Why in news?

The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) will honor 30 top-performing districts for successfully implementing a Joint Action Plan to curb substance abuse among school children. The awards will be presented on June 30 by Minister of State for Home Nityanand Rai. The event coincides with a national review and consultation organized by NCPCR and the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) on preventing drug and substance abuse and illicit trafficking.

What’s in today’s article?

• National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)
• Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
• Fight against drug menace – India’s regulatory framework
• 30 districts to be recognised for containing drug abuse among school children

National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)

• About
  • The NCPCR is a statutory body established in 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
  • Its primary objective is to ensure the protection of child rights as enshrined in the Indian Constitution and various international conventions.
  • The NCPCR's mandate is to monitor and promote the rights of children, defined as individuals below the age of 18 years, and ensure their well-being in all aspects of their lives.
  • The Commission envisages a rights-based perspective, which flows into national policies and programmes.
• Some of the notable Works of NCPCR
  • Elimination of Corporal Punishment
    • NCPCR has actively worked to eliminate corporal punishment in schools by issuing guidelines and creating awareness about the negative impacts of such practices on children's mental and physical health.
  • Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act
    • The commission plays a crucial role in the effective implementation of the POCSO Act, which provides stringent measures to address sexual abuse and exploitation of children.
  • Child Labour
    • NCPCR has been instrumental in addressing child labor issues by monitoring and advocating for the strict enforcement of laws that prohibit child labor and ensure the rehabilitation of affected children.
  • Education
    • The commission monitors the implementation of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, ensuring that children receive free and compulsory education.
    • It also addresses issues related to school infrastructure, teacher quality, and child-friendly learning environments.
  • Juvenile Justice
    • NCPCR oversees the implementation of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, ensuring that children in conflict with the law receive proper care and rehabilitation.
  • Combating Substance Abuse
    • NCPCR has launched initiatives and action plans to prevent and address substance abuse among children.
  • Child Trafficking
    • The commission works to prevent child trafficking by collaborating with various stakeholders, conducting rescue operations, and ensuring the rehabilitation and reintegration of trafficked children.
  • COVID-19 Response
    • During the COVID-19 pandemic, NCPCR launched various initiatives to support children affected by the crisis, including those who lost parents or guardians.
    • It worked on ensuring continuity in education, providing mental health support, and safeguarding children's rights during lockdowns and school closures.

Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)

• About: NCB is the apex drug law enforcement and intelligence agency of India, established in 1986 under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act), 1985.
  • The NCB is responsible for combating drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances.
• Nodal ministry: The NCB operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

Fight against drug menace – India’s regulatory framework

• Article 47 of the Indian Constitution
  • The National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is based on the Directive Principles, contained in Article 47 of the Indian Constitution.
  • The Article directs the State to endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption, except for medicinal purposes, of intoxicating drugs injurious to health.
• Signatory to international conventions
  • India is a signatory to:
    • the single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, the Conventions on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 and
    • the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988.
• Existing Laws
  • The broad legislative policy is contained in the three Central Acts:
    • Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940,
    • The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, and
    • The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988.

30 districts to be recognised for containing drug abuse among school children

• About Joint Action Plan (JAP)
  • JAP was developed by the NCPCR and the NCB based on deliberations with the concerned Ministries in 2021.
  • It streamlines efforts made by different agencies to bring paradigm shifts in prevention.
  • The JAP is a framework to:
    • wean children away from drug abuse;
    • stop the sale of drugs in areas surrounding educational and children care institutions; and
    • prevent the reach of pharmaceutical drugs and other goods used as intoxicants by children.
• ‘Prahari’ (sentry) portal to be launched
  • During the vent, a new portal called ‘Prahari’ (sentry) to be launched.
  • The portal aims to conduct quarterly awareness activities on drugs and substance abuse in schools. These activities will be organized by children and teachers nominated by special ‘Prahari’ clubs.
  • These clubs are managed and run by children to achieve shared goals.

Why in news? During the recent state visit of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to India, PM Modi announced that a technical team would soon visit Bangladesh to discuss the conservation and management of the Teesta River.  This remark has reignited speculation about the long-pending Teesta water sharing treaty, a crucial bilateral agreement that has remained unresolved for over a decade.

What’s in today’s article?

• Teesta River
• Teesta Water Sharing Proposal

Teesta River

• About
  • It is a tributary of the Jamuna River (Brahmaputra River) and it flows through India and Bangladesh.
• Origin and course
  • Teesta river originates from the Tso Lhamo Lake at an elevation of about 5,280 metres in north Sikkim.
  • After that, it flows to the south, cutting a deep gorge through the Siwalik Hills east of Darjiling (in West Bengal, India), and turns southeast to run through the Sivok Khola pass onto the plains of West Bengal.
• Countries: The Teesta River flows through two countries:
  • India: Sikkim and West Bengal
  • Bangladesh: The river enters Bangladesh in the Rangpur Division, eventually merging with the Brahmaputra River.
• The major tributaries of Teesta River
  • Left-bank Tributaries: Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola, Rangpo Chhu.
  • Right-bank Tributaries – Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu, Rangit River.
• Significance for India and Bangladesh
  • Teesta is Bangladesh’s fourth largest trans-boundary river and its floodplain covers an area of 2,750 square kilometres in Bangladesh.
  • But 83% of the river’s catchment area lies in India and the remaining 17% is in Bangladesh, supporting 8.5% of its population and 14% of its crop production.

Teesta Water Sharing Proposal

• 2011 Proposal
  • Water Distribution
    • The draft agreement proposed an equitable distribution of the Teesta River's water between India and Bangladesh.
    • As per this agreement, India was to receive 42.5% and Bangladesh 37.5% of the river's water flow during the lean season (December to March).
    • The remaining water would be managed according to seasonal variations and mutual needs.
  • Collaborative Management
    • The proposal included provisions for joint monitoring and management of the river’s water.
• Controversies Surrounding the Proposal
  • West Bengal’s Opposition
    • The chief obstacle to the treaty's finalization has been opposition from the Indian state of West Bengal.
    • The state government expressed concerns that the proposed water sharing would adversely affect West Bengal's irrigation and drinking water needs.
    • West Bengal's significant dependence on the Teesta River for its agriculture sector added to the reluctance to agree to the terms.
  • Regional Politics
    • The issue has become deeply entangled in regional politics.
    • The West Bengal government's refusal to endorse the agreement reflects broader political dynamics and sensitivities, where state interests are sometimes prioritized over national diplomatic commitments.
  • Environmental Concerns
    • Environmentalists in both countries have raised concerns about the potential ecological impacts of altering the river's flow.
    • The construction of dams and barrages as part of the management strategy could disrupt the river’s ecosystem and negatively affect biodiversity.
    • In October 2023, a glacial lake outburst triggered floods in the Teesta basin that claimed hundred lives and destroyed the Teesta III hydroelectric dam.
  • Bangladesh’s Dependence
    • Bangladesh heavily relies on the Teesta River, especially in the northern region, for agriculture and livelihood.
    • The country faces significant water shortages during the dry season, exacerbating the need for a fair and reliable water-sharing agreement.
    • The perception that Bangladesh has historically received less than its fair share of water has fueled public sentiment and political pressure to secure a favorable deal.
  • Previous Agreements and Trust Deficit
    • Historical water-sharing disputes, such as those involving the Ganges River, have led to a trust deficit between the two countries.
    • This complicates negotiations, as past experiences influence the current dialogue and expectations.
  • Other issues
    • As per experts, the dams for hydro-electric power generation in Sikkim and the Teesta Barrage Project at Gazoldoba in West Bengal is making the flow of the river erratic in Bangladesh, leading to either floods or scarcity of water.
  • China’s interference
    • In 2020, China proposed major dredging work on the Teesta River and building reservoirs and embankments.
    • However, the Bangladesh govt has put the proposal on hold for the past four years.

Why is Bengal talking about the Ganga treaty?

• The Ganga water sharing treaty with Bangladesh completes 30 years in 2026 and a renewal of the agreement is on the cards.
  • The Ganga Treaty, signed in 1996 between India and Bangladesh, ensures equitable water sharing of the Ganges River.
  • Under the treaty the water allocation during the dry season (January to May) is as follows:
    • India: Receives a minimum of 35,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water at Farakka.
    • Bangladesh: Receives a minimum of 35,000 cusecs of water at Farakka.
• The WB govt has pointed out that water sharing with Bangladesh has changed the Ganga’s morphology and affected lakhs of people in West Bengal owing to river erosion.
  • Lakhs of people have been displaced from their habitation rendering them homeless and also leading to their loss of livelihood.
  • The reduced silt load in Hooghly has impeded the nourishment of the Sundarban delta.

Why in the News?

Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), the company that created the Indian coronavirus vaccine Covaxin, has admitted to making an unintended mistake in its patent filings. These filings are meant to protect the vaccine’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).

Despite being one of India's top biotechnology companies, BBIL forgot to list the scientists from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) as co-inventors in the patent documents for Covaxin.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About Patents & IPR (Meaning, Categories, etc.)
• About the Controversy (Details, Role of BBIL & ICMR, Conclusion)

What are Patents and IPR?

• A patent represents a powerful Intellectual Property Right (IPR), and is an exclusive monopoly granted by a Government to an inventor for a limited, pre-specified time.
• It provides an enforceable legal right to prevent others from copying the invention.
• Patents can be of two types:
• A product patent ensures that the rights to the final product is protected, and anyone other than the patent holder can be restrained from manufacturing it during a specified period.
• A process patent enables any person other than the patent holder to manufacture the patented product by modifying certain processes in the manufacturing exercise.
• Initially, India adopted process patenting in 1970s which enabled India to become a significant producer of generic drugs at global scale.
• However, due to the obligations under the TRIPS(Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement, product patenting is also allowed in India.
• TRIPS is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization.

Controversy Surrounding the Covaxin IPR:

• BBIL explained that they patented the process of making vaccines from virus strains provided by the ICMR-NIV (National Institute of Virology).
  • The ICMR-NIV specializes in extracting viruses from blood samples, identifying their characteristics, conducting tests to measure their infectiousness, and comparing them to related strains.
• However, turning this research into a vaccine on an industrial scale requires facilities that only established vaccine manufacturers have.
• Covaxin, the vaccine developed by BBIL, is an inactivated version of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
• When injected, it stimulates the body to produce antibodies that may protect against severe illness from the virus.
• To enhance its effectiveness, an ‘adjuvant’ is added to the vaccine.
• Vaccine manufacturers have their own methods for combining these steps, and because the field is highly competitive, they try to prevent others from copying their processes to maintain a temporary monopoly and earn profits.
• It’s important to note that while companies can apply for product or process patents in as many countries as they can afford, a patent is only granted after regulatory authorities are convinced that the process is indeed novel or inventive.
• As far as publicly known, Bharat Biotech has not yet been granted these patents.

What were the Roles of BBIL and ICMR?

• BBIL collaborated with ICMR-NIV on every step of developing the Covaxin vaccine. They signed an agreement outlining each organization's responsibilities.
• Due to ICMR being a public entity and the scale of the COVID crisis, there were requests to make this agreement public under the Right to Information Act.
  • Portions of the agreement were revealed in the Rajya Sabha in July 2021.
• The agreement specified that beyond providing the virus strains and making the vaccines, ICMR would also test the vaccines on animals—from rodents to monkeys—and then on humans to ensure the vaccine's efficacy.
• ICMR funded these clinical trials with ₹35 crore and incurred costs in developing Covaxin. In return, ICMR was to receive 5% of the royalties BBIL earned from the sale of Covaxin.
• Since the collaboration was announced, it was generally understood that both entities would share the intellectual property rights.
• Initially, BBIL said that there was a distinction between the rights to make the vaccine and the rights to the data from clinical trials.
  • They stated that because ICMR had not invested in the actual production of the vaccine, it was not included in the patent applications.
• Following public scrutiny, BBIL admitted to an error and announced plans to file new applications listing ICMR personnel as co-inventors.

Conclusion:

• IPR is a complex field that covers all aspects of product invention.
• Developing pharmaceutical products requires various types of expertise, making it difficult for single firms to handle everything alone.
• Companies often enter into multiple licensing agreements, as BBIL did with Virovax for an adjuvant.
• When multiple entities collaborate on a single product, being listed as an inventor affects the sharing of IPR, royalties, and product usage.
• Disputes over IPR are common across all fields. In patent filings, especially in the U.S., not listing all inventors can result in patent application rejections.

Why in News?

With widespread allegations of cheating, paper leaks and other irregularities impacting flagship examinations such as the NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test), the National Testing Agency (NTA) has come under intense fire.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• The National Testing Agency (NTA)
• Issues Faced by the NTA
• What Needs to be Done to Reform India’s Examination Process?

