • This lack of transparency and accountability opens the door for the misuse of elephants for purposes that compromise their welfare.
  • For instance, states with a high number of privately owned elephants may lease them out for activities ranging from religious ceremonies to political rallies.
  • Such practices not only subject elephants to stressful and unnatural environments but also reinforce the perception of elephants as tools for human entertainment and profit.
  • Moreover, frequent transportation can lead to physical and psychological stress, as elephants are forced to adapt to unfamiliar surroundings and conditions.
• Institutionalising Exploitation Through Regularisation
  • The regularisation of transfers and transportation of elephants for religious, tourism, or commercial ventures further entrenches their economic valuation.
  • By failing to explicitly prohibit these activities, the rules indirectly incentivize the use of elephants as revenue-generating tools.
  • This institutionalised exploitation encourages private owners to prioritise profits over the well-being of the animals, thereby perpetuating a cycle of abuse.
• Insufficient Monitoring and Accountability
  • While the rules stipulate procedures for transportation and transfer, they lack robust mechanisms to ensure compliance.
  • For example, there are no mandatory reporting requirements for the purpose or conditions of transportation.
  • Additionally, the rules do not mandate independent audits or inspections to verify the welfare of elephants during and after transportation.
  • This lack of oversight leaves room for exploitation, as private owners can easily evade scrutiny.
  • Furthermore, the absence of penalties for violations undermines the effectiveness of the rules, allowing unethical practices to continue unchecked.

Loopholes That Undermine Conservation: Cross-State Trade and Legislative Gaps

• Instances of elephants being "gifted" or sold across states highlight how the 2024 rules facilitate, rather than curb, such transactions.
• A notable example involves elephants being transported from northeastern states to southern and western regions under the guise of religious or ceremonial needs.
• In response to public outcry, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) issued a memorandum in August 2024 emphasising stricter adherence to the Captive Elephant Rules and the digitization of genetic profiles of captive elephants.
• While this is a step in the right direction, it falls short of addressing the deeper issues in the legislation.
• The rules’ permissiveness regarding ownership transfers and transportation risks creating demand for new captive elephants.
• This, in turn, fuels the illegal capture of wild elephants, directly contradicting conservation goals.
• Despite the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, prohibiting the capture of wild elephants, the 2024 rules inadvertently enable this practice by providing a legal pathway for laundered elephants to enter private ownership.

Recommendations for Addressing the Flaws

• Prohibition of Commercial Transfers: Explicitly banning the sale, trade, or leasing of elephants as part of ownership transfers to ensure that elephants are not treated as commodities.
• Mandatory Justification for Transportation: Requiring detailed documentation and prior approval for any transportation of elephants, including a clear explanation of the necessity and proof of welfare considerations.
• Stricter Oversight Mechanisms: Introducing regular inspections by independent authorities and mandatory reporting of transportation details to ensure compliance with welfare standards.
• Harsh Penalties for Non-Compliance: Establishing stringent penalties for violations, such as illegal transfers or failure to adhere to welfare guidelines, to deter unethical practices.
• Public Awareness and Alternatives: Promoting awareness about the ethical implications of using live elephants for religious and cultural activities, while encouraging the adoption of alternatives like robotic or lifelike models.

Conclusion

• The paradox of elephants being simultaneously venerated as sacred and exploited as commodities reflects a troubling dissonance in societal values.
• Without stringent measures to protect their welfare and eliminate avenues for commercial exploitation, this contradiction will persist.
• Humane practices, robust legislative reforms, and public awareness are essential to ensuring the meaningful protection of these majestic creatures.
• Only by aligning cultural reverence with ethical responsibility can India truly honour its sacred symbol of wisdom and strength.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About Dr Manmohan Singh (Introduction, Early Life, Academics, Economic Liberalization, etc.)

Introduction:

• Manmohan Singh, a renowned economist and the former Prime Minister of India, significantly shaped India's economic policies and reforms.
• His work reflected a deep understanding of India's economic challenges and opportunities, making him one of the most influential figures in modern Indian economic history.

Early Life and Academic Achievements:

• Obtained a Tripos in Economics from Cambridge (1957) and a DPhil from Oxford (1962).
• Taught at the Delhi School of Economics (1969–1971).
• Held prominent policymaking roles, including Governor of the RBI and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.

Transition to Economic Liberalization:

• As Finance Minister (1991-96):
  • Introduced economic reforms that shifted India from a closed, centrally-planned economy to an open, liberalized market economy.
  • Ended the Licence-Permit Raj, easing industrial licensing and promoting private enterprise.
• As Prime Minister (2004-14):
  • Oversaw India's fastest economic growth phase and significant poverty reduction.
  • His tenure was marred by allegations of corruption and "policy paralysis" in the later years.

Key Economic Principles and Insights:

• On Planning vs. Markets:
  • Believed planning was not a "panacea" for economic issues, particularly in the absence of efficient public administration.
  • Highlighted the need for market forces, but understood the rationale for state intervention in newly independent economies with underdeveloped infrastructure.
• On Inequality and Wealth Redistribution:
  • Warned against the disruptive effects of elite-mass contradictions, where a small elite enjoyed luxury while the masses lacked basic necessities.
  • Opposed populist policies like "soaking the rich," emphasizing the importance of trust between government and private enterprise.
• On Trade and Export Potential:
  • Advocated for a more open trade policy.
  • Criticized the export pessimism of early planners and emphasized the potential of export-led growth.
• On Public Sector Enterprises (PSUs):
  • Stressed the need for autonomy and accountability in PSUs.
  • Criticized political interference, outdated technologies, and price controls, which led to inefficiencies and losses.
• On Education, Health, and Women’s Empowerment:
  • Highlighted the critical role of universal primary education, healthcare, and women’s literacy in enhancing productivity and societal well-being.
  • Advocated for better nutrition and sanitation to unlock India's human potential.

Key Contributions to Economic Reforms:

• Economic Liberalization (1991):
  • Focused on fiscal discipline, reduced trade barriers, and encouraged foreign investments.
  • Emphasized the role of private enterprise in driving economic growth.
• Focus on Governance and Public Policy:
  • Advocated for institutional reforms to reduce corruption and enhance efficiency in public administration.

Legacy and Challenges:

• Achievements:
  • Credited with transforming India into a global economic player.
  • His reforms paved the way for sustained economic growth and structural changes.
• Criticism:
  • Later years as Prime Minister saw allegations of corruption, weakening his legacy.
  • Accused of being too accommodating to coalition pressures, leading to policy inertia.

Broader Impact:

• Singh’s policies laid the foundation for India's modern economic framework, emphasizing:
  • A balance between state intervention and market liberalization.
  • The importance of inclusive growth.
  • The need for long-term institutional reforms.

Conclusion:

• Manmohan Singh’s economic vision, rooted in pragmatism and foresight, reshaped India’s economic landscape.
• His leadership during the liberalization era and his focus on reforms across governance, trade, and social sectors remain a cornerstone of India’s economic transformation.
• Despite challenges, his legacy endures as a testament to the power of thoughtful, informed policymaking.

Why in News?

The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24 provides crucial insights into consumption patterns, inequality, and regional variations.

The report highlights a significant reversal in the decade-long decline in the share of food expenditure in both rural and urban households.

India’s average household consumption spending on a per capita basis rose about 3.5% in real terms through August 2023 to July 2024 from a year ago.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What is HCES?
• Highlights of the HCES 2023-24
• Income Distribution and Spending Trends
• Sectoral and State-Wise Breakdown of Expenditure
• Conclusion

What is HCES?

• Released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), HCES is designed to collect information on consumption and expenditure of the households on goods and services.
• The survey provides data required to assess trends in economic well-being and to determine and update the basket of consumer goods and services and weights used for the calculation of the Consumer Price Index.
• Data collected in HCES is also used to measure poverty, inequality, and social exclusion.
• The Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) compiled from HCES is the primary indicator used for most analytical purposes.
• The estimates of MPCE of 2023-24 are based on the data collected from 2,61,953 households (1,54,357 in rural areas and 1,07,596 in urban areas) in the central sample spread over all States and UTs in the country.

Highlights of the HCES 2023-24:

• Rising food expenditure:
  • Rural households: The share of food expenditure increased to 47.04% in 2023-24 from 46.38% in 2022-23.
  • Urban households: A slight rise to 39.68% in 2023-24 from 39.17% in the previous year.
  • Significance of this trend: This trend reflects the impact of higher food prices, as the figures are in nominal terms.
• Urban-rural expenditure gap:
  • The difference in average monthly consumption expenditure between rural and urban households narrowed to 69.7% in 2023-24 from 71.2% in 2022-23.
  • The gap has consistently reduced over the last decade, indicating stronger growth in rural consumption spending.
• Average monthly consumption expenditure (MPCE):
  • Rural areas: MPCE increased by 9.3% to Rs 4,122 in 2023-24 from Rs 3,773 in 2022-23.
  • Urban areas: MPCE rose to Rs 6,996, up from Rs 6,459 in the previous year.
  • Historical context: MPCE in 2011-12 was Rs 1,430 (rural) and Rs 2,630 (urban), showing significant growth over the years.
  • Imputed consumption: Including social welfare benefits, MPCE was Rs 4,247 (rural) and Rs 7,078 (urban) in 2023-24.

Income Distribution and Spending Trends:

• Trends:
  • Top 5%: Decline in MPCE for the top 5% of rural (Rs 10,137) and urban (Rs 20,310) households compared to 2022-23.
  • Bottom 5%: Significant increase in MPCE for rural (Rs 1,677) and urban (Rs 2,376) households.
  • Bottom 20%: Highest percentage growth in spending - 19.2% (rural) and 18% (urban).
  • Top 20%: Marginal growth of 1.5% (rural) and 1.1% (urban).
• Consumption inequality: The Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, declined:
  • Rural areas: From 0.266 in 2022-23 to 0.237 in 2023-24.
  • Urban areas: From 0.314 to 0.284.
  • This indicates reduced consumption inequality across both rural and urban households.

Sectoral and State-Wise Breakdown of Expenditure:

• Sectoral:
  • Food items:
    • 
    • Cereals: Share increased slightly for both rural (4.99%) and urban (3.76%) households.
    • Beverages and processed foods: Highest share at 9.84% (rural) and 11.09% (urban).
  • Non-food items:
    • Rural: 52.96% of expenditure, driven by conveyance, medical expenses, and clothing.
    • Urban: 60.32%, primarily on rent, entertainment, and durable goods.
• State-wise consumption patterns:
  • Higher spending states: Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Kerala, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh.
  • Lower spending states: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh.
  • Rajasthan: An exception with higher rural spending but lower urban spending compared to the national average.

Conclusion:

• The HCES 2023-24 reflects a notable shift in consumption trends, marked by increasing food expenditure, narrowing rural-urban disparities, and reduced consumption inequality.
• While most population segments experienced growth in spending, the decline in top-tier expenditure and the methodological challenges in data collection warrant further analysis.
• The full report, expected next year, will provide deeper insights.

Why in news?

The PM CARES Fund received ₹912 crore in contributions during the financial year 2022-23, comprising ₹909.64 crore in voluntary donations and ₹2.57 crore in foreign contributions, reflecting continued support even after the COVID-19 pandemic.

What’s in today’s article?

• Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund)
• Criticism of PM CARES Fund
• Conclusion

Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund)

• About
  • The PM CARES Fund was established on March 27, 2020, as a Public Charitable Trust to deal with emergencies or distress situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Donations to the Fund are eligible for 100% tax exemption under Section 80G of the Income Tax Act and qualify as CSR expenditure under the Companies Act, 2013.
  • PM CARES Fund has also got exemption under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) and a separate account for receiving foreign donations has been opened.
    • This is consistent with respect to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund (PMNRF).
    • PMNRF has also received foreign contributions as a public trust since 2011.
• Objective
• To undertake and support relief or assistance of any kind relating to a public health emergency or any other kind of emergency, calamity or distress, either man-made or natural, including the creation or upgradation of healthcare or pharmaceutical facilities, other necessary infrastructure, funding relevant research or any other type of support.
• To render financial assistance, provide grants of payments of money or take such other steps as may be deemed necessary by the Board of Trustees to assist the affected population.
• To undertake any other activity, which is not inconsistent with the above Objects.
• Members
  • The Prime Minister serves as the ex-officio Chairperson, with the Defence Minister, Home Minister, and Finance Minister as ex-officio trustees.
  • The Chairperson of the Board of Trustees (the Prime Minister) has the authority to appoint 3 trustees to the Board of Trustees.
    • Any Trustee appointed shall serve on a non-profit basis.
  • The PMO provides the Trustees with administrative and secretarial support for the Trust's management and administration as needed.
• Performance So Far
  • Total Contributions (Since Inception-23)
    • Total contributions: ₹13,605 crore
    • Voluntary: ₹13,067 crore
    • Foreign: ₹538 crore
    • Total interest income: ₹565 crore
  • Contributions in 2022-23
    • Total contributions: ₹912 crore
    • Voluntary contributions: ₹909.64 crore
    • Foreign contributions: ₹2.57 crore
  • Disbursals in 2022-23 - Total amount disbursed: ₹439 crore
    • ₹346 crore: PM CARES for children.
    • ₹91.87 crore: Procurement of 99,986 oxygen concentrators.
    • ₹1.51 crore: Contribution refunds.
  • Closing Balance: As of 2022-23, the Fund had a closing balance of ₹6,284 crore.

Criticism of PM CARES Fund

• Lack of Transparency
  • Critics argue that the Fund is not subject to audits by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) and does not fall under the purview of the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
  • Opposition parties and activists have raised concerns over the lack of public accountability in the use of funds.
• Duplicity of Purpose
  • Critics question the need for PM CARES when existing disaster management and relief funds like the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund (PMNRF) already exist.
• Utilization of Funds:
  • While significant funds remain unutilized, critics allege that the surplus could have been used to address urgent healthcare or welfare needs.
  • Example: ₹202 crore was refunded from ventilator procurement, raising questions about planning and execution.
• Foreign Contributions:
  • Acceptance of foreign donations has sparked debates over the potential for external influence on domestic decision-making.

Conclusion

The PM CARES Fund has played a crucial role in addressing emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic, but its lack of transparency and perceived overlap with existing funds have led to criticism. Greater accountability and clarity could help address these concerns and enhance public trust.