The National Testing Agency (NTA):

• Background:
  • In 2010, a committee comprising directors of IITs recommended establishing an autonomous and transparent body (NTA) through legislation, modelled after the Educational Testing Service (ETS) of the US.
  • Prior to the NTA’s formation, various government bodies like the UGC, the CBSE, and central universities such as Delhi University and JNU conducted their own entrance examinations.
• About NTA:
  • It was set up in 2017 as a specialist, self-sustaining and autonomous organisation under the aegis of the Union Ministry of Education.
  • It is registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, and falls under the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
• Objectives: It aims to
  • Address the challenges of assessing candidates’ competence by adhering to international standards, ensuring efficiency, transparency, and error-free delivery.
  • Conduct efficient and transparent tests, Research and development and Expert collaboration Information dissemination.
• Examinations conducted by the NTA:
  • JEE (Main), NEET-UG, Common Management Admission Test (CMAT), Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) and University Grants Commission-National Eligibility Test (UGC-NET).
  • The National Education Policy 2020 envisaged a broader role, recommending that the NTA conduct an entrance or aptitude test for all universities across the country.
  • In all, the NTA now has charge for more than 20 examinations.
• Who runs the NTA?
  • Its director general and governing body are appointed by the Union government.
  • The core team of the NTA consists of test item writers, researchers, psychometricians, and education specialists.
  • The NTA operates six verticals, each focusing on different examinations.
  • Each vertical employs about six researchers, including internationally recognised experts in psychometrics and statistics.

Issues Faced by the NTA:

• Conduct computer-based tests only:
  • This is to ensure that high volume can be processed in a short period of time.
  • As the NIC [National Informatics Centre] does not have the capacity or IT infrastructure needed, third-party technical partners are being engaged.
  • However, third-party players take accountability out of the government’s hands and leave loopholes in the system which can be exploited by unscrupulous players.
• Agency is severely understaffed: The agency was set up with only about 25 permanent staff positions and its functions have been outsourced to technical partners from the very beginning.
• Absence of robust security mechanisms:
  • These are needed to handle a large-scale pen-and-paper examination, including the
    • Setting of the question paper and its encryption,
    • Selection of external printing presses and exam centres,
    • Transportation to printing presses,
    • Storage and distribution to examinees at examination centres and
    • Then the collection and transportation of answer sheets to evaluation centres.
  • Each of these is a stage where malpractice can occur without robust security mechanisms.
• NEET and UGC-NET exams irregularities:
  • The NTA faced severe criticism after it awarded grace marks to 1,563 candidates in the NEET exam due to delays at seven examination centres.
  • This decision led to accusations of inflated marks, culminating in a record 67 candidates sharing the top rank.
  • The integrity of the NEET-UG was further compromised when the exam question paper was allegedly leaked.
  • Similarly, the UGC-NET exam was cancelled a day after being conducted, following reports that its integrity had been breached.

What Needs to be Done to Reform India’s Examination Process?

• Radhakrishnan committee: The high-level panel headed by former ISRO chief K. Radhakrishnan has been constituted to recommend
  • Reforms in the examination process,
  • Improve data security protocols, and
  • Overhaul the NTA’s functioning.
• Adding manpower and infrastructure to the NTA: To equip it to take on large-scale pen-and-paper examinations, as these are more equitable, especially for students in rural and remote areas with little access to technology.
• Dismantling the centralisation process: More decentralised structures are needed to meet the vastly differing needs of institutions.
• More radical reform of the assessment system: This includes
  • Periodic assessments of knowledge,
  • Concept-based understanding, and
  • Aptitude can be included in the final years of school education as the precursor to the admission process, etc.

Context

• The Reasi terrorist attack on June 9, coinciding with Prime Minister Modi's third term oath-taking ceremony, brings back memories of a similar attack on the Consulate General of India in Herat, Afghanistan, on May 23, 2014.
• Both incidents aimed to disrupt significant political events, revealing the ongoing and pervasive threat of terrorism that India faces, particularly from groups based in Pakistan.
• Therefore, it is important to explore the historical context, strategic responses, and diplomatic challenges India encounters in addressing terrorism, especially in the Jammu and Kashmir (J&K)

Historical Context of Pakistan Sponsored Terrorism in India

• The Origins of Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir
  • The roots of terrorism in J&K can be traced back to the partition of India in 1947, which led to the creation of Pakistan.
  • The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, with its strategic location and diverse demographic composition, became a contentious issue between the two newly formed nations.
  • The first Indo-Pak war in 1947-48 resulted in the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC), leaving J&K divided between India and Pakistan.
• The Afghan Jihad and Its Impact
  • The success of the Afghan Jihad in the 1980s, where Afghan mujahideen, supported by the United States and Pakistan, successfully resisted the Soviet invasion, had significant repercussions for India.
  • Pakistan's military and intelligence agencies, emboldened by this success, believed that similar tactics could be employed to challenge Indian control in J&K.
  • This led to the inception of a proxy war strategy, wherein Pakistan began supporting and training Islamist militants to infiltrate J&K and carry out terrorist activities.
• The Insurgency of the Late 1980s and 1990s
  • The insurgency in J&K gained momentum in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
  • This period saw a significant rise in violence, with separatist groups like the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and later, Islamist militant organisations like Hizbul Mujahideen, receiving substantial support from Pakistan.
  • The Pakistani military and intelligence agencies provided training, arms, and logistical support to these groups, facilitating cross-border infiltration.
  • During this time, the region witnessed mass uprisings, targeted killings, and ethnic cleansing, particularly against the Kashmiri Pandit community, which led to their mass exodus from the valley.
  • The Indian state's initial response was marred by a lack of preparedness and coordination, resulting in significant casualties among civilians and security forces.
• Continued Terrorist Threats and Pakistan's Role
  • The Pakistan Army and its political leadership, committed to the Kashmir cause, continued to sponsor and support terrorist activities in the region.
  • High-profile attacks, such as the 1999 Kargil intrusion and the 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament, underscored the persistent and evolving nature of the threat.
  • The Kargil conflict, in particular, highlighted the extent to which Pakistan was willing to escalate tensions.
  • Regular Pakistani troops, disguised as militants, infiltrated Indian positions in Kargil, leading to a full-scale conflict.
  • India's decisive military response, reclaiming the occupied territories, demonstrated its resolve to protect its sovereignty.

India’s Counter Terrorism and Political Strategies

• Early Responses and Challenges
  • In the late 1980s and early 1990s, India was ill-prepared to handle the sudden surge in terrorist activities in J&K.
  • The initial response was largely reactive, with conventional police forces and under-prepared military units bearing the brunt of the attacks.
  • The complexity of the insurgency, characterised by guerrilla warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and widespread local support for militants, posed severe challenges.
  • During this period, India faced significant casualties among civilians and security forces, and there were instances of human rights violations, which further complicated the situation.
• Development of Counter-Insurgency Strategies
  • By the early 1990s, India began to develop more sophisticated counter-insurgency strategies.
  • This included the creation of specialised units like the Rashtriya Rifles and the strengthening of paramilitary forces such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and Border Security Force (BSF).
  • These forces received specialised training in counter-terrorism operations, intelligence gathering, and urban warfare.
  • The Indian Army also played a crucial role in these efforts, conducting operations to flush out militants from their strongholds and secure key regions.
  • The establishment of the Unified Headquarters in Srinagar helped coordinate efforts between the Army, paramilitary forces, and the J&K police, leading to more effective operations.
• Intelligence and Surveillance Enhancements
  • Improving intelligence capabilities became a priority for India and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) and the Intelligence Bureau (IB) were tasked with gathering actionable intelligence on militant activities, both domestically and internationally.
  • Enhanced surveillance technologies, including the use of drones, satellite imagery, and electronic surveillance, were deployed to monitor infiltration attempts along the Line of Control (LoC) and track militant movements within J&K.
• Socio-Political Engagement and Development Initiatives
  • Recognising that a purely military approach would not suffice, the Indian government also focused on political engagement and socio-economic development in J&K.
  • The decision to hold Assembly elections in 1996 marked the beginning of efforts to restore democratic governance and political normalcy in the region.
  • These elections were a significant step towards involving local populations in the political process and reducing the appeal of militant ideologies.

Diplomatic Engagements and Their Challenges

• India and Pakistan's bilateral composite dialogue in 1998 included terrorism as a key issue.
• However, Pakistan's unwillingness to address India's concerns became apparent early on, reflecting its security doctrine of using terrorist groups against India.
• Despite this, successive Indian Prime Ministers pursued diplomacy.
• Manmohan Singh's attempt to insulate bilateral relations through a joint anti-terrorism mechanism ultimately failed, as public opinion often demanded military action after severe terrorist attacks, such as the 2008 Mumbai attack and the 2001 Parliament attack.

The Change in India’s Stance on Pakistan Sponsored Terrorism

• Shift Towards Military Pre-emption
  • India's departure from diplomatic restraint occurred after the 2019 Pulwama attack, leading to the Balakot airstrike and the doctrine of pre-emption.
  • Earlier, limited force was used in surgical strikes post-Uri attack in 2016. These actions marked a shift towards pre-emptive strikes against imminent terrorist threats.
  • However, defining what constitutes an "unacceptable" attack remains ambiguous.
• Global Recognition of Pak Sponsored Terror and India's Diplomatic Efforts
  • Pakistan’s use of terrorism against its neighbours is generally recognised by the major powers.
  • Its reliance on plausible deniability has not been sustainable for years.
  • India too has given material linking Pakistani terrorist groups to terrorist incidents but Pakistan has not taken action against them.
  • This was clear after the Mumbai terrorist attack. After the Pathankot airbase attack in January 2016, India allowed a Pakistani team which included an Inter-Services Intelligence officer to visit the airbase.
  • However, Pakistan again did not take the investigation forward.
  • Despite these cases, it is important to pursue the practice of sharing information and evidence in terrorist cases to ensure the credibility of Indian assertions with the international community.

Conclusion

• The persistent threat of terrorism from Pakistan requires India to balance military responses and diplomatic efforts.
• External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar's ambition to address cross-border terrorism highlights the need for global recognition of the terror threat as a precursor to escalatory conflicts between nuclear-armed nations.
• India's strategy must continue to evolve, combining force with diplomacy to mitigate terrorism and promote regional stability.

Why in News?

A dark chapter in modern Indian history that left a wide-ranging and lasting impact on Indian politics, a state of Emergency declared by the then-PM Indira Gandhi on June 25, 1975, lasted for 21 months.

India entered the fiftieth year of the imposition of the Emergency, which saw the suspension of civil liberties, curtailment of press freedom, mass arrests, the cancellation of elections, and rule by decree.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Emergency Provisions - Now and Then
• Impacts of the Declaration of Emergency on India’s Federal Structure
• The Political and Social Circumstances in India Leading up to the Emergency
• End of Emergency and Afterwards
• What Happened During the Emergency?
• How did the Emergency Change Indian Politics?

Emergency Provisions - Now and Then:

• Under Article 352 of the Constitution of India, the President may (on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the PM) issue a proclamation of emergency if the security of India or any part of the country is threatened by -
  • War or
  • External aggression or
  • Armed rebellion.
• Article 358 frees the state of all limitations imposed by Article 19 (“Right to freedom”) as soon as an emergency is imposed.
• Article 359 empowers the President to suspend the right of people (except under Articles 20 and 21) to move court for the enforcement of their rights during an emergency.
• In 1975, the ground of “internal disturbance” (instead of armed rebellion) was available to the government to proclaim an emergency.
  • This was the only instance of proclamation of emergency due to “internal disturbance”.
  • The other two occasions in which an emergency was proclaimed earlier (on October 26, 1962, and December 3, 1971), were both on grounds of war.
• This ground of “internal disturbance” was removed by the Constitution (44th Amendment) Act 1978 by the Janata government that came to power after the Emergency.

Impacts of the Declaration of Emergency on India’s Federal Structure:

• Converts the federal structure into a unitary one:
  • Though not suspended, the state governments come under the complete control of the Centre.
  • Parliament makes laws on subjects in the State List, and extends the Union’s executive powers to the states.
  • The Union acquires the right to give any direction to state governments.
• Term of Lok Sabha: Parliament may by law extend the (five-year) term of Lok Sabha one year at a time.
• Allocation of financial resources: The President can modify, with parliamentary approval, constitutional provisions on the allocation of financial resources between the Union and states.

The Political and Social Circumstances in India Leading up to the Emergency:

• January 1966: Indira Gandhi elected prime minister.
• November 1969: The Congress splits after Gandhi is expelled for violating party discipline.
• 1973-75: Surge in political unrest and demonstrations against the Indira Gandhi-led government.
• 1971: Political opponent Raj Narain lodges complaint of electoral fraud against Indira Gandhi.
• June 12, 1975: Allahabad High Court found Gandhi guilty over discrepancies in the electoral campaign.
• June 24, 1975:  Supreme Court granted a conditional stay on the Allahabad HC verdict, declaring Gandhi's election to the Lok Sabha null and void.
  • The SC also asked Gandhi to stay away from parliamentary proceedings.
• June 25, 1975: Declaration of Emergency by president Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on the advice of Indira Gandhi.
  • According to the government’s press note, certain persons were inciting the police and armed forces to not discharge their duties.
• June 26, 1975: Indira Gandhi addresses the nation on All India Radio.