Why in news?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has established an eight-member committee to create a Framework for Responsible and Ethical Enablement of Artificial Intelligence (FREE-AI) in the financial sector.

Headed by Pushpak Bhattacharyya (IIT Bombay), this panel will assess the adoption of AI in financial services globally and in India, review regulatory approaches, identify risks, and recommend governance and compliance frameworks for ethical AI adoption.

RBI's fintech department will support the committee, which is expected to submit its report within six months.

What’s in today’s article?

• Ethical Use of AI in the Financial Sector

Ethical Use of AI in the Financial Sector

• Background
  • The integration of AI in the financial sector has revolutionized how institutions operate, offering benefits such as improved efficiency, better decision-making, and enhanced customer experiences.
  • However, the ethical use of AI is crucial to ensuring trust, fairness, and compliance with regulatory standards.
• Need for ethical use of AI in the financial sector
  • Fairness and Non-Discrimination
    • AI systems used for credit scoring, loan approvals, and fraud detection must avoid biases based on race, gender, or socioeconomic status.
    • For instance, a biased algorithm that unfairly denies loans to certain groups can lead to legal and reputational risks.
    • Hence, a bank using AI for loan approval must ensure that its training data is balanced and does not perpetuate historical biases.
  • Transparency and Explainability
    • Financial institutions must ensure AI systems are explainable to customers and regulators.
    • Transparency builds trust and allows users to understand why decisions, such as loan rejections or credit score changes, were made.
    • E.g., an AI-based robo-advisor provides clear justifications for investment recommendations instead of relying solely on opaque algorithms.
  • Data Privacy and Security
    • Financial firms handle sensitive customer data, making privacy and security paramount.
    • AI models should comply with data protection regulations like GDPR or India's Data Protection Act to safeguard consumer information.
    • Hence, AI-driven fraud detection systems use anonymized datasets to detect suspicious transactions without compromising customer identities.
  • Accountability and Oversight
    • Organizations must ensure human oversight of AI systems to address errors, malfunctions, or ethical concerns.
    • Automated systems cannot operate without periodic audits and accountability measures.
  • Avoiding Over-Reliance on Automation
    • While AI enhances efficiency, complete reliance on automation can be risky. Institutions should blend AI with human judgment to make well-rounded decisions, especially in complex scenarios.
    • Hence, a system is needed where AI flags potential investment risks, but final decisions are reviewed by financial experts.
• Steps Taken by India to Promote Ethical Use of AI in the Financial Sector
  • Formation of RBI’s FREE-AI Committee
  • Regulatory Sandbox Initiatives
    • The RBI has introduced regulatory sandboxes to encourage innovation while ensuring ethical practices in the financial sector.
    • AI and Machine Learning (ML) are core areas under these sandboxes, providing a controlled environment to test AI solutions while addressing risks like bias, security, and transparency.
  • Guidelines on Data Privacy and Security
    • India's Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (PDP Act) ensures financial institutions using AI adhere to strict data protection regulations.
  • Mulehunter. ai
    • RBI has developed an AI/ML-based model called MuleHunter. ai to tackle the issue of mule accounts, which are used for financial fraud.
    • These accounts help criminals launder money from cybercrimes. 
  • National Strategy on AI (NSAI)
    • The Government of India, through NITI Aayog, has introduced the NSAI, emphasizing responsible AI use across sectors, including finance.
• Conclusion
  • Ethical use of AI in the financial sector ensures innovation does not come at the cost of fairness, transparency, or security.
  • By adhering to these principles and leveraging AI responsibly, financial institutions can maintain trust and deliver sustainable benefits to society.

Context

• As the global shift toward renewable energy accelerates, rare earth elements (REEs) have become vital for enabling cleaner technologies.
• India, the third-largest carbon emitter globally, faces a growing need for rare earths as it transitions to sustainable energy sources.
• Despite being the fifth-largest holder of REE reserves, India heavily depends on imports from China due to insufficient domestic extraction technologies.
• However, geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions have prompted India to diversify its sources, with Kazakhstan emerging as a promising alternative.

Understanding the Strategic Challenge of China’s Rare Earth Monopoly

• Geopolitical Leverage and Economic Influence
  • China has frequently leveraged its monopoly in rare earth elements as a geopolitical tool, disrupting supplies to assert its strategic interests.
  • For instance, it has imposed export restrictions or outright bans on critical minerals during diplomatic standoffs.
  • A recent example is its halt on antimony supplies, a mineral integral to flame retardants, batteries, solar cells, and military applications, under the pretext of national security.
  • Additionally, in December 2023, Beijing implemented a ban on exporting technologies related to rare earth extraction and magnet production, further consolidating its grip on the sector.
  • Such actions illustrate how China wields its dominance not just for economic advantage but also to influence global trade dynamics.
• Concentrated Supply Chains and Global Dependence
  • China's control over the rare earth industry also stems from its vertically integrated supply chain.
  • It not only mines the resources but also processes them and manufactures high-value products like permanent magnets, which are essential for wind turbines, electric vehicles, and defence technologies.
  • This comprehensive control ensures that nations reliant on rare earth imports have limited alternatives, further entrenching their dependence on Beijing.
  • The vulnerabilities of such concentrated supply chains became evident during geopolitical crises, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
  • Reduced Russian ore supplies, primarily antimony concentrates used in renewable energy production, exacerbated global reliance on Chinese sources.
• Impact on India’s Renewable Energy Transition
  • India’s renewable energy ambitions amplify the challenges posed by China’s monopoly.
  • The nation’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 depends on access to rare earth elements like neodymium and dysprosium, which are critical for manufacturing wind turbines and electric vehicle motors.
  • However, India’s over-reliance on Chinese imports exposes it to supply disruptions that could derail these efforts.
  • China’s dominance in the rare earth sector, coupled with its strategic use of supply chain leverage, poses a multifaceted challenge for India and other nations.

The Importance of Kazakhstan

• A Strategic Alternative to China in Rare Earths
  • Kazakhstan is emerging as a promising alternative to China for rare earth supplies, offering strategic and economic advantages.
  • Rich in rare earth reserves and well-positioned geographically, Kazakhstan is increasingly seen as a viable partner for nations like India that are seeking to diversify their supply chains.
  • The country’s combination of abundant resources, advanced extraction technologies, and willingness to collaborate presents a strong counterbalance to China's dominance in this sector.
• Abundant Rare Earth Reserves
  • Kazakhstan is among the world’s richest sources of REEs, possessing 15 of the 17 known REEs.
  • These elements are essential for a wide range of applications, including renewable energy technologies, telecommunications, and defence systems.
  • Kazakhstan’s reserves include dysprosium, neodymium, and terbium, elements crucial for manufacturing wind turbines, electric vehicle motors, and advanced military equipment.
  • Kazakhstan has demonstrated its commitment to developing these resources by forming strategic partnerships with key global players.
  • Agreements with Japan and Germany, as well as recent deals with the U.S., South Korea, and the European Union, underline the growing international interest in Kazakhstan’s rare earth reserves.
• Advanced Extraction Capabilities
  • Kazakhstan is making significant investments in advanced extraction and processing technologies, which are critical for competing with China’s well-established supply chain.
  • The country is one of the few in the world to host full-cycle facilities for beryllium and scandium, key materials for aerospace and telecommunications industries.
  • Additionally, Kazakhstan is a leading producer of tantalum and niobium, essential components for nuclear reactors and clean energy technologies.
• Strategic Connectivity and Proximity to India
  • Geographical proximity and shared strategic interests further enhance Kazakhstan’s appeal as a rare earth partner for India.
  • Initiatives such as the ‘Connect Central Asia’ policy and the International North-South Transport Corridor provide robust frameworks for deepening economic and logistical ties between the two countries.
  • These connectivity projects aim to streamline trade routes, reduce transportation costs, and facilitate the flow of critical materials like rare earth elements.
  • India’s increasing engagement with Kazakhstan is exemplified by high-level dialogues and cooperative agreements.
  • For instance, the second India-Central Asia Summit saw discussions on establishing an ‘India-Central Asia Rare Earths Forum.’