End of Emergency and Afterwards:

• January 18, 1977: Indira Gandhi calls for fresh elections and releases all political prisoners.
  • The elections of 1977 led to a comprehensive defeat for Indira and Morarji Desai became India’s first non-Congress (Janata Party) Prime Minister.
• March 23, 1977: Emergency officially comes to an end.
  • The Shah Commission, constituted by the Janata government, found the decision to impose Emergency to be unilateral and adversely affecting civil liberties.
  • The Janata government (through the 44th Amendment) reversed many of the constitutional changes effected by the 42nd Amendment Act 1976.
  • For example, it made judicial review of a proclamation of emergency possible again, and mandated that every proclamation of emergency be laid before both Houses of Parliament within a month of the proclamation.
  • Unless it was approved by both Houses by a special majority (a majority of the total strength of the House and not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting), the proclamation would lapse.

What Happened During the Emergency?

• Suspension of civil liberties:
  • Almost all opposition leaders (including JP) were detained and about 36,000 people were put in jail under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA).
  • Newspapers were subjected to pre-censorship.
  • In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a mass forced sterilization program in Delhi.
• Legal changes pushed through by Parliament:
  • With the opposition in jail, Parliament passed the Constitution (38th Amendment) Act that barred judicial review of the Emergency.
  • The Constitution (39th Amendment) Act said that the election of the Prime Minister could not be challenged in the Supreme Court.
  • The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act made changes to a range of laws,
    • Taking away the judiciary’s right to hear election petitions,
    • Widening the authority of the Union to encroach on State subjects,
    • Made any law passed by Parliament to implement any or all directive principles of state policy immune to judicial review, etc.
• Changes pushed through by the Courts: In the famous case of ADM Jabalpur vs Shivkant Shukla (1976), the SC ruled that detention without trial was legal during an emergency.

How did the Emergency Change Indian Politics?

• Dented the Congress’ reputation: A party that led the struggle for civil liberties against the colonial state.
• First non-Congress government: The Janata experiment gave India its first non-Congress government, but its collapse also demonstrated the limits of anti-Congressism.
• Emergence of young leaders: The Emergency gave India a crop of young leaders (Lalu Prasad Yadav, George Fernandes, Arun Jaitley, Ram Vilas Paswan, etc) who would dominate politics for decades to come.
• Coming together of the social forces:
  • This resulted in the increase of the representation of OBCs in Parliament.
  • As a result, the Janata government appointed the Mandal Commission to look into OBC quotas, which would go on to make the rise of the OBCs in North India irreversible.
• The Emergency has become a part of political vocabulary in India: Every perceived act of high-handedness by a government being attributed to an “Emergency mindset”.

Why in the News?

India has achieved an outstanding outcome in the Mutual Evaluation conducted during 2023-24 by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

The Mutual Evaluation Report of India, which was adopted in the FATF plenary held in Singapore recently, places India in the “regular follow-up” category, a distinction shared by only four other G-20 countries.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About FATF (History, Objectives, Members, Mutual Evaluation Process, etc.)
• News Summary

About Financial Action Task Force (FATF):

• The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989.
• It is an initiative of the G7 countries to develop policies to combat money laundering.
  • In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing.
  • It has also started dealing with virtual currencies.
• It sets international standards that aim to prevent these illegal activities and the harm they cause to society.
• It is a “policy-making body” which works to generate the political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in money laundering.
• It monitors progress in implementing its recommendations through "peer reviews" ("mutual evaluations") of member countries.
• The FATF Secretariat is located in Paris.

Objectives of FATF:

• FATF sets standards and promotes effective implementation of:
  • legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering.
  • The FATF works to identify national-level vulnerabilities with the aim of protecting the international financial system from misuse.

Members of FATF:

• The FATF currently comprises 38 member jurisdictions and two regional organisations, representing most major financial centres in all parts of the globe.
• India became an Observer at FATF in 2006. In 2010, India was taken in as the 34th country member of FATF.

FATF’s Mutual Evaluation Process:

• Mutual Evaluation Process is a comprehensive and rigorous assessment conducted to evaluate a country's compliance with international standards for combating money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF). This process includes:
• Evaluation Team: A team of experts from FATF member countries conducts the evaluation, analysing the country's measures and their effectiveness in preventing ML and TF.
• Assessment Criteria: The evaluation is based on FATF's 40 Recommendations, which cover a wide range of preventive measures, criminal justice, law enforcement, and international cooperation.
• Technical Compliance: This aspect assesses whether the country's legal and institutional frameworks are in line with FATF standards. It examines the laws, regulations, and other measures in place to combat ML and TF.
• Effectiveness: The evaluation also measures the effectiveness of these frameworks. This involves assessing how well the country implements and enforces its laws and regulations, and how effectively it achieves the desired outcomes in combating ML and TF.
• Country Reports: The findings are compiled into a Mutual Evaluation Report, which provides a detailed analysis of the country's compliance and effectiveness. The report includes ratings and recommendations for improvement.
• Follow-Up: After the evaluation, the country may be placed in follow-up processes to address any deficiencies. This involves periodic reporting to FATF on the progress made in implementing the recommended improvements.
• Public Disclosure: The Mutual Evaluation Report is published, providing transparency and encouraging countries to enhance their AML/CFT (Anti-Money Laundering/Countering the Financing of Terrorism) regimes.

India Achieves an ‘Outstanding Outcome’ in FATF Mutual Evaluation:

• India has achieved a remarkable outcome in the 2023-24 Mutual Evaluation by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), placing it in the “regular follow-up” category,.
• This signifies a high level of compliance in combating ML and TF, though some non-financial sectors require improvement in supervision and preventive measures.
• The FATF highlighted India's success in mitigating ML/TF risks through digital economy initiatives like the JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) and stringent cash transaction regulations.
• This evaluation enhances India's financial stability and integrity, boosting access to global financial markets and investor confidence, and supporting the expansion of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).

Government’s Response:

• India's recognition by the FATF reflects the country's effective measures over the past decade to protect its financial system from ML and TF threats.
• This achievement underscores India's commitment to international standards and enhances its capacity to lead global efforts against financial crimes.
• Since 2014, the government has enacted legislative changes and bolstered enforcement efforts, aligning with international standards and yielding positive results, including disrupting terror funding networks.
• The Department of Revenue led India's engagement with the FATF, supported by a diverse team from various sectors, showcasing the country's comprehensive approach to combating ML and TF.

Why in news? Earlier, a newly-elected MP from Faizabad, took his oath in the Lok Sabha. During the ceremony, he mentioned Veerangana Uda Devi and Maharaja Bijli Pasi, who are important figures in the Pasi (Dalit) community.

What’s in today’s article?

• Parliamentary oath
• Uda Devi
• Maharaja Bijli Pasi

Parliamentary oath

• About
  • The third schedule of the Constitution contains the parliamentary oath.
  • Through this, members swear or affirm to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India, uphold India's sovereignty and integrity, and faithfully discharge their duties.
• Evolution of oath over the years
  • The draft Constitution, prepared by the committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, initially did not invoke God in any oaths, emphasizing a solemn and sincere promise to uphold the Constitution.
  • During the Constituent Assembly discussions, members like K.T. Shah and Mahavir Tyagi proposed amendments to include God in the President's oath.
    • They argued that it would provide a divine sanction for believers while allowing non-believers to affirm solemnly.
  • Despite disagreements, Ambedkar accepted the amendments, recognizing the significance of invoking God for some individuals.
  • The last modification to the oath came with the Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963.
    • This amendment added the commitment to uphold India's sovereignty and integrity, following recommendations from the National Integration Council.
• Process
• Before taking the oath or affirmation, MPs must submit their election certificate to the Lok Sabha staff.
  • This requirement was introduced after a 1957 incident where a mentally unsound individual posed as an MP and took the oath.
• MPs can then take their oath or affirmation in English or any of the 22 languages specified in the Constitution.
• MPs must use the name on their election certificate and adhere to the text of the oath.
• Deviations, such as adding suffixes or phrases, are not recorded, and MPs may be asked to retake the oath.
• While oaths and affirmations are a personal choice, 87% of MPs swore in the name of God in the last Lok Sabha, with the remaining 13% affirming allegiance to the Constitution.
• Some MPs alternate between swearing by God and affirming across different terms.
• Invoking different icons during oath taking ceremony in Parliament
  • During the oath-taking ceremony in Parliament, elected members often invoke or mention various icons, historical figures, or personalities who hold significance to them personally or to their constituency or community.
  • This can include mentioning leaders, historical figures, social reformers, or cultural icons who have made significant contributions to society or who represent important values and aspirations.
  • These mentions can highlight the diversity and richness of India's cultural and historical heritage, as well as the personal or political affiliations of the elected members.

Uda Devi

• Uda Devi, born in Ujirao, Lucknow, was part of the royal guard of Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh and took part in the 1857 Mutiny.
• She is known for mobilizing people to fight against the British.
• On November 16, 1857, she fought bravely near the Gomti River in Lucknow, reportedly killing at least three dozen British soldiers before being killed herself.
• Every year on November 16, events are held in central Uttar Pradesh to commemorate her martyrdom.
• Uda Devi remains an important icon, especially for the Dalit community.

Maharaja Bijli Pasi

• Bijli Pasi is a well-known figure among the Pasis of central Uttar Pradesh, including districts like Lucknow, Rae Bareli, Barabanki, Bahraich, Sultanpur, and Allahabad.
• He is one of the most prominent Pasi leaders, having ruled parts of UP during the medieval period.
• The ruins of his fort still stand in Lucknow, where a statue of him has also been erected.
• Other notable Pasi figures from this region include Daldev, Baldev, and Kakoran.

Why in news?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the Ways and Means Advances (WMA) limits of State governments and Union territories to ₹60,118 crore from ₹47,010 crore.

This decision is based on the suggestions from a group formed by the Reserve Bank, which included some state Finance Secretaries, and after reviewing the states' recent spending data. This increase will come into effect from July 1, 2024.

The RBI further said that Special Drawing Facility (SDF) availed by State Governments/ UTs will continue to be linked to the quantum of their investments in marketable securities, issued by the Government, including Auction Treasury Bills (ATBs).

What’s in today’s article?

• Special Drawing Facility (SDF)
• Auction Treasury Bills
• Ways and Means Advances (WMA)

Special Drawing Facility (SDF)

• SDF is a type of short-term borrowing arrangement provided by RBI to state governments and Union Territories (UTs).
• This facility is intended to help them manage temporary mismatches in their cash flows, similar to the Ways and Means Advances (WMA) but with different terms and conditions.
• SDF is provided against the collateral of government securities held by the state governments or Union Territories.
• The amount available under SDF is directly linked to the value of these securities.

Auction Treasury Bills

• Auction Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short-term debt instruments issued by the government to meet its immediate financial needs.
• They are sold through a competitive bidding process, also known as an auction, conducted by RBI on behalf of the government.

Ways and Means Advances (WMA)

• About
  • Ways and Means Advances (WMA) are temporary loan facilities provided by the RBI to the central and state governments to help them manage temporary mismatches in their receipts and expenditures.
  • These borrowings are meant purely to help them to tide over temporary mismatches in cash flows of their receipts and expenditures.
  • The WMA scheme was introduced on April 1, 1997.
• Legal provision
  • Section 17(5) of the RBI Act, 1934 authorizes the central bank to lend to the Centre and state governments subject to their being repayable “not later than three months from the date of the making of the advance”.
• Types
  • Normal WMA: A fixed limit is set, and borrowing within this limit is charged at the repo rate.
  • Special WMA or Special Drawing Facility: Additional borrowing over and above the normal WMA, backed by the government securities held by the state government.
    • After the state exhausts the limit of SDF, it gets normal WMA.
• Key features
• Duration: The advances are typically short-term, with a duration of up to 90 days.
  • If the amount is not returned within this period, it would be treated as an overdraft.
  • The interest rate on overdrafts is 2 percentage points more than the repo rate.
• Interest Rates: Interest rates on WMA are linked to the repo rate.
  • For Normal WMA: interest rate = repo rate
  • For Special WMA: interest rate = one percentage points less than repo rate
  • For overdraft: interest rate = 2 percentage points more than the repo rate
• Limits: The RBI, in consultation with the government, sets limits for WMA for both the central and state governments. These limits are reviewed periodically.
• Number of loans: Number of loans under normal WMA is based on a three-year average of actual revenue and capital expenditure of the state.
• Benefits of WMA
  • Liquidity Management: Helps the government manage its day-to-day liquidity requirements, ensuring that short-term cash flow mismatches do not disrupt essential spending.
  • Fiscal Discipline: Encourages better fiscal management as the governments are expected to repay the advances within a stipulated period, promoting timely receipt and disbursement of funds.
  • Interest Cost Savings: The interest rate on WMA is typically lower than market borrowing rates, reducing the interest burden on the government.
  • Flexible Funding: Provides a flexible source of funds for immediate and unforeseen expenditures without having to resort to market borrowings, which might be time-consuming and more expensive.
  • Market Stability: By avoiding sudden large borrowings from the market, WMA helps in maintaining stability in the government securities market.
• Limitations and Risks
  • Short-Term Solution: WMA is only a short-term solution and cannot be relied upon for long-term fiscal issues.
  • Repayment Pressure: The need to repay within a short period might create additional pressure on the government’s finances.
  • Interest Costs: While the interest rate is lower than market borrowings, prolonged use of WMA can still add to the interest burden if not managed properly.

Context

• The recent debacles surrounding the NEET and UGC NET exams have highlighted critical deficiencies in India's examination system, with the National Testing Agency (NTA) becoming a focal point of criticism.
• The government's response has included the removal of the NTA director and the initiation of investigations, resulting in several arrests.
• However, while assigning accountability is essential, it is merely a starting point and a comprehensive and systematic solution is imperative to prevent future crises and to ensure the integrity and reliability of mass-scale testing.

Problems Associated with Existing India’s Examination System

• The High-Stakes Exam Culture
  • The current examination system, where selection for professional courses hinges on a single high-stakes exam, has several inherent issues.
  • This system encourages rote learning over conceptual understanding, leading to a proliferation of coaching centres.
  • These centres, focused on exam-cracking strategies rather than holistic education, generate substantial profits while subjecting students to intense pressure and stunted personal growth over extended periods.
• Mismatched Aptitude and Course Selection
  • This discrepancy is particularly evident in engineering, where the number of graduates has decreased by 40% over the past five years, indicating a lack of sustained interest post-admission.
  • This misalignment suggests that the current selection process does not adequately consider students' genuine interests and aptitudes.
• The Undermined School System
  • The dominance of coaching institutions has severely undermined the school system, particularly in higher classes (11th and 12th grades).
  • The emphasis on rote-based learning has compromised the holistic personality development envisioned in policy documents like the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
  • This shift away from comprehensive education towards narrow exam preparation is detrimental to students' overall development.
• Flaws in Assessment and Evaluation
  • The 10th and 12th Class Board exams are summative assessments, encouraging cramming rather than deep learning.
  • Although NEP 2020 advocates for formative and competency-based assessments, the 2022-23 deadline for implementing these reforms has passed without significant progress.

The Necessity of Robust Examination Systems

• Ensuring Fairness and Integrity
  • The primary purpose of any examination system is to ensure fairness and integrity in the assessment process.
  • A robust system minimises the chances of malpractice and fraud, ensuring that the results reflect the true capabilities and knowledge of the candidates.
  • The recent reliance on pen-and-paper exams has exposed vulnerabilities, including paper leaks and impersonation.
• Enhancing Credibility and Trust
  • A reliable examination system is crucial for maintaining the credibility of educational institutions and the government.
  • When exam processes are transparent and secure, stakeholders, including students, parents, and employers, can trust the results.
  • This trust is foundational for the legitimacy of the educational credentials and, by extension, the career prospects of students.
• Promoting Holistic Assessment
  • A robust system would integrate multiple forms of assessment, including formative assessments, project-based evaluations, and practical applications.
  • This would provide a more holistic view of a student's capabilities, including critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills.

Proposals for Systematic Reforms to Prevent Malpractices and Frauds

• Adapting to Technological Advancements
  • The world is rapidly advancing in terms of technology, and the education sector must keep pace.
  • A robust examination system would leverage technology not just for conducting exams but also for preparing and evaluating them.
  • Online testing platforms, AI-based proctoring, and automated evaluation can enhance the efficiency and reliability of the examination process.
  • AI-based proctoring, for instance, can detect even minor discrepancies, reducing the likelihood of cheating and ensuring a fair assessment environment.
  • Since all teachers will be contributing to the question bank, and all items will be tested for the level of difficulty, it would be a participative system — one following the objectives of NEP 2020.
• Standardising Assessment Methods
  • The government should introduce a system where 40% of the admission weightage is based on eight quarterly academic assessments conducted online over two years.
  • These assessments, taken within schools, would be proctored using AI-based fraud detection to ensure integrity.
  • The question banks should emphasise critical thinking, conceptual understanding, and problem-solving skills.
  • Assign another 40% weightage to social and professional aptitude, assessed through two six-week internships related to the chosen field of study and mandatory participation in social upliftment programs like NSS/NCC.
  • Allocate 20% weightage to the final NEET/JEE exam, conducted online at least twice a year. This would allow students to choose their best score for final consideration.
• Supporting Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation
  • One of the critical flaws in the current system is the reliance on a single, high-stakes exam to determine a student's future.
  • A robust examination system would support continuous and comprehensive evaluation, spreading assessments over a period and incorporating various forms of evaluation.
  • This approach reduces the pressure on students and provides multiple opportunities to demonstrate their abilities, leading to a more accurate and fair assessment of their knowledge and skills.
• Addressing Logistical Challenges
  • Conducting large-scale exams poses significant logistical challenges, from managing exam centres to ensuring the timely distribution and collection of exam papers.
  • A robust system that utilises online platforms can streamline these processes, reducing the logistical burden and the potential for errors and delays.
  • Online exams can be administered simultaneously across multiple locations, ensuring uniformity, and reducing the logistical complexity.
• Revitalizing School Education
  • By focusing on continuous assessments and reducing the stakes of a single exam, the proposed system can redirect attention back to schools, fostering a more holistic education environment.
  • Reformed assessment systems should prioritise concept-based understanding, fulfilling NEP 2020's mandate and significantly reducing the potential for examination fraud.
• Reducing the Influence of Coaching Centres
  • The current high-stakes exam system has led to the proliferation of coaching centres, which focus on teaching students how to crack exams rather than fostering a deep understanding of the subjects.
  • A robust examination system that emphasises continuous and varied assessments would reduce the reliance on coaching centres, encouraging a more balanced and holistic educational approach.
  • This shift would allow students to focus more on conceptual learning and personal development rather than merely preparing for exams.
• Preparing Students for Future Challenges
  • A robust examination system is not just about assessing students' current knowledge but also about preparing them for future challenges.
  • By incorporating assessments that evaluate critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills, the system can better prepare students for higher education and professional environments.
  • This comprehensive approach ensures that students are not only academically proficient but also equipped with the necessary skills to succeed in their future endeavours.

 Conclusion

• The ongoing crisis in mass-scale examinations underscores the urgent need for systemic reform in India's education system.
• Implementing continuous assessments, evaluating social and professional aptitudes, and leveraging technology for secure and fair testing are critical steps towards ensuring the integrity and effectiveness of the examination process.
• These reforms can transform the educational landscape, fostering genuine learning and personal development while safeguarding the futures of millions of students.

Why in the News?

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to put in place a revised Framework on Currency Swap Arrangement for SAARC countries for the period 2024 to 2027.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About SAARC (Objectives, Members, Structure, etc.)
• Currency Swap Agreement (Meaning, Benefits, India’s Agreements, etc.)
• News Summary

About SAARC:

• The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia.
• It was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka in 1985.
• The SAARC includes eight south Asian countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, SriLanka
• There are currently nine countries with ‘Observer’ status: Australia, China, European Union, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Mauritius, Myanmar, United States of America

SAARC Structure:

• SAARC Summits:
• The Meetings of the Heads of State or Government of Member States is the highest decision-making authority under SAARC.
• Summits are usually held biennially hosted by a Member State in alphabetical order.
• The Member State hosting the Summit assumes the Chair of the Association.
• Council of Ministers:
• Council of Ministers (CoM) comprises of the Ministers of Foreign/External Affairs of the Member States.
• The Council meets, preceding the Summit and between the two summits.
• The Council has also been meeting informally, since 1997, on the side-lines of the United Nations General Assembly Sessions in New York.
• Secretariat:
• The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16^th January 1987.
• Its role is to coordinate and monitor the implementation of SAARC activities.

Decision-making:

• Decisions at all levels are to be taken on the basis of unanimity.
• Bilateral and contentious issues are excluded from the deliberations of the Association.

About Currency Swap Agreement:

• A currency swap agreement is a financial contract between two parties to exchange principal and interest payments in different currencies.
• The primary purpose of such an agreement is to secure more favourable loan terms or to hedge against currency risk.
• Features of currency swap agreement include:
• Exchange of Principal:
• At the start of the swap, the two parties exchange equivalent amounts of different currencies based on the prevailing exchange rate.
• For example, Party A might lend Party B USD, while Party B lends Party A an equivalent amount in INR.
• Interest Payments:
• Throughout the duration of the swap, the parties exchange interest payments on the borrowed amounts.
• These payments are typically made at regular intervals and are calculated based on the interest rates agreed upon in the swap contract.
• The interest payments can be fixed or floating rates.
• Re-exchange of Principal:
• At the end of the swap agreement, the parties re-exchange the principal amounts at the initial exchange rate, regardless of the current exchange rate.
• Benefits of Currency Swap Agreements:
• Hedging: Companies can hedge against currency fluctuations and interest rate changes.
• Access to Capital: Firms can access capital in foreign currencies at more favourable rates.
• Cost Savings: It can lead to cost savings due to better loan terms in the foreign currency market.

India’s Currency Swap Agreements:

• So far, the Commerce Ministry, Government of India, has finalised arrangements with some 23 countries with whom Indian can trade in local currencies.
• In simple terms, the importer or exporter in both the countries has to quote and receive settlements in their own currencies.
• No third country currency is involved, thereby eliminating the need to worry about exchange variations.
• India's emphasis has been to persuade countries to come to this arrangement, where India has substantial or sizeable trade deficit with that country.
• By doing so, the dues are still payable in rupees, thus saving the need to settle in "foreign exchange" in say, US dollars, Euros, or whatever.
• Once the Finance Ministry approves the country with whom such an arrangement would be mutually beneficial, Commerce Ministry takes over the responsibility to start the bilateral talks to arrive at a suitable agreement.

Currency Swap Arrangement for SAARC countries:

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced a revised Currency Swap Framework for SAARC countries, effective from 2024 to 2027.
• This framework enables bilateral currency swap agreements between the RBI and SAARC central banks to address short-term foreign exchange liquidity needs or balance of payments crises.
• A new INR Swap Window with concessions for Indian Rupee support, totalling ₹250 billion, has been introduced.
• Additionally, a US Dollar/Euro Swap Window with a corpus of $2 billion will continue.
• All SAARC member countries can access the facility, provided they sign the bilateral agreements.

Why in News?

India officially became part of JP Morgan's Government Bond Index-Emerging Markets (GBI-EM). The inclusion is likely to bring nearly $20-25 billion into the country (over the next 10 months) and will help India manage its external finances and boost foreign exchange reserves and the rupee.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Indian Bond Market - Challenges and Solutions
• What is the JP Morgan Emerging Market Index?
• What was JP Morgan’s Announcement?
• Impact of IGBs Inclusion
• Will Higher Inflows be a Concern for RBI?

Indian Bond Market - Challenges and Solutions:

• Importance of bond markets:
  • They are a boon for corporate bodies and government entities, providing a flexible and efficient way to raise capital.
  • One of the critical advantages for companies is the avoidance of equity dilution.
  • Moreover, the cost of capital is reduced as the interest expenses on debt instruments are tax-deductible, making it a more attractive option than other forms of financing.
• India's bond market:
  • India's bond market is pivotal in the country's economic structure.
  • As of September 2023, the government bond market size stands impressively at $1.3 trillion, with corporate bonds at $0.6 trillion.
• Challenges in Indian bond markets:
  • Narrow investment base,
  • Insufficient participation by foreign investors,
  • Virtually absent secondary market and
  • Private placement (a sale of stock shares or bonds to pre-selected investors and institutions rather than publicly on the open market).
• Panacea:
  • Inclusion in the Global Indices
  • Presence of market makers on both buy and sell-side
  • No credit default swaps
  • Bonds bhi ‘Sahi Hain’: A marketing campaign which can catch the eyeballs of all the age groups of the society.
  • Credit enhancement frameworks
  • Incentivising the issuer

What is the JP Morgan Emerging Market Index?

• Created in the early 1990s, it is the most widely referenced index for emerging market bonds and has become benchmarks for local market and corporate EM bonds.
• It began with the issuance of the first Brady bond - denominated in U.S. dollars and issued by developing countries and backed by the U.S. Treasury bonds.
• It has since expanded to include the GBI-EM (in 2005) and the Corporate Emerging Markets Bond Index (CEMBI).

What was JP Morgan’s Announcement?

• JP Morgan has announced that it would include Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) to its emerging markets bond index (starting June 28, 2024).
• There are 23 IGBs that meet the index eligibility criteria, with a combined notional value of approximately Rs 27 lakh crore or $330 billion.
• Only IGBs designated under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR was introduced by the RBI in 2020 to enable non-residents to invest in specified Government of India dated securities) are index-eligible.