India’s Renewable Energy Goals, Challenges, and the Path Forward

• India’s Renewable Energy Goals and Challenges
  • India’s ambitious pledge at COP29 to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy by 2030 underscores the critical role of REEs in this transition.
  • However, India’s current capacity across the rare earth supply chain remains insufficient.
  • While the government aims to increase mining output by 400% over the next decade, challenges persist, including limited extraction technologies and logistical hurdles in connecting with resource-rich regions like Kazakhstan.
  • The establishment of the ‘India-Central Asia Rare Earths Forum,’ proposed during the second India-Central Asia Summit, represents a strategic move to address these challenges.
  • This initiative aims to foster bilateral training, joint mining ventures, and the exchange of geological expertise, thereby paving the way for sustainable and efficient rare earth extraction.
  • Such collaborations could reduce India’s reliance on China and create a regional market for critical minerals.
• The Path Forward
  • India’s partnership with Kazakhstan offers a pathway to secure its rare earth needs while reducing dependency on China.
  • By leveraging Kazakhstan’s advanced technologies and vast reserves, India can enhance its energy security and support its renewable energy transition.
  • Collaborative frameworks, such as the proposed Rare Earths Forum, will be instrumental in overcoming technological and logistical barriers.
  • Kazakhstan’s role as a strategic partner aligns with India’s broader geopolitical objectives.
  • Diversifying rare earth sources through closer ties with Kazakhstan not only enhances India’s energy security but also mitigates risks associated with China’s monopoly.
  • For Kazakhstan, collaboration with India provides an opportunity to expand its market reach and attract investments in mining and technology sectors.

Conclusion

• Kazakhstan’s vast rare earth reserves, advanced extraction capabilities, and strategic proximity to India, position it as a compelling alternative to China.
• By deepening ties with Kazakhstan, India can secure its rare earth supply chain, support its renewable energy transition, and reduce its reliance on Chinese imports.
• This partnership represents a mutually beneficial opportunity for economic growth, technological advancement, and geopolitical stability in the evolving global landscape of critical minerals.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi participated in the 3rd Veer Baal Diwas, commemorating the bravery and sacrifice of the Sahibzades.

He described the day as a festival of inspiration for Indians, particularly the youth, and lauded 17 children conferred with Veer Baal Awards in various fields such as bravery, innovation, sports, and arts.

What’s in today’s article?

• Vir Bal Diwas
• Key highlights of the speech delivered by PM Modi

Vir Bal Diwas

• About
  • On 9th January 2022, the day of the Prakash Purab of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the PM had announced that 26th December would be observed as ‘Veer Bal Diwas’.
  • This was announced to mark the martyrdom of sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh - Sahibzadas Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Baba Fateh Singh Ji.
• Sacrifices made by the sons of Guru Gobind Singh
  • While two of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons were killed fighting the Mughals, two other sons were bricked alive on the orders of Aurangzeb’s governor of Sirhind.
  • The two younger sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh ji, attained martyrdom after being sealed alive in a wall.
  • Veer Baal Diwas is observed on the same day the two younger sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh ji, attained martyrdom.

Key highlights of the speech delivered by PM Modi

• Tributes to Sahibzades and Teachings on National Integrity
  • The PM paid homage to Sahib Zorawar Singh, Sahib Fateh Singh, and Gurus, highlighting their unmatched courage and sacrifice.
  • He emphasized the importance of instilling patriotism among youth and drawing inspiration from the Sahibzadas' unwavering faith and bravery.
  • Veer Baal Diwas serves as a reminder that the nation and its interests should always come first.
• Youth Empowerment: A Pillar of Development
  • PM Modi underlined the role of youth in India’s progress, from independence movements to modern revolutions.
  • The government has prioritized youth-centric policies, including initiatives in start-ups, AI, machine learning, skill development, and sports.
  • Over 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs and the 'Mera Yuva Bharat' campaign have been launched to encourage innovation and societal contribution among youth.
• Health and Fitness Initiatives
  • The Prime Minister launched the 'Suposhit Gram Panchayat Abhiyan,' aimed at eliminating malnutrition through healthy competition among village panchayats.
    • It aims at improving the nutritional outcomes and well-being by strengthening implementation of nutrition related services and by ensuring active community participation.
    • The programme will involve a competition among anganwadis.
    • A total of 1,000 gram panchayats will get Rs 1 lakh while a part of this amount will be used for better nutrition in the anganwadis.
  • He emphasized the importance of fitness through 'Fit India' and 'Khelo India' movements, highlighting the link between a healthy youth and a capable nation.
• Vision for India's Future
  • PM Modi encouraged youth to aim for excellence in all fields, including infrastructure, manufacturing, tourism, and space research.
  • He expressed confidence in the youth’s ability to lead global revolutions and achieve the goals of a developed India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.
• Political Engagement of Youth
  • PM unveiled his vision of bringing one lakh youth into politics, particularly those from non-political backgrounds.
  • He announced the launch of the 'Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue' on Swami Vivekananda's birth anniversary to discuss India's roadmap for development.

Why in news?

China has approved the construction of the world's largest hydropower dam on the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River (Brahmaputra) on the Tibetan plateau.

The ambitious project aims to produce 300 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity annually, more than tripling the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam, the current world leader in hydropower.

What’s in today’s article?

• Course of the river Brahmaputra
• China’s Brahmaputra Dam project
• Concerns and implications of China's Tibet dam project on India
• India’s response

Course of the river Brahmaputra

• The Brahmaputra, originating in Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo, flows through India’s Arunachal Pradesh and Assam before entering Bangladesh and emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
• As a perennial river, it sustains communities through irrigation, fisheries, and inland transport.
• While it enriches agriculture by depositing fertile alluvial soil, its lower course poses challenges with recurring, devastating floods in Assam and Bangladesh due to climatic and geographical conditions.

China’s Brahmaputra Dam project

• 
• About
  • China is constructing the dam in Medog County, Tibet Autonomous Region, where the Yarlung Tsangpo drops 2,000 meters, creating ideal hydropower conditions.
  • The project is part of China’s renewable energy initiatives, aiming to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 while promoting regional development in Tibet.
  • The project, costing $137 billion, is part of China's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) and Long-Range Objectives through 2035.
• Scale and Significance of the Project
  • The dam is projected to generate up to 60 gigawatts of power, triple the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam.
  • It will produce 300 billion kWh of clean, renewable electricity annually, supporting Beijing’s clean energy targets and bolstering water security.
  • The project will generate 20 billion yuan ($3 billion) annually for Tibet.