Impact of IGBs Inclusion:

• India is expected to reach the maximum weight of 10% in the GBI-EM Global Diversified Index (GBI-EM GD).
• A higher weightage will prompt global investors to allocate more funds (~ $ 2-3 billion flows to India every month) for investment in Indian debt.
• It will not only result in lower risk premia, but will also help India to finance its fiscal and current account deficit (CAD).
• It will also help India to enhance the liquidity and ownership base of government securities (G-secs; debt instruments issued by the central government to meet its fiscal needs).
• The inclusion of certain Indian sovereign bonds will support a diversification of the investor base for Indian government securities.
• It could help lower funding costs slightly, and support further development of domestic capital markets.

Will Higher Inflows be a Concern for RBI?

• When the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) removes dollars from the market, it must release an equal amount in rupees.
• This means, while higher inflows will boost the rupee, the RBI will have to use the instruments in its armoury to check the resultant inflationary pressures.

Why in news? President Droupadi Murmu addressed the joint session of both houses of Parliament after the constitution of the 18th Lok Sabha.

During this, she spoke about a wide range of topics, including recent paper leak cases, higher voter turnout in Kashmir valley during recently held Lok Sabha polls, concerns over EVMs, India's agriculture and forthcoming budget.

What’s in today’s article?

• President's Address to Parliament
• Key highlights of the President's Address

President's Address to Parliament

• Article 87 provides two special occasions on which the President addresses a joint sitting.
  • The first is to address the opening session of a new legislature after a general election.
  • The second is to address the first sitting of Parliament each year.
    • The purpose of this address is to inform Parliament of the causes of its summons.
• The President’s speech essentially highlights the government’s policy priorities and plans for the upcoming year.
• The address provides a broad framework of the government’s agenda and direction.
• Apart from this, the President has a right to address any one or both Houses together.
  • He may also send messages to either House with respect to a Bill or otherwise.

Key highlights of the President's Address - Vision for a Developed India

• Upcoming Union Budget: Historic Steps
  • The President announced that the Union Budget next month will introduce many historic steps along with significant economic and social decisions to accelerate the country's development.
• Accelerated Reforms
  • Murmu highlighted the government's commitment to accelerating the pace of reforms in line with the aspirations of the Indian people for rapid development.
• Reference to Emergency and Constitutional Resilience
  • The President recalled the Emergency imposed in June 1975 by the Congress government as the "biggest and darkest chapter of direct attack on the Constitution."
  • She praised the resilience of the Indian Constitution and its ability to withstand numerous challenges over the decades.
• Article 370 and Jammu & Kashmir
  • Murmu noted that the Constitution has now fully come into force in Jammu and Kashmir following the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019, which granted the region special status.
• High Voter Turnout in Jammu & Kashmir
  • The President highlighted the unprecedented voter turnout in Jammu and Kashmir during the Lok Sabha elections, noting it as a significant response to internal and external elements spreading false propaganda about the region.
• Election Mandate: Trust in Governance
  • The President underscored that the 2024 election was a mandate of trust in the government's policy, intention, dedication, and decisions.
  • She listed the key areas of trust: strong and decisive governance, good governance, stability, continuity, honesty, hard work, security, prosperity, and India's resolve to become a "Viksit Bharat" (developed India).
• Defence of EVMs and Electoral Integrity
  • She defended the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) amidst Opposition criticism, praising the Election Commission for the successful conduct of the elections.
  • She underscored the importance of preserving trust in democratic institutions and the electoral process.
• Commitment to Fair Examinations
  • President Murmu assured a fair investigation and strict punishment for the culprits.
  • She emphasized the government's dedication to providing transparent and probity-driven opportunities for the youth.
• Call to Action Against Misinformation
  • She warned against disruptive forces both within and outside the country, which aim to weaken democracy through misinformation and rumor-mongering.
  • She called for collective efforts to counter these threats.
• Appeal for Parliamentary Cooperation
  • The President disapproved of parliamentary disruptions and stressed the need for smooth parliamentary functioning to maintain public confidence in the government and the system.
  • She emphasized the importance of prioritizing public interest through healthy deliberations and far-reaching decisions.
• Highlighting Government Achievements
  • She highlighted the achievements of Modi government over the last decade, including:
    • welfare schemes such as free ration distribution to 80 crore people, Kisan Samman Nidhi payments to farmers,
    • significant increase in defence exports,
    • record GST collections,
    • construction of PM Awas houses, and
    • abolition of interviews for Group C and D posts in the Central government.
• Focus on Key Demographics
  • The President made special mention of women, youth, farmers, and the poor, aligning with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's emphasis on these groups in government initiatives.

Why in news?

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), India’s markets regulator, has asked brokers and mutual funds to stop using the services of unregulated financial influencers for marketing and advertising campaigns.

In addition to regulating finfluencers, SEBI has introduced a fixed price process for delisting frequently traded shares and established a delisting framework for Investment and Holding Companies (IHC).

What’s in today’s article?

• Finfluencers (financial influencers)
• New rules by SEBI

Finfluencers

• About
  • Finfluencers are people with public social media platforms offering advice and sharing personal experiences about money and investment in stocks.
  • Their videos cover budgeting, investing, property buying, cryptocurrency advice and financial trend tracking.
• Popularity of finfluencers
  • The popularity of finfluencers is evident from their massive subscriber counts, often exceeding those of leading broking firms.
  • This has resulted in substantial earnings for the most successful finfluencers, with estimates ranging from Rs 15 lakh to Rs 30 lakh per month.
  • However, the low barriers to entry in this space have also led to increased exposure to potential bad actors and questionable advice.
• Need to regulate finfluencers
  • There has been a sharp rise in the number of various ‘unregistered’ investment advisors giving unsolicited social media ‘stock’ tips on various social media platforms.
    • The rise of finfluencers can be attributed to India's low financial literacy rate of 27% and the influx of new investors during the Covid-19 pandemic.
    • With the democratization of trading through new-age broking apps and affordable smartphones, many first-time investors turned to finfluencers for guidance.
    • However, the lack of financial education and the focus on market updates by business news channels created a vacuum that finfluencers have been filling.
  • There were also reports that certain companies used social media platforms to boost their share prices through such finfluencers.
    • Recently, an online portal claimed that finfluencers get paid Rs 7 to 9 lakh per endorsement to push financial products on social media.
  • There are two important aspects which requires attention:
    • It is unclear if these influencers have any educational or professional qualification to offer such financial advice, and
    • If there is any kind of monetary transaction that happens between them and the entity they are promoting.
• Criticism
  • Critics have raised the concerns in this regard. They claim that finflencers render advice to their followers which comes under the ambit of Freedom of Expression of the Constitution.
  • Followers are not forced to take action based on the recommendations of these finfluencers.
  • They point towards the fact that often celebrities endorse certain products without having any expertise. Also, they take money to promote the products.
  • In this context, these critics claim that regulating the finfluencers would be improper.

New rules by SEBI

• SEBI Tightens Norms on Financial Influencers
  • Under the new rules, brokers and mutual funds are prohibited from using the services of unregulated financial influencers for marketing and advertising campaigns.
  • However, financial influencers engaged in investor education will be exempt from these restrictions.
  • The regulated entities will be responsible for ensuring that the individuals they associate with adhere to the rules of conduct set by SEBI, including avoiding promises of assured returns.
• Changes to Derivative Trading Regulations
  • SEBI has introduced new criteria to determine which stocks can be linked to derivative products, such as futures and options.
  • The total number of stocks eligible for derivative trading is expected to increase slightly.
• Eased Delisting Rules
  • The regulator has approved changes to delisting rules, making it easier for companies to exit from stock exchanges.
    • Currently, delisting is carried out via reverse book-building.
    • Reverse book-building is primarily used by companies that wish to delist their shares from a stock exchange.
    • The objective is to determine the exit price at which shareholders are willing to sell their shares back to the company or promoters.
  • Companies can now offer their shareholders fixed prices for shares as an alternative to the current reverse book-building mechanism.
  • The fixed price must be at least 15% above a floor price, which will be determined by rules set by the regulator.
  • The regulator has also decided to remove financial disincentives for the managing director and chief technology officer of exchanges and other market infrastructure institutions (MIIs) in the event of technical glitches.

Context

• India faces recurring tragedies, from road accidents to monsoon flooding, often attributed to an incompetent state unable to enforce laws.
• Among these tragedies, the recurrent calamities due to the consumption of illicit alcohol stand out, highlighting both legal and moral failures.
• The recent Kallakurichi hooch tragedy in Tamil Nadu, resulting in nearly 60 deaths, underscores the severe consequences of these failures.

Historical Context of Alcohol Consumption in India

• Ancient and Medieval Periods
  • References to alcohol, particularly a fermented drink called soma, appear in the Vedic texts and soma was considered a divine drink and was consumed during religious rituals and ceremonies.
  • The Rigveda, one of the oldest Indian scriptures, speaks of soma with reverence, indicating its importance in the social and religious life of that era.
  • During the Mughal period, despite the Quranic prohibition of alcohol, drinking was not uncommon.
  • The Mughal emperors and their courts indulged in wine and other alcoholic beverages, imported from Persia and Central Asia, as well as locally produced drinks.
  • This period saw a flourishing of a sophisticated drinking culture, with alcohol integrated into the fabric of elite social life.
• Colonial Period
  • The British colonial authorities sought to regulate and control the production and consumption of alcohol, introducing new forms of liquor and establishing a taxation regime.
  • Indigenous alcoholic beverages, which were integral to community celebrations and cultural practices, were stigmatised and restricted.
  • The colonial narrative framed these traditional practices as primitive, promoting instead the consumption of gin and whiskey, distilled in industrial quantities and heavily taxed.
  • This period also saw the birth of the term "Indian-made foreign liquor" (IMFL), which became a symbol of colonial influence.
  • IMFL represented a blend of Western and Indian drinking cultures, embodying the tensions between colonial control and indigenous practices.
  • The British promoted these beverages among the Indian elite, creating a class of brown sahibs who adopted Western lifestyles and drinking habits.
• Independence and Prohibition Movements
  • The temperance movement, which had been gaining momentum since the late 19th century, found a natural ally in the independence struggle.
  • Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, who viewed alcohol as a social evil and a threat to moral integrity, championed the cause of prohibition.
  • Gandhi's vision of a free India included a society free from the vices introduced by colonial rule, with alcohol being a prime target.
  • When India gained independence in 1947, the ideals of the temperance movement were enshrined in the Constitution.
  • Article 47 of the Directive Principles of State Policy urged the state to endeavour to bring about prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health.
  • This made India the only secular and democratic country to constitutionally mandate such a directive, reflecting the strong moral undertones of the independence era.
• Modern Era and Contemporary Issues
  • In the modern era, state policies on alcohol vary widely, reflecting the ongoing tension between moral, cultural, and economic factors.
  • States like Bihar have experimented with prohibition, driven by concerns over alcohol-fuelled domestic violence and public health.
  • However, these efforts often lead to unintended consequences, such as the proliferation of illicit alcohol production and consumption.

Contradictory Excise Policies and Their Consequences

• Prohibition and Its Implementation
  • After India gained independence, the constitutional directive to promote prohibition of intoxicating substances was a nod to the moral and cultural values espoused by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi.
  • However, the practical implementation of prohibition was delegated to individual states, leading to a patchwork of policies that reflect a wide spectrum of approaches towards alcohol regulation.
• Economic Considerations
  • One of the most significant contradictions in alcohol policy arises from the economic benefits that alcohol sales provide to state governments.
  • Alcohol excise is a major source of revenue, often contributing significantly to the state’s budget.
  • For instance, the government of Tamil Nadu generates substantial revenue through the Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation (TASMAC), which controls the sale of alcohol in the state.
  • This economic dependency creates a conflict of interest, making it challenging to implement strict prohibition.
• Social and Cultural Dimensions
  • The societal perception of alcohol consumption is another area of contradiction.
  • On one hand, traditional and moralistic views continue to stigmatise drinking, associating it with moral decay and social vice.
  • On the other hand, urbanisation and globalisation have brought about a shift in attitudes, particularly among the younger generation and urban elites, who view drinking as a symbol of modernity and personal freedom.
• Impact on Health and Public Safety
  • In states with prohibition, the consumption of illicit alcohol often leads to mass poisoning incidents, as seen in the Kallakurichi hooch tragedy.
  • The lack of regulatory oversight in the production of illicit alcohol results in dangerous concoctions that can cause severe health issues and fatalities.
• Surge in Illegal Moonshine Industries
  • These contradictory policies have perpetuated the illegal moonshine industry, driven by the high demand for alcohol in regions where it is criminalised.
  • Law enforcement agencies and political figures often collude with the mafia or fail to enforce the law, with the poor bearing the brunt of these policies.
  • In Bihar, prisons are overcrowded with poor men arrested for drinking, and most victims of hooch tragedies are impoverished.

Way Ahead to Address the Issue of Illicit Alcohol

• Need for a National Consensus
  • Addressing this issue requires a national consensus to balance public health science and personal freedoms.
  • Lessons from other countries can guide this approach. For instance, revisiting policies on cannabis, which India criminalized under U.S. pressure, despite its long history of use, could be insightful.
  • The U.S. now hosts the largest legal cannabis industry, suggesting potential pathways for India.
• Strict Quality Control
  • Legalising alcohol consumption with strict quality controls and permitting indigenous alcohol production is crucial.
  • Concurrently, enforcing zero-tolerance for alcohol-related offenses, such as bars selling to underage drinkers, is imperative.
  • Shifting from the traditional in-patient deaddiction centres to evidence-based psychosocial interventions within the primary care network would also help treat harmful drinking non-stigmatising.
• Learning from International Experience
  • Reflecting on international experiences, such as the culture change in Britain during the late 1980s and 1990s regarding drink-driving, is instructive.
  • The UK extended pub closing hours and strictly enforced drink-driving laws, leading to a societal shift where drink-driving became socially unacceptable.

Conclusion

• The contradictory policies on alcohol in India reflect a deep-seated tension between moral imperatives, economic interests, and social realities.
• These contradictions have led to a range of unintended consequences, from the proliferation of illicit alcohol and associated health risks to the reinforcement of gender and socio-economic inequalities.
• Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive and balanced approach that integrates public health science, respects personal freedoms, and learns from the experiences of other countries.

Why in News?

Congress leader Rahul Gandhi is Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the 18th Lok Sabha, a position that lay vacant for 10 years because no party had numbers equalling a tenth of the strength of the House.

The LoP is the parliamentary chairperson of the largest political party/ coalition in the Lok Sabha that is not in government.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• The Position of Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
• Powers of the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the House

 The Position of Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha:

• Statutory recognition:
  • It was officially described in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act 1977.
  • The Act describes the Leader of Opposition as:
    • A member of the Council of States or the House of the People (as the case may be),
    • Who is the Leader in that House of the party (having the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman/ the Speaker) in opposition to the Government.
• Numerical strength: According to a conventional understanding, in order to get the post of Leader of Opposition a party must have at least 10% of MPs in the House.
• Debate over numerical strength:
  • According to the former Lok Sabha Secretary General PDT Achary, the law is clear that the Speaker is required to recognise the leader of the numerically largest party in opposition as the leader of opposition.
  • There is no such rule, which requires a party to have at least 10% of the members of the House for recognising someone as the Leader of the Opposition.
  • Before the BJP in 2014 and 2019, the Congress (having 415 members in Lok Sabha) in 1984 denied TDP (with 30 MPs) the post of Leader of Opposition, on the basis of the above mysterious rule.
• Salary and sumptuary allowances: S/he shall be entitled to receive a salary and allowances as are specified in the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act 1954.

Powers of the Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the House:

• Order of precedence: The LoP in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha come at No. 7, along with
  • Union Cabinet Ministers,
  • The National Security Advisor,
  • The Principal Secretary to the PM,
  • The Vice-Chairperson of the NITI Aayog,
  • Former PMs, and Chief Ministers.
• Sitting position in the House:
  • The LoP sits in the front row to the left of the Chair, and enjoys certain privileges on ceremonial occasions like escorting the Speaker-elect to the rostrum (Chair of the Speaker).
  • The LoP is also entitled to a seat in the front row during the Address by the President to both Houses of Parliament.
• The main duty of the LoP:
  • It is to serve as the voice of the opposition in the House and is considered as a shadow Prime Minister with a shadow Cabinet.
  • This means, s/he is ready to take over the administration if the Government resigns or is defeated on the floor of the House.
  • Because the parliamentary system is based on "mutual forbearance" (acknowledging that we do not all have to agree on everything), the LoP is free to disagree while yet allowing the PM to rule.
  • His/her proactive role in facilitating smooth functioning of the business of the House is as important as that of the Government.
• Practical role and responsibility:
  • Most importantly, the LoP is the opposition’s representative in the high-powered committees headed by the PM for appointment to key posts such as
    • The Director of CBI,
    • The Central Vigilance Commissioner and Chief Information Commissioner,
    • The Chairperson and Members of the National Human Rights Commission, and
    • The Lokpal.
  • S/he will also be a member of crucial committees, including Public Accounts, Public Undertakings, Estimates and several Joint Parliamentary Committees.

Why in the News?

Prolonged exposure to coal mining pollutants has resulted in widespread respiratory and skin diseases among the workers and people in six districts in India, where coal extraction is a major occupation.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• About the Study (Objective, Impact on Communities, Health Impact, Shift from Coal)
• India’s Dependency on Coal

About the Study:

• A survey was conducted by the National Foundation for India which is an organisation that works on social justice issues.
• It conducted a survey, involving 1,200 households, to study the prolonged exposure to coal mining pollutants on the mining workers.
• The six districts covered for the survey were Koriya and Raigarh (Chhattisgarh), Dhanbad and Ramgarh (Jharkhand), Angul and Jajpur (Odisha).
• The surveys, on average, spanned 18-20 villages per district.

Key Findings of the Study:

• Impact on Marginalised Communities:
  • It was found that 81.5 per cent among those surveyed belonged to the marginalised SC, ST, and OBC communities and the rest were from the general category.
  • The survey found lower levels of income and educational attainment among SC and ST groups compared to OBC groups, and their higher representation in low-paying, irregular jobs in coal-dumping yards, coal sidings, coal loading, coal transport, coal washeries and other informal work.
  • This disparity, the report said, indicated the challenges that marginalised groups will face as India gradually phases down coal use, resulting in significant job losses and economic downturns in coal-dependent regions.
• Impact on Health:
  • People living closer to the mines were relatively more vulnerable.
  • Dhanbad and Ramgarh, which had more people living in such zones, had higher incidence of lung and breathing-related diseases as well as skin infections.
  • At least 65% of participants interviewed reported issues such as chronic bronchitis, asthma, and skin ailments such as eczema, dermatitis and fungal infections.
  • On average, a household in these districts spent ₹300 to ₹1,000 on monthly medical-related bills.
  • The average annual hospitalization expenses in Dhanbad (₹28,461 per household) were the highest.
• Shift from Coal:
  • The main goal of the study was to explore the concept of a 'just transition' – finding effective and sensitive ways to help individuals who depend on coal mining to move away from these jobs.
  • As the world moves away from coal, significant job losses and economic declines are anticipated in coal-dependent regions.
  • This shift will affect not only coal miners and workers directly but also the wider local economy.

India’s Dependence on Coal for Energy Supply: 

• While renewable energy capacity is dramatically increasing, coal still provides around 70 per cent of the country’s electricity.
• Coal is expected to account for at least 21 per cent of India’s electricity requirements even by 2050.
• Easily Available Source of Power:
• Coal can help the country meet its energy needs without depending on imports as it is abundantly available domestically.
• Alternatives like nuclear energy have been hampered by high costs and safety concerns.
• India’s Developmental Needs:
• To lift millions of people out of poverty, India needs energy.
• The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that between 2020 and 2040, India will have the largest growth in energy demand of any country in the world.
• To meet this demand, India will need to rely on a variety of energy sources—both conventional and renewable.
• Source of Employment:
• Beyond providing desperately needed energy, coal is also a vital source of jobs and economic growth and a driver of industrialization, just as it was in developed countries.
• Around 4 million people in India are employed either directly or indirectly in the coal sector.
• Other than active workers, another 500,000 Indians rely on the coal sector for their pensions.
• Source of Revenue for the Government:
• Coal India Limited is the largest coal mining company in the world.
• The coal sector is a major source of revenue for States and the Central Government.

Why in news?

Rooftop solar (RTS) holds significant promise for transforming India's energy sector by providing a sustainable, decentralized, and cost-effective way to address the nation's increasing electricity demand and promoting self-reliance among consumers.

In the fiscal year 2023-2024, India's installed RTS capacity surged by 2.99 GW, marking the highest annual growth to date. By March 31, 2024, the total installed RTS capacity reached 11.87 GW, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

To adequately meet the escalating energy needs, India must intensify its efforts to expand its RTS infrastructure.

What’s in today’s article?

• Rooftop solar (RTS) programme
• Performance of States
• Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
• Way forward

Rooftop solar (RTS) programme

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: A Major Solar Initiative
  • Launched in January 2010, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission marked India's first significant effort to boost solar energy production.
  • Initially targeting 20 GW of solar energy (including RTS) in three phases (2010-2013, 2013-2017, 2017-2022), the goal was revised in 2015 to 100 GW by 2022, with a 40 GW RTS component.
• Revised Targets and Achievements
  • By December 2022, India achieved an installed RTS capacity of approximately 7.5 GW. Consequently, the 40 GW target deadline was extended to 2026.
• Drivers of Growth in RTS Installations
  • Over the years, improvements to the RTS installation numbers have been driven by favourable initiatives.
  • These include:
    • the Sustainable Partnership for RTS Acceleration in Bharat, SUPRABHA, and
    • the Sustainable Rooftop Implementation for Solar Transfiguration of India, SRISTI, schemes,
    • financial incentives, technological advances, awareness campaigns, and training programmes.
• Untapped Potential and Future Goals
  • Despite progress, India's overall RTS potential remains vast at approximately 796 GW.
  • Many States have yet to fully harness this potential.
  • To meet the ambitious targets of 500 GW of renewable energy capacity (including 280 GW of solar) by 2030, and net-zero goals by 2070, RTS needs to contribute about 100 GW by 2030.

Leading States in Rooftop Solar (RTS) Installations

• Gujarat: A Model of Success
  • Installed Capacity: 3,456 MW
  • Key Factors: Proactive government policies, efficient approval processes, numerous RTS installers, high consumer awareness
  • Notable Achievement: Modhera, India’s first solar-powered village with 1,300 RTS systems of 1 kW each
• Maharashtra: Strong Performance
  • Installed Capacity: 2,072 MW
  • Key Factors: Robust solar policies, favorable regulatory environment
• Rajasthan: High Potential
  • Installed Capacity: 1,154 MW
  • Key Factors: Largest state by land area, high solar irradiance, streamlined approvals, financial incentives, public-private partnerships
• Other Notable Performers
  • Kerala: 675 MW
  • Tamil Nadu: 599 MW
  • Karnataka: 594 MW
• States Lagging Behind
  • Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand
  • Challenges: Bureaucratic hurdles, inadequate infrastructure, lack of public awareness
• Conclusion
  • While states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan are making significant progress in RTS installations, others still face substantial challenges that need to be addressed to fully tap into their solar potential.

Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana

• Objective
  • Goal: Equip 1 crore households with rooftop solar (RTS) systems, providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month
  • Capacity Addition: 20 GW from 2 kW systems per household
  • The scheme aims to revolutionize India's energy landscape by significantly boosting RTS capacity, ensuring energy equity, and fostering sustainable development.
  • It also aims to train professionals for installing, operating, and maintaining RTS systems, fostering a skilled workforce.
• Target: Rural and urban households, especially in regions with limited electricity access, high solar potential, and vulnerable communities.
  • It aims to ensure equitable distribution of benefits.
• Financial Outlay
  • Total Budget: Rs 75,021 crore
    • Central Financial Assistance: Rs 65,700 crore
    • Incentives for Distribution Companies: Rs 4,950 crore
    • Other Allocations: Incentives for local bodies, model solar villages, innovative projects, payment security mechanisms, capacity building, awareness, and outreach
  • Technology and Infrastructure
    • Focus: Advanced solar technologies, energy storage solutions, smart grid infrastructure
    • Goal: Enhance efficiency, reliability, and resilience of RTS installations
  • Streamlined Processes
    • Intention: Simplify approvals, permits, and regulatory clearances for RTS installations
    • Outcome: Reduce administrative hurdles and promote ease of business

Way forward

• Awareness
  • To encourage widespread adoption of RTS technologies, comprehensive awareness campaigns led by distribution companies and local bodies are essential.
  • These campaigns should include grassroots initiatives and door-to-door promotions targeting every administrative level—from wards to districts.
• Ensure economic viability
  • Economic viability is crucial for RTS adoption. Government subsidies help reduce costs, and expanding low-cost financing options from banks and non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) will further facilitate affordability.
  • Making RTS loans as accessible as typical vehicle loans will encourage more households to consider solar energy solutions.
• Research and Development (R&D) in Solar Technology
  • Emphasizing R&D in solar technology, energy storage solutions, and smart-grid infrastructure can reduce costs, enhance performance, and improve reliability of RTS systems.
  • Innovative technologies like drone and satellite imagery for shadow analysis, rooftop suitability assessments, and energy consumption patterns can optimize RTS system designs and support achieving adoption targets.
• Investment in Training and Skill Development
  • Initiatives like the 'Suryamitra' training programme, which has trained over 51,000 solar PV technicians since 2015, illustrate the importance of investing in training, vocational courses, and skill development.
  • Accelerating such programmes will help build a skilled workforce necessary for the RTS sector's growth and sustainability.
• Update and review RTS policies
  • To support the effective implementation of the ‘Muft Bijli Yojana’ and enhance RTS adoption, there is a need to update and review RTS policies.
  • This includes revising net-metering regulations, grid-integration standards, and building codes to address current challenges.

Why in news?

Sri Lanka reached a final restructuring agreement for $5.8 billion with its bilateral lenders’ Official Creditor Committee headed by India, Japan, and France.

What’s in today’s article?