Concerns and implications of China's Tibet dam project on India

• Agriculture
  • The dam could retain a significant amount of silt, which is crucial for downstream agriculture. Reduced silt deposits may negatively impact the fertility of agricultural lands in India.
• Water Resources
  • China claims the dam is a run-of-the-river hydropower project.
  • However, experts warn it could reduce water flow downstream during dry seasons and exacerbate flooding during monsoons if excess water is released, potentially causing disasters in Assam.
• Potential Use of Water as a Weapon
  • China’s upstream position gives it control over the Brahmaputra’s flow.
  • During geopolitical tensions, such as the 2017 Doklam standoff, China withheld hydrological data crucial for flood forecasting, raising concerns over the weaponization of water resources.
• Seismological Threats
  • The Himalayan region's seismic vulnerability could pose risks to downstream populations due to the scale of infrastructure projects like this dam.
• Ecological Impact
  • The dam could disrupt the fragile Himalayan ecosystem, home to critically endangered species.
  • Combined with ongoing climate change effects, deforestation, and soil erosion, the ecological consequences may be severe.

India’s Response

• India has urged China to safeguard downstream interests.
• Additionally, India is planning a 10 GW hydropower project in the Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, to counterbalance the potential impacts of China’s dam.
• Also, data sharing between India and China on trans-border rivers, established under the Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) in 2006, remains critical.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Introduction (Context of the Article, About Fisheries Sector)
• Fisheries Extension Services (Importance, Govt Initiatives, Challenges, Way Forward, etc.)

Introduction:

• India, with its diverse aquatic resources, plays a pivotal role in global fisheries and aquaculture.
• The sector provides livelihood to more than 25 million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level and twice the number along the value chain.
• India is the 3^rd largest fish producing country, contributing 8 percent to the global fish production and ranks 2^nd in aquaculture production.
• The fish production in 2021-22 is 16.24 Million Tonnes (MTs) comprising of marine fish production of 4.12 MTs and 12.12 MTs from Aquaculture.

Importance of Fisheries Extension Services:

• Fisheries extension services bridge the gap between scientific advancements and fish farmers' practices, ensuring:
  • Knowledge Transfer: Guidance on species lifecycle management, water quality, disease control, and rearing technologies.
  • Capacity Building: Training on sustainable practices and promoting fisheries as viable business models.
  • Sustainable Practices: Addressing the challenges posed by climate change and overfishing through regenerative and conservation management.

Key Government Initiatives:

• Matsya Seva Kendras (MSKs):
  • Launched under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), MSKs serve as one-stop centres for fisheries-related services.
  • Role and Features:
    • Provide disease testing and water/soil analysis.
    • Train fishers on seed/feed technology and sustainable practices.
    • Mobilize startups, cooperatives, self-help groups, and Fish Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs) to share best practices.
  • Examples:
    • MSK in Thrissur, Kerala: Offers advanced water and soil testing services.
    • MSKs in Nasik and Sangli, Maharashtra: Focus on capacity building with technological inputs.
• Sagar Mitras:
  • Deployed in coastal states and union territories, Sagar Mitras act as intermediaries between the government and marine fishers.
  • Key Functions:
    • Provide information on weather forecasts, fishing zones, and marketing needs.
    • Educate fishers on local regulations, hygienic fish handling, and disaster preparedness.
• Digital Platforms:
  • AquaBazaar: A virtual learning platform initiated by the National Fisheries Development Board. It offers:
    • Expert guidance on breeding and seed production.
    • Practical demonstrations to enhance fishers' knowledge.
• World Bank-Assisted Project:
  • Aims to formalize the fisheries and aquaculture sector by creating work-based digital identities for fishers and fish farmers.
  • Focuses on capacity building, awareness generation, and streamlining extension services.

Challenges in Fisheries Extension Services:

• Fragmentation: Lack of coordination among multiple initiatives.
• Digital Divide: Limited digital literacy and infrastructure in rural areas.
• Climate Change: Unpredictable weather patterns and resource depletion demand adaptive strategies.

Way Forward:

• Institutional Convergence: Integrate fisheries extension services with the Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) and state agricultural departments to leverage existing networks.
• Promote Digital Outreach: Expand platforms like AquaBazaar to ensure wider access to knowledge and training.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage private sector involvement in technology dissemination and capacity building.
• Focus on Climate Resilience: Develop strategies for sustainable resource management in the face of environmental changes.

Conclusion:

• Strengthening fisheries extension services is critical to sustaining India’s growth in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.
• By enhancing last-mile connectivity, integrating digital tools, and fostering collaborations, India can empower its fishers and fish farmers to adopt sustainable practices and contribute to the nation’s economic and ecological well-being.

Why in News?

Domestic migration in India has witnessed a significant slowdown, with the total number of migrants declining by 11.78% from 2011 to 2023.

A recent working paper by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), titled “400 Million Dreams!”, highlights key trends, reasons for the decline, and changes in migration patterns.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• What is Migration?
• Methodology Used by the EAC-PM for Finding Domestic Migration in India
• Key Findings EAC-PM Paper on Domestic Migration in India
• Challenges in Migration Data
• Conclusion

What is Migration?

• Meaning:
  • Migration is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence, either internal (within the country) or international (across countries) borders.
  • The migration arising out of various social, economic, or political reasons helps in understanding the dynamics of the society better.
• Various forms and patterns of migration:
  • Internal migration (rural-urban, intra-state, inter-state, etc.) refers to migration from one place to another within a country, while external migration or international migration refers to migration from one country to another.
  • Forced migration refers to migration that is not chosen by the individual or family but is forced upon them by factors such as war, persecution, or natural disasters.
  • Voluntary migration refers to migration that is chosen by the individual or family, driven by factors such as better economic opportunities or a desire for a better life.
  • Temporary migration refers to migration that is intended to be of short duration, such as seasonal or temporary work.
  • Permanent migration refers to migration that is intended to be of long duration, intending to settle permanently in a new place.
  • Reverse migration refers to the migration of individuals or families (who have previously migrated), back to their country of origin or their original place of residence.

Methodology Used by the EAC-PM for Finding Domestic Migration in India:

• The report used 3 datasets to estimate migration trends:
  • Indian Railway Unreserved Ticketing System (UTS) for passenger volumes.
  • TRAI mobile roaming data to study seasonal movement.
  • District-level banking data for remittances.
• These alternative sources were employed due to delays in the decennial Census, which is a more comprehensive but less timely data source.

Key Findings EAC-PM Paper on Domestic Migration in India:

• Decline in migration numbers:
  • Overall reduction: The number of migrants reduced from 45.57 crore (2011 Census) to 40.20 crore (2023).
  • Migration rate: The migration rate dropped from 37.64% in 2011 to 28.88% in 2023.
• Improved economic opportunities:
  • Migration is slowing due to better economic opportunities in smaller cities, improved infrastructure, and access to education and healthcare near traditional migration hubs.
  • This shift indicates overall economic growth in source regions.
• Recipient states:
  • Top recipient states: UP, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh remain prominent, while West Bengal and Rajasthan are new entrants, replacing Andhra Pradesh and Bihar.
  • Growth patterns: States like West Bengal, Rajasthan, and Karnataka showed the highest growth in migrant arrivals, whereas Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh experienced a decline.
• Regional migration trends:
  • Top origin districts: Areas around major urban centers like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata remain prominent sources.
  • Top destination districts: Mumbai, Bengaluru urban, Howrah, Central Delhi, and Hyderabad are key destinations.
• Seasonality of migration:
  • Peak migration movements occur during April-June, with secondary peaks in November-December.
  • Post-pandemic data shows reduced passenger movement during these high months, with May 2023 levels 6.67% lower than May 2012.

Challenges in Migration Data:

• The lack of regular and granular data poses challenges in understanding migration patterns.
• Existing reports, such as the MoSPI Migration in India 2020-21 and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) Working Group Report on Migration (2017), highlight limitations in tracking trends effectively.

Conclusion:

• The slowdown in domestic migration reflects economic growth and regional development but underscores the need for improved data collection mechanisms.
• Accurate and timely data is crucial for policy formulation to address migration-related challenges and opportunities effectively.

Context

• On December 26, 2004, a catastrophic event forever changed the way the world perceived natural disasters and preparedness.
• A 9.1 magnitude earthquake beneath the seabed off Indonesia unleashed a massive tsunami, devastating countries bordering the Indian Ocean including India, particularly the Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands and the southern coastline.
• Twenty years later, reflections on this tragedy reveal the remarkable progress made in disaster preparedness while underscoring the importance of continued vigilance and innovation.

The Tragedy and its Immediate Aftermath

• In 2004, the lack of a robust warning system and limited public understanding of tsunamis resulted in immense human and material losses.
• The tsunami struck the A&N Islands within 20 minutes of the earthquake, and its waves travelled to India’s mainland and Sri Lanka within hours.
• With no early warning (EW) mechanism in place, people were caught off guard, exacerbating the scale of destruction.
• The tragedy starkly highlighted deficiencies in India’s seismic monitoring network and reliance on international seismic data, which delayed critical warnings.

Institutional and Technological Responses

• Establishment of Institutional Frameworks
  • One of the most critical institutional responses to the tsunami was the enactment of the Disaster Management Act of 2005, which created a legal framework for disaster preparedness, mitigation, and response.
  • This legislation led to the formation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), tasked with coordinating, and implementing disaster management plans across the country.
  • The NDMA also emphasised integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development planning and policies, ensuring that disaster preparedness became a central part of governance.
  • Additionally, state-level disaster management authorities were established to decentralise disaster response and allow tailored approaches based on local vulnerabilities.
  • The NDMA, in collaboration with these state bodies, introduced training programs, guidelines, and awareness campaigns to enhance community resilience.
• Recognition of Collaboration between Civilian and Military Agencies
  • The tragedy also led to the recognition of the importance of collaboration between civilian and military agencies.
  • The Indian Armed Forces have since become key players in disaster response operations, offering logistical support, rapid mobilisation, and expertise during crises.
  • Joint exercises, like those conducted at the Headquarters Andaman and Nicobar Command (HQ ANC), further enhance the readiness of armed forces and civilian agencies to work together seamlessly.
• Development of Early Warning Systems
  • Technological advancements have been at the forefront of India’s efforts to prevent a recurrence of the 2004 disaster.
  • The establishment of the Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) in Hyderabad marked a significant leap forward.
  • Operational since 2007, the ITEWC is now among the most advanced tsunami warning centres globally.
  • The ITEWC operates a real-time seismic monitoring network capable of detecting tsunamigenic earthquakes both in the Indian Ocean and globally within 10 minutes of their occurrence.
  • This is made possible through a network of seismic stations and the integration of international seismic data, ensuring comprehensive monitoring coverage.
• Sea Level Monitoring, Communication and Dissemination
  • Tide gauges and deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis (DART) buoys are deployed strategically across the Indian Ocean to monitor changes in sea level.
  • These sensors detect abnormal variations that may indicate the onset of a tsunami, complementing seismic data to improve the accuracy of warnings.
  • The ITEWC has developed a robust advisory dissemination system to ensure timely communication of alerts.
  • Warnings are transmitted to government agencies, disaster management authorities, and even neighbouring countries under the UNESCO-led Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission framework.
  • India has assumed a leadership role in this regard, offering tsunami-related services to 26 Indian Ocean region countries.
• Enhancing Preparedness Through Technology
  • The introduction of the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) has significantly improved the dissemination of warnings.
  • CAP integrates data from ITEWC with GIS mapping tools to issue location-specific advisories.
  • Alerts are sent to millions of mobile phones within minutes, using polygon-drawn geographies to target affected areas accurately.
  • Moreover, plans to implement a modern cell broadcast system promise even greater reliability.
  • This technology will allow rapid delivery of warnings to a broader audience, ensuring that coastal communities receive life-saving information with minimal delay.
• Broader Applications of Technology
  • While these advancements focus on tsunamis, the technologies are being extended to address other hazards, including cyclones, lightning strikes, and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs).
  • The government’s emphasis on multi-hazard risk mapping underscores a commitment to a comprehensive approach to disaster management.
  • For example, Odisha’s recognition of ‘tsunami-ready’ villages, involving evacuation drills and community awareness campaigns, reflects how these technologies and institutional frameworks are being translated into actionable plans at the grassroots level.

Grassroots Preparedness and, Community Engagement and Reflecting on Progress

• Grassroots Preparedness and Community Engagement
  • India’s disaster management strategies have increasingly emphasised community-level preparedness.
  • Community involvement ensures that the most vulnerable populations are equipped to respond effectively to threats.
  • Technology has played a pivotal role in these advancements. The CAP and GIS-based risk mapping enable real-time communication of warnings to millions of mobile phones.
  • This system is poised for further enhancement with the development of modern cell broadcast technologies, promising faster and more reliable dissemination of alerts.
• Reflecting on Progress
  • The annual Dweep Diksha Dialogue, hosted by the HQ ANC, exemplifies the growing integration of knowledge exchange, technical advancements, and strategic planning in DRR.
  • The inclusion of tsunami survivors, experts, and service officers from Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries ensures a holistic approach to disaster preparedness.
  • Discussions extend beyond tsunamis to encompass hazards such as cyclones, lightning, and glacial lake outburst floods, reflecting a comprehensive DRR strategy.
  • India’s armed forces and political leadership deserve commendation for their roles in driving these developments.
  • The NDMA’s dedication to fostering disaster resilience, aligned with the Prime Minister’s Ten-Point Agenda on DRR, illustrates a proactive and forward-thinking approach.

Conclusion

• The 2004 tsunami was a devastating reminder of nature’s unpredictability and the vulnerabilities of unprepared communities.
• Two decades later, India has transformed this tragedy into a powerful lesson, building robust systems for disaster detection, preparedness, and response.
• While much progress has been made, the journey towards comprehensive disaster resilience is ongoing.
• By continuing to invest in technology, education, and international collaboration, India can honour the memory of those lost in 2004 while safeguarding its future generations from similar tragedies.

Why in news?

The FDA has approved Tirzepatide, marketed as Zepbound, for treating Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA). The drug is recommended alongside a low-calorie diet and increased physical activity for individuals with moderate to severe OSA.