• Official Creditor Committee (OCC) in Paris
• Sri Lanka seals debt deal with OCC
• Significance of this agreement
• Role of India

Official Creditor Committee (OCC) in Paris

• Background
  • OCC is a group formed to represent the collective interests of creditors during the debt restructuring or bankruptcy process of a debtor, typically a corporation or sovereign entity.
  • The OCC is often appointed in formal insolvency proceedings, such as those under the jurisdiction of bankruptcy courts, to ensure that the creditors' interests are protected and that the restructuring plan is fair and equitable.
  • This term OCC is used more generally to describe any ad-hoc committee formed to represent official creditors during debt restructuring negotiations.
  • It does not refer to a single, permanent organization but rather to various committees that might be formed for specific cases.
• About
  • The OCC that has signed a deal with Sri Lanka recently refers to a specific ad-hoc group of official bilateral creditors, often formed to address the debt restructuring needs of a particular country.
  • It was formed in May 2023 with the aim of simplifying Sri Lanka’s debt negotiations after the country defaulted on its external debt, in the wake of an unprecedented financial crash in 2022.
• Members
  • The OCC is a platform comprising 17 countries including India and members of the Paris Club such as Japan, that have extended loans to Sri Lanka.
• Headquarters
  • While not a permanent entity with a fixed headquarters, meetings for this OCC would typically be held in Paris, especially if coordinated with the Paris Club, which has its secretariat there.
• Role and Function
  • The OCC's primary role is to negotiate and coordinate the restructuring of Sri Lanka’s external debt, ensuring a fair and sustainable resolution for the country's debt crisis.

Paris Club

• About - It is an informal group of official creditors (primarily major industrialized countries) that coordinates solutions for debtor countries facing payment difficulties.
• Headquarters - Paris, France.
• Members - The Paris Club consists of 22 permanent member countries, which are primarily from Europe, North America, and Asia.

Recent Deal with Sri Lanka

• Background - Financial crisis in Sri Lanka
  • Sri Lanka in mid-April of 2022 declared its first ever sovereign default since gaining independence from Britain in 1948.
  • The International Monetary Fund had made external debt restructuring conditional to the USD 2.9 billion bailout.
• Final restructuring agreement
  • Sri Lanka reached a final restructuring agreement for $5.8 billion of debt with its bilateral lenders’ Official Creditor Committee in Paris.
  • This agreement grants significant debt relief, allowing Sri Lanka to allocate funds to essential public services & secure concessional financing for development needs.
• Sri Lanka’s bilateral unpaid debt
  • Sri Lanka’s total bilateral unpaid debt amounts to 10, 588 million dollars.
  • 
• China pact
  • China, Sri Lanka’s largest bilateral lender, opted to stay out of the platform, but attended the discussions as an observer.
  • Colombo has been negotiating its debt treatment with Beijing bilaterally and has clinched a deal.

Significance of this agreement for Sri Lanka

• This agreement means that half of the government’s external debt by creditor countries and organisations has been restructured.
  • Debt restructuring is a process used by companies, sovereign nations, or individuals facing financial distress to reorganize their outstanding debt obligations to make them more manageable and sustainable.
  • This can involve a range of strategies aimed at reducing the burden of debt and improving the debtor's ability to meet future obligations.
• This milestone demonstrates the strong progress made by Sri Lanka in stabilizing its economy and moving towards reform and growth.

Role of India

• As one of the Co-Chairs of the OCC, along with France and Japan, India has been steadfast in its commitment to the stabilization, recovery and growth of the Sri Lankan economy.
• This was also demonstrated by India’s unprecedented financial support of USD 4 billion to Sri Lanka.
• India was also the first creditor nation to convey financing assurances to IMF which paved the way for Sri Lanka to secure the IMF programme.

Context

• India's strategic and economic landscape has been significantly shaped by its geographical features, among which the Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands hold a crucial position.
• Despite their strategic importance, these islands have historically been neglected by Indian policymakers.
• Therefore, it is important to delve into the historical oversight, the strategic necessity, and the recent developmental plans for the A&N Islands, highlighting their potential as a cornerstone of India’s maritime strategy and economic development.

 Historical Context and Strategic Importance of A&N Islands

• Early Recognition of Strategic Value
  • Sardar K. M. Panikkar, a visionary historian and diplomat, underscored the significance of these islands as early as 1945.
  • Panikkar argued that control over the Indian Ocean and effective defence of India’s coastline could only be achieved by establishing advanced bases on the A&N archipelago.
  • He pointed out that the islands’ location in the Bay of Bengal provided a strategic vantage point for maritime operations and coastal defence.
  • His foresight highlighted the potential of the A&N Islands to act as a maritime sentinel, overseeing vital sea lanes and ensuring the security of India’s eastern seaboard.
• Evolution of Strategic Policies
  • It was only in the later decades that India began to acknowledge the strategic imperatives of the A&N Islands.
  • The economic opportunities in Southeast Asia and the ASEAN region, coupled with growing seaborne trade and energy interests in the Asia-Pacific, led to the formulation of the Look East and Act East policies.
  • These policies aimed at strengthening economic and strategic ties with East and Southeast Asian countries, thereby increasing the importance of the A&N Islands as a strategic asset.
• Military Realisation Post-Kargil
  • The realisation of the A&N Islands' strategic importance was starkly brought to the forefront following the near-disaster of the Kargil conflict in 1999.
  • The conflict highlighted the gaps in India's defence preparedness and underscored the need for a robust military presence in the strategically located A&N Islands.
  • In response, the Indian government established the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) in 2001, a joint tri-service command based in Port Blair.
  • This move was a significant step towards integrating the defence capabilities of the navy, air force, and army in the region, although it faced initial resistance and neglect.
• Renewed Focus and Fortification
  • Recent years have seen a renewed focus on fortifying the ANC and enhancing the strategic infrastructure across the A&N Islands.
  • Efforts are underway to establish naval and air force bases from Shibpur in the north to Port Blair, Car Nicobar, Kamorta, and Campbell Bay in the south.
  • These developments aim to transform the A&N Islands into a formidable eastern maritime bastion, capable of guarding the Malacca Straits and ensuring maritime security in the region.

Neglect and Complacency Towards A&N Islands

• Post-Independence Neglect
  • Despite Panikkar’s warnings, India’s early post-independence years saw a significant neglect of the A&N Islands.
  • Several factors contributed to this oversight. The nascent nation was preoccupied with more immediate concerns, such as its adversarial relationship with Pakistan, which required attention to its western borders and waters.
  • Additionally, India had extensive trading links and a large diaspora in the Persian Gulf, drawing its focus westward.
  • The country also maintained traditional ties with Indian Ocean Island nations and the East African littoral, further diverting attention from the eastern maritime expanse.
• Maritime Remoteness and Tenuous Hold
  • One of the primary reasons for the neglect of the A&N Islands was their perceived maritime remoteness.
  • The geographical isolation of these islands posed logistical challenges for their administration and defence.
  • Great Nicobar Island, the southernmost of the A&N group, is situated a mere 140 kilometres from Indonesia but is almost 2,000 kilometres from Chennai, highlighting the significant distance from the Indian mainland.
  • This remoteness made it difficult for the central government to maintain a strong administrative and military presence.
  • Furthermore, India's hold on the A&N Islands was tenuous in the early years post-independence.
  • In 1947, Britain considered retaining the islands as a Crown possession even after Indian independence, indicating their strategic value.

The Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island, Economic Potential and Development Challenges

• The Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island
  • Recently, a plan for the Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island was unveiled by the NITI Aayog.
  • This Rs 75,000 crore project aims to establish infrastructure including an international container transshipment terminal, an international airport, power plants, new cities, a coastal transport system, and a free trade zone.
  • While this project promises significant economic and strategic benefits, it has faced opposition from environmentalists and civil society groups concerned about its impact on the local ecology and indigenous tribes.
• Economic Potential and Development Challenges
  • The A&N Islands have vast maritime resources, with an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 600,000 sq km, accounting for 30% of India’s total EEZ.
  • The waters are rich in marine life and potential hydrocarbon resources.
  • However, the islands' economic development must balance sustainability and the preservation of indigenous tribes like the Onge, Jarawa, Sentinelese, and Shompen.
  • Traditionally, tourism and fisheries have been the most sustainable avenues for development.

Critical Consideration to Balance the Ecology and Development of A&N Islands

• Sustainable Development Practices
  • Emphasising sustainable development practices is crucial for the A&N Islands.
  • Tourism and fisheries have traditionally been considered sustainable avenues for revenue and employment generation.
  • Any new development projects should integrate sustainability principles, ensuring that the ecological balance is maintained, and the livelihoods of local communities are enhanced.
  • Ecotourism, sustainable fisheries, and renewable energy projects could be prioritised over heavy industrial and infrastructural developments.
• Replicating Successful Models
  • Aspiring to replicate the success of duty-free ports and free trade zones like those in Singapore or Hong Kong in the remote GNI faces practical challenges.
  • These established hubs benefit from robust industrial back-ups, extensive hinterlands, and strategic locations along major global trade routes.
  • GNI, on the other hand, is 2,000 km from Chennai and Kolkata, with limited industrial and logistical support.
  • The travails of Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port and airport projects, which have faced significant financial and operational challenges, serve as a cautionary tale for such ambitious projects in GNI.
• Viability of a New Transshipment Terminal
  • The viability of establishing a new transshipment terminal in GNI is another critical issue.
  • GNI is equidistant (1,300 km) from established transshipment hubs and bunkering ports such as Singapore, Port Klang in Malaysia, and Hambantota in Sri Lanka.
  • The proximity to these well-established hubs raises questions about the necessity and economic feasibility of a new terminal.
  • Moreover, India has recently commissioned a transshipment terminal in Vizhinjam, Kerala, with great expectations.
  • The success of this terminal should be evaluated before embarking on a similar venture in the remote and ecologically sensitive GNI.

Conclusion

• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands hold immense strategic and economic potential for India.
• A balanced approach that addresses both security and sustainable development is essential for harnessing this potential.
• By considering alternative development strategies and ensuring the protection of the islands’ unique ecological and anthropological heritage, India can transform the A&N Islands into a strategic asset and a model of sustainable development.

Why in news?

An auction for spectrum worth ₹96,238 crore started on June 25, 2024. Companies like Airtel and Reliance Jio are expected to bid for airwaves to enhance their 5G services.

This is the 10th spectrum auction since the process for sale of radiowaves started through an online bidding process in 2010.The last spectrum auction was held in August 2022, which, for the first time, included radio waves for 5G services.

What’s in today’s article?

• Airwaves/Spectrum – About, types of spectrum band, bands useful for telecom companies
• Spectrum allocation process
• Tenth spectrum auction for radiowaves

Airwaves/Spectrum

• Airwaves are radio frequencies within the electromagnetic spectrum that can carry information wirelessly for a range of services including telecommunications.
• The government manages and allocates airwaves to companies or sectors for their use.
• The government auctions a fixed amount of spectrum within specified band/s to be utilised by operators for providing communication services to consumers.

Types of spectrum band

• Spectrum can be divided into bands ranging from low frequency to high frequency, which determines their usage and is useful in allocation.
• Low band spectrum
  • Less than 1 GHz (600 MHz,700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz)
  • Offers blanket coverage suitable to serve thousands of customers over long distances with fewer towers.
  • Ideal for wide and in-building coverage.
  • When bundled with high-spectrum bands, it can be used for commercial mobile and broadcasting services.
• The mid-band spectrum
  • Ranges from 1 GHz to 6 GHz (1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, and 2300 MHz).
  • Provides coverage as well as the capacity to carry more data while traveling significant distances.
• The high band spectrum
  • Ranges from 24 GHz to 40 GHz and are also known as the millimetre wave spectrum.
  • Ideal for speedy networks over short ranges.
  • However, this range is subject to interference from dense objects.

What spectrum do telecom companies require?

• According to the GSM Association, for telecom purposes, spectrum in the 400 MHz to 4 GHz range is the most optimum.
• Operators can provide 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G services using one frequency band if they have enough spectrum.
• For mobile technology in India:
  • 2G services use the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands,
  • 3G uses 900 MHz and 2100 MHz,
  • 4G uses 850 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2300 MHz, and 2500 MHz, and
  • 5G uses 3.5MHz and 700 MHz bands.
• The 900 MHz band as a superior commercial ecosystem with better-developed technology standards.
  • It is also suitable for offering GSM-based voice calls as well as 4G broadband services.
• After 900 MHz, the band suitable for GSM is 1800 MHz, which is also the core band used globally for LTE (long-term evolution), a 4G mobile communications standard.
• 5G spectrum bands can be clubbed into low, mid and high spectrum buckets.