This approval highlights Tirzepatide's diverse applications beyond managing type-2 diabetes and obesity, as fat accumulation around the neck contributes to throat muscle laxity causing OSA.

It also marks the first drug treatment option for certain patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.

What’s in today’s article?

• Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)
• How Zepbound Works?

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA)

• Types of Sleep Apnoea:
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): The most common form, caused by physical blockage of the airway.
  • Central Sleep Apnoea: Occurs when the brain fails to send proper signals to muscles controlling breathing.
  • Complex Sleep Apnoea Syndrome: A combination of OSA and central sleep apnoea.
• About OSA
  • It is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep due to the relaxation of throat muscles.
  • These interruptions, or apneas, can lead to a choking sensation, causing the person to wake up briefly and disrupt sleep quality.
  • As a result, individuals with OSA often feel fatigued during the day despite having a full night’s sleep.
• Link Between Obesity and OSA
  • As per the experts, smaller lungs due to abdominal fat and a floppy tongue are key contributors to OSA, emphasizing obesity as a significant risk factor.
  • Impact of Fat Accumulation
    • Fat around the abdomen reduces lung size, increasing the risk of airway blockage.
    • Neck fat and fat deposits on the back of the tongue can obstruct airways during sleep.
  • Prevalence: Over 50% of OSA patients are obese, and 25% are overweight.
• Other risk factors
  • Other risk factors include aging, smoking, and a family history of sleep apnoea.
  • Symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, frequent waking during the night, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
• Current Treatment for OSA
  • Patients with OSA commonly use a positive airway pressure machine, which delivers pressurized air to keep the airway open during sleep.
  • Medications may also be prescribed to improve sleep quality.
  • Weight loss, lifestyle changes, and medications may also be recommended.
  • However, no drug has been available specifically for treating OSA until now.

How Zepbound Works?

• Zepbound activates the receptors of hormones secreted by the intestine, such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which reduces appetite and food intake.
  • Manufactured by Eli Lilly and Co., Zepbound is approved for individuals who are obese or overweight with related health conditions like type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure.
• Studies suggest that by reducing body weight, Zepbound also improves OSA.
  • Experts noted that excess body fat contributes to diseases like OSA.
  • Zepbound's weight-loss properties are being linked to benefits in multiple conditions, with additional mechanisms under study.

Why in news?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the Ken-Betwa river-linking project in Madhya Pradesh’s Khajuraho.  The project aims to transfer excess water from the Ken River in Madhya Pradesh to the Betwa River. It is expected to bring prosperity to the Bundelkhand region.

What’s in today’s article?

• Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP)
• Environmental and social concerns
• Controversies and Criticism Surrounding the Project

Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP)

• About
  • It aims to transfer water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
  • The project includes a 221-km canal with a 2-km tunnel.
  • The project also includes a 73.8-meter-high dam on Ken at Daudhan in Madhya Pradesh’s Chhattarpur district. 
• History of the Ken-Betwa interlinking project
  • The project was conceptualised in the 1980s but the water-sharing agreement could not be reached between the two states.
  • The work on the project was originally slated to begin in 2015 but only got a fresh push last year with the government making a revised deal with the two states.
  • Finally, On March 22, 2021, a memorandum of agreement was signed among the Ministry of Jal Shakti and the governments of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh to implement the Project.
• Project Phases
  • Phase-I: Construction of the Daudhan Dam complex, Low Level Tunnel, High Level Tunnel, Ken-Betwa Link Canal, and powerhouses.
  • Phase-II: Construction of Lower Orr Dam, Bina Complex Project, and Kotha Barrage.
• Completion of project
  • According to the Jal Shakti Ministry, the KBLP project is proposed to be implemented in eight years.
• Regions Benefiting from the project
  • The project will benefit the Bundelkhand region, which spans 13 districts in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Key beneficiary districts include:
    • Madhya Pradesh: Panna, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Damoh, Datia, Vidisha, Shivpuri, and Raisen.
    • Uttar Pradesh: Banda, Mahoba, Jhansi, and Lalitpur.
  • The project aims to address water scarcity in this drought-prone region, fostering development and paving the way for future river interlinking initiatives.
• Benefits of the Project
  • Irrigation: Annual irrigation for 10.62 lakh hectares (8.11 lakh ha in Madhya Pradesh and 2.51 lakh ha in Uttar Pradesh).
  • Drinking Water: Supply for ~62 lakh people.
  • Power Generation: 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.

Environmental and social concerns

• Environmental Impacts
  • Deforestation in Panna National Park: The project will result in large-scale deforestation, with around 98 sq km of the park submerged and 2–3 million trees felled.
• Threat to Wildlife:
• Tigers: The Daudhan Dam, located inside the Panna National Park, could undermine the successful tiger reintroduction program that revived the population after local extinction in 2009.
• Gharials and Vultures: Likely to affect the Gharial population in the Ken Gharial Sanctuary and disrupt vulture nesting sites downstream.
• • Hydrological Concerns:
    • IIT-Bombay scientists warn the project could reduce September rainfall by up to 12% due to disruptions in land-atmosphere feedback.
    • Experts demand transparency in Ken River's hydrological data for a thorough review.
• Social Impacts
  • Displacement: The dam will displace 5,228 families in Chhatarpur district and 1,400 families in Panna district due to submergence and land acquisition.
  • Inadequate Compensation: Protests have erupted over perceived inadequate compensation and minimal benefits for affected communities, particularly in Panna district.

Controversies and Criticism Surrounding the Project

• Wildlife and Environmental Clearance: The Supreme Court’s Central Empowered Committee (CEC) questioned the wildlife clearance and the project's economic viability.
• Violation of Precedents: The Union Environment Ministry approved construction within the core of the Panna Tiger Reserve, despite no precedent for such heavy infrastructure in national parks or tiger reserves.

Why in News?

2024 marked a significant shift in India’s judiciary, with the Supreme Court taking decisive stances on politically sensitive issues, addressing long-standing criticisms of "judicial evasion."

Landmark rulings, major institutional reforms, and debates on contentious laws defined the year, setting the stage for critical developments in 2025.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Key Verdicts and Interventions in 2024
• Challenges Ahead for 2025
• Major Cases to Watch in 2025
• Contentious Legislative Reforms
• Conclusion 

Key Verdicts and Interventions in 2024:

• Landmark judgments:
  • Electoral Bonds scheme: Declared unconstitutional, addressing concerns of transparency in political funding.
  • Bilkis Bano case: Reversed the Gujarat government’s remission for convicts in a high-profile gangrape case.
  • Bulldozer demolitions: Issued guidelines to curb illegal practices.
  • Opposition leaders: Granted bail in politically charged cases, signaling judicial independence.
  • Mandir-Masjid disputes: Barred fresh district court cases on ownership of religious sites.
• Long-pending issues addressed: Constitution Benches took up key cases, including:
  • Aligarh Muslim University’s minority status.
  • Taxation of industrial alcohol.
• Significance of these verdicts and interventions: These efforts continued reforms initiated during former Chief Justice U U Lalit’s tenure and advanced under Chief Justice D Y Chandrachud.

Challenges Ahead for 2025:

• Transition in leadership:
  • Three Chief Justices will preside in 2025:
    • CJI Sanjiv Khanna (until May).
    • Justice Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai (194-day tenure).
    • Justice Surya Kant (November 2025–February 2027).
  • Short tenures of CJIs mean the composition of the Collegium, which makes recommendations for the appointment of judges, sees frequent changes.
  • Short tenures also pose challenges to continuity in addressing institutional reforms and pendency.
• Institutional reforms: Digital advancements under Justice Chandrachud have increased public scrutiny of the judiciary, requiring further adaptation.

Major Cases to Watch in 2025:

• Religious and cultural issues:
  • Places of Worship Act: Constitutional challenges to the 1991 law freezing religious character as of 1947 are pending.
  • Hijab ban: A 3-judge bench will reexamine the legality of Karnataka’s ban on headscarves in schools.
  • Essential religious practices: Re-evaluation of doctrines affecting cases like women’s entry into religious sites, which was decided in the Sabarimala verdict (2018).
• Citizenship and secularism (The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019): Challenges on grounds of exclusion of Muslims and violation of secularism will test the Court’s interpretation of equality and fraternity.
• Gender rights (Marital rape): Debate over criminalising marital rape continues, with concerns of disproportionate consequences.
• Enforcement Directorate’s powers: Judicial scrutiny of the ED’s arrest powers and procedural safeguards could redefine the scope of investigative agencies.

Contentious Legislative Reforms:

• One Nation, One Election: Among key legislative reforms in the pipeline, the Bills to hold simultaneous elections to Lok Sabha, and state and Union Territory Assemblies, will likely be most significant.
• New criminal laws: Replacement of colonial-era laws with Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, and related statutes has introduced progressive changes but also contentious provisions, such as:
  • Rebranding sedition as "deshdroh" (treason).
  • Extending detention periods.
• Uniform Civil Code (UCC):
  • Uttarakhand’s UCC, effective January 2025, mandates registration of live-in relationships and introduces penalties for non-compliance.
  • Similar codes in BJP-ruled states face scrutiny for encroaching on personal freedoms.
• Sub-classification of Scheduled Castes: States can now create sub-quotas within Scheduled Caste reservations, potentially reshaping affirmative action policies.

Conclusion:

• 2024 underscored the Supreme Court's evolving role in addressing critical legal and social issues.
• With high-stakes cases and legislative reforms on the horizon, 2025 promises to be another pivotal year for India’s judiciary.
• The challenge lies in balancing judicial intervention with respect for legislative intent, ensuring justice and constitutional values prevail.

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is modifying the Consumer Price Index (CPI) base year by updating CPI weights and baskets.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About CPI (Meaning, Components, Types, Calculation Method, Purpose, etc.)
• Changes in CPI (Proposal, Rational Behind Changes, Implications, etc.)

Consumer Price Index (CPI):

• The CPI measures the average change in prices of a fixed basket of goods and services that households typically consume.
• It reflects how the purchasing power of money changes over time due to inflation.
• Components: CPI includes various categories, such as:
• Food and Beverages: Items like cereals, pulses, vegetables, milk, meat, and beverages.
• Housing: Rent or imputed rent for self-occupied houses.
• Clothing and Footwear: Costs of garments, footwear, and other related items.
• Fuel and Light: Includes LPG, kerosene, firewood, and electricity.
• Miscellaneous: Education, healthcare, transport, communication, and recreation expenses.
• Publishing Authority: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is responsible for compiling and releasing CPI data.

Types of CPI:

• CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW):
• Tracks price changes for industrial workers.
• Base Year: 2016
• Used for wage adjustments in organized labor.
• CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) and Rural Labourers (CPI-RL):
• Measures inflation for rural and agricultural laborers.
• Base Year: 1986-87
• CPI (Urban), CPI (Rural), and CPI Combined:
• Measures retail inflation at a national level.
• Base Year: 2012
• CPI Combined is widely used as the official retail inflation rate in India.

How CPI Is Calculated?

• CPI is calculated using the following formula:
  • 
• Here:
  • The basket of goods and services represents typical household consumption.
  • The base year serves as a reference point for comparison (currently 2012, likely to be revised to 2024).

Purpose of CPI:

• Tracking Inflation: CPI helps monitor the rate at which prices are rising or falling.
• Policy Formulation: RBI uses CPI as the primary metric for inflation targeting, maintaining it at 4% ± 2%.
• Wage and Pension Adjustments: CPI is used to revise salaries and pensions, especially in government sectors.
• Economic Analysis: It provides insights into consumption trends and economic health.

Key Issues in the Current CPI:

• Exclusion of Free PDS Items:
  • Free goods distributed under the Public Distribution System are currently excluded as they do not involve direct monetary transactions.
  • This aligns with international practices and recommendations, such as those by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which suggest excluding non-monetary transactions from CPI.
• Challenges with PDS Inclusion:
  • Redistribution of weights for free items has occasionally caused inflation spikes.
  • Free items complicate inflation calculation as their inclusion may distort the measure of consumer expenditure.

Proposed Changes in the New CPI Series:

• The MoSPI is revising the CPI methodology with 2024 as the new base year. Key changes under consideration include:
  • Inclusion of PDS Items:
    • Reflecting free PDS items at a zero price, with future adjustments as weights change.
    • This could lower headline inflation figures but requires significant adjustments to the CPI calculation process.
  • Redistribution of Weights:

• Restrict redistribution to the same category (current practice).
• Broader redistribution across the entire CPI basket for greater accuracy.
• Stakeholder Consultation:
• The new CPI series is expected to roll out by the final quarter of FY26, post stakeholder consultations and technical adjustments.
• MoSPI has invited inputs from experts, academicians, and the public on the proposed treatment of free PDS items, with the deadline set for January 15, 2025.

Rationale Behind the Proposed Changes:

• Economic Representation:
  • The Chief Economic Advisor (CEA) and other experts argue that excluding free PDS items undermines the true representation of market conditions.
  • With increased free food grain distribution during economic crises, including these items may provide a more accurate inflation measure.
• Alignment with Household Expenditure:
  • The updated CPI will derive weights from the 2022–23 Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES), ensuring the basket reflects current consumption patterns.

Methodological Challenges:

• Compliance with International Norms:
  • Global practices recommend limiting CPI to monetary transactions, complicating the inclusion of free PDS items.
• Mid-Series Adjustments:
  • Adapting ongoing CPI series to account for changes in PDS pricing—such as shifting from zero to positive prices—presents statistical challenges.
• Impact on Headline Inflation:
  • Including free items may lower inflation figures, but it risks skewing the index’s purpose of capturing monetary price movements.

Broader Implications:

• Policy Decisions:
  • The revised CPI will serve as a critical input for monetary policy, helping the RBI frame more accurate inflation-targeting measures.
• Global Trade Considerations:
  • As India aims to align its statistical practices with international standards, changes in CPI methodology may affect global investor perceptions.

Conclusion:

• The ongoing deliberations on including free PDS items in CPI aim to enhance the index’s robustness and accuracy.
• While aligning with international best practices, India’s revised CPI could better capture the dynamics of consumer expenditure and inflation in a rapidly evolving economic landscape.
• Stakeholder feedback and meticulous planning will be crucial to navigating the statistical and policy complexities of these changes.