Spectrum Allocation – only through auction

• Spectrum considered to be a scarce natural resource was ordered by the top Court to be allocated through the fair and impartial process of auction.
• Case originated in 2008
  • The alleged 2G spectrum allocation scam is said to have originated in 2008 when the then government sold 122 2G licences on a first-come-first-serve (FCFS) basis to specific telecom operators.
  • In its charge sheet filed in April 2011, the CBI alleged that there was a loss of ₹ 30,984 crore to the exchequer as a result of discrepancies in the allocation process.
• Matter reaches SC
  • Petitions were filed in the top Court alleging a ₹70,000 crore scam in the grant of telecom licenses in 2008.
  • In February 2012, a division Bench of the SC cancelled the licenses while cautioning that an FCFS basis for the allocation of scarce natural resources can be prone to misuse.
• Competitive auctions for allocating natural resources
  • In its judgement, the apex court advocated for competitive auctions as the only route to allocate spectrum.
  • It further emphasised that the burden lies on the state to ensure that the non-discriminatory method of auction is adopted by giving wide publicity so that all eligible persons can participate in the process.
• 2012 presidential reference on 2G verdict
  • In 2012, the then President Pratibha Patil sought the Supreme Court's opinion on several questions arising from the 2012 SC judgment regarding the allocation of 2G spectrum licenses.
    • Under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, the President is empowered to refer to the Supreme Court any matter of law or fact.
  • The Supreme Court emphasized that the decision to use auctions or other methods should be based on a case-by-case assessment of the resource in question, considering public interest and policy objectives .
• Centre sought a clarification of the 2G spectrum scam verdict
  • In April 2024, the Union government has moved an application for a certain class of spectrum to be allocated through administrative processes instead of competitive auctions.
    • An administrative allocation would mean that the government will have the final say in deciding the procedure for selecting operators.
  • However, the apex Court of India refused to entertain the Centre's plea to allow the administrative allocation of spectrum.

Tenth spectrum auction for radiowaves

• The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has initiated the spectrum Auction.
• The Ministry of Communications announced that the following spectrum bands will go up for bidding in the upcoming auction - 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz, 3300 MHz and 26 GHz.
  • The 3300 Mhz band and 26 Mhz band are seen as suitable bands for 5G services.
• Total quantum of spectrum being auctioned is 10,522.35 MHz in various bands valuing ₹96,238.45 crores at reserve prices.

Why in news?

Union Jal Shakti Minister has said that the government was conceiving a new project to ensure that rural households, which were provided taps under the ambitious Jal Jeevan Mission but had not yet been able to avail water, would soon be provided potable water.

What’s in today’s article?

• Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
• Performance of JJM so far
• Challenges to JJM

Jal Jeevan Mission

• About
  • Jal Jeevan Mission is envisioned to provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual household tap connections by 2024 to all households in rural India.
  • It was launched on August 15, 2019.
  • The focus of this mission is on assured and regular potable water service delivery at household level, i.e., water supply in adequate quantity (55 litres per person per day).
  • JJM is a decentralized, demand-driven, and community-managed programme that aims to instil a ‘sense of ownership’ among the local community.
• Nodal Ministry
  • Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti is the nodal institution responsible for implementation of this mission.
• Key detail
  • The programme also implements source sustainability measures as mandatory elements, such as:
    • recharge and reuse through grey water management, water conservation, rain water harvesting.
  • The mission is based on a community approach to water and will include extensive Information, Education and communication as a key component of the mission.
  • JJM looks to create a janandolan for water, thereby making it everyone’s priority.
• Focus activities
  • 
• Measurement process
  • To measure water connections provided to households, State or Union Territory water supply departments collect data from districts and report it to the Jal Shakti Ministry.
    • This data shows that 19 crore rural households have been given tap connections.
  • To verify this, villages, through their gram panchayats, self-certify if households actually receive water. This double-checks the state-provided figures.

Performance of the scheme

• Status of tap water supply in rural homes
  • As of June 26, 2024, the scheme had encompassed 77% of its target household.
  • Households with tap water connections as on June 26, 2024 – 14,91,32,648 (77.22%).
  • However, it should be noted that there is a difference between a household getting a tap connection and the daily quota of 55 litres per person day of water being provided.
• Har Ghar Jal Status
  • Achieving the Har Ghar Jal Status means:
    • all households have been connected,
    • the water supply department has certified water supply to homes, schools, and anganwadis, and
    • a gram sabha resolution has confirmed the department's claim.
• Certified States/ UTs (certified by Ministry): Goa, A & N Islands, Puducherry, D&NH and D&D, Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab.
• Reported States/ UTs: Telangana, Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat.
  • The Jal Shakti Ministry has a portal showing target achievements by States.
  • According to this, out of 2,24,678 villages claiming 100% tap connectivity, only 1,21,974 have self-certified.
  • It is, however, unclear how many of the 19 crore households truly have functional tap water connections.

Challenges to JJM

• Infrastructure Development
  • Establishing the necessary infrastructure in remote and rural areas is a significant challenge.
  • This includes the construction of pipelines, water treatment plants, and storage facilities​.
• Water Quality
  • Ensuring the quality of water supplied through the taps is crucial.
  • Contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates in groundwater sources pose health risks and require robust treatment solutions​​.
• Sustainability
  • Maintaining the water supply systems and ensuring they remain functional over time is essential.
  • This includes regular maintenance, timely repairs, and efficient management of water resources​.
• Funding and Resources
  • Adequate funding and resource allocation are vital for the success of the mission.
  • Ensuring that states and local bodies have the financial and human resources to implement and maintain the systems is a continuous challenge​​.
• Community Participation
  • Engaging local communities and ensuring their active participation in the planning, implementation, and maintenance of water supply systems is critical.
  • Building awareness and training local stakeholders is necessary for the mission's success​​.
• Geographical Challenges
  • Diverse geographical conditions across India, such as hilly terrains, deserts, and densely populated areas, present unique challenges in laying pipelines and ensuring a consistent water supply​​.
• Data Accuracy and Verification
  • Accurately reporting and verifying the number of functional household tap connections is challenging.
  • The self-certification process by gram panchayats is essential but can be prone to discrepancies​.
• Coordination Among Agencies
  • Effective coordination between various government agencies at the central, state, and local levels is crucial.
  • Overcoming bureaucratic hurdles and ensuring seamless collaboration can be difficult​​.

Why in News?

Since the Opposition has become stronger in the 18th Lok Sabha, its members are vying for the office of Deputy Speaker.

However, the Opposition is forced to run for Speaker for the first time since 1952 because the government has been unwilling to extend any assurances on the post of Deputy Speaker.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Office of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Rules for the Election of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
• Office of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha Held by the Opposition Since 1952

Office of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha:

• Appointment:
  • Article 93 states that the House of the People shall (as soon as may be) choose two members of the House to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
  • Article 178 contains the corresponding provision for the Speakers and Deputy Speakers in the state Assemblies.
  • It is a parliamentary convention to elect a Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha from a party other than the ruling party to run an accountable democratic parliament.
• Time frame to appoint a Deputy Speaker:
  • The Constitution does not specify a time frame for making the appointments and it is this gap in the provision that allows governments to delay or avoid appointing a Deputy Speaker.
  • However, constitutional experts have pointed out that both Articles 93 and 178 use the words “shall” and “as soon as may be”.
  • This means, not only is the election of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker mandatory, it must be held at the earliest.
• Powers:
  • According to Article 95(1), the Deputy Speaker performs the duties of the Speaker if the post is vacant. For example,
    • After the first Speaker (G V Mavalankar) died in 1956 before his term ended, Deputy Speaker M Ananthasayanam Ayyangar filled in for the remaining tenure of Lok Sabha from 1956 to 1957.
    • Again, after G M C Balayogi (Speaker in the 13th Lok Sabha) of the TDP, passed away in 2002, Deputy Speaker P M Sayeed (of Congress) became acting Speaker for two months.
  • The Deputy Speaker has the same powers as the Speaker when presiding over the House.
  • All references to the Speaker are deemed to be references to the Deputy Speaker as well for the times when s/he presides.
• Removal from the office:
  • Once elected, the Deputy Speaker usually continues in office until the dissolution of the House.
  • Under Article 94 (and Article 179 for state Assemblies), the Speaker or Deputy Speaker shall vacate his/her office if s/he ceases to be a member of the House of the People.
  • They may also resign (to each other), or may be removed from office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority of all the then members of the House.

Rules for the Election of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha:

• Election of the Speaker:
  • The practice in both the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies has been to elect the Speaker in the first session of the new House.
  • S/he is usually elected on the third day, after the oath-taking and affirmations have taken place over the first two days.
• The election of the Deputy Speaker:
  • It is generally not delayed beyond the second session unless there are some genuine and unavoidable constraints.
  • However, there is no bar on having this election in the first session of the new Lok Sabha or Assembly.
  • In the Lok Sabha, it is governed by Rule 8 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix.

Office of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha Held by the Opposition Since 1952:

• From 1952 to 1969, the first four Deputy Speakers were from the ruling Congress.
• Between 1969 and 1977, G G Swell of the All-Party Hill Leaders Conference served as Deputy Speaker.
• From 1977 to 1979, Godey Murahari of the Congress held the post when the Janata Party government was in power.
• From 1980 to 1984, the DMK’s (a Congress ally at the time) G Lakshmanan held the post in the Indira Gandhi government.
• In the 8th Lok Sabha (1984-89),
  • AIADMK’s Thambi Durai became Deputy Speaker when Rajiv Gandhi was Prime Minister.
  • When Chandra Shekhar was Prime Minister (1990-91), Shivraj Patil (Congress) served as Deputy Speaker.
• In the 10th Lok Sabha (1991-96), when P V Narasimha Rao was Prime Minister, S Mallikarjunaiah of the BJP was Deputy Speaker.
• During the Congress-led UPA-I (2004-09) and UPA-II (2009-14) governments, the Deputy Speaker’s post was with the Opposition - first with Charanjit Singh Atwal of the Shiromani Akali Dal, and then with Kariya Munda of the BJP.
• The 17th Lok Sabha is the first and the only Lok Sabha which convened (from 2019 to 2024) without a Deputy Speaker.
  • In 2023, a bench led by CJI sought responses on a PIL that contends that not electing a Deputy Speaker is against the letter and spirit of the Constitution.

Why in the News?

China’s Chang’e-6 has become the first spacecraft to bring back samples from the far side of the Moon — the part that the Earth never gets to see.

The probe landed in northern China on 25^th June afternoon in the Inner Mongolian region. It had left earth on May 3, and its journey lasted 53 days. The probe has drilled into the core and scooped rocks from the surface.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• China’s Lunar Mission (Objectives, Mission Details, Significance, etc.)

China’s Lunar Mission:

• China's Chang'e 6 Lunar Mission is part of the China National Space Administration's (CNSA) ambitious lunar exploration program.
• It is a follow-up mission to Chang'e 5, which successfully returned lunar samples to Earth in 2020.
• Objectives:
  • Sample Return Mission:
    • The primary objective of Chang'e 6 was to collect lunar samples and return them to Earth.
  • Technological Demonstration: The mission aims to demonstrate and improve technologies for lunar landing, sampling, and returning to Earth, which are critical for future lunar exploration missions.
• Mission Details:
  • Landing Site:
    • Chang'e 6 was expected to target the lunar far side for its landing, specifically the South Pole-Aitken Basin, one of the largest and oldest impact basins on the Moon.
    • This site is scientifically significant due to its unique geological features.
  • Spacecraft Components:
    • The mission consists of an orbiter, a lander, an ascent vehicle, and a return capsule.
    • The orbiter remained in lunar orbit, while the lander will touch down on the Moon's surface to collect samples.
  • Sample Collection:
    • The lander used a robotic arm and a drill to collect samples from the lunar surface and subsurface.

Significance of Chang'e 6 Lunar Mission:

• A sample return mission, such as Chang’e-6, aims to collect and return samples from extra-terrestrial locations like the Moon or Mars to Earth for analysis.
• Unlike in situ robotic explorations, which use less sophisticated instruments and can only answer certain questions, returned samples allow for detailed examination using sensitive laboratory instruments.
• These analyses can determine the chemical, isotopic, mineralogical, structural, and physical properties of samples, from the macroscopic level down to the atomic scale.
• Samples returned to Earth can be preserved for decades and studied by future generations with more advanced technology, as demonstrated by the Apollo missions' samples.
• India’s Chandrayaan-4, currently under development by ISRO, is also a sample return mission, following Chandrayaan-3's successful landing near the Moon's South Pole.

What Can the Samples Brought by Chang’e-6 Reveal?

• The lunar far side is geologically distinct from the near side, featuring a thicker crust, more craters, and fewer lava plains.
• Scientists are unsure why these differences exist. Analysing samples from the Chang’e-6 mission could provide answers.
• Samples from the South Pole-Aitken basin could reveal the timeline of lunar cratering and insights into the Moon’s history and origins.
• Additionally, these samples could suggest methods for utilizing lunar resources in future exploration, such as using lunar soil for 3D-printed bricks for research bases or harvesting ice at the poles for water, oxygen, and hydrogen, the latter two serving as rocket propellants.

Countries’ Race to the Moon:

• In 2023, India, China, Japan, the US, and Russia launched lunar missions.
• By 2030, more than 100 Moon missions by both governments and private companies are expected, according to the European Space Agency.
• Countries such as China and the US also want to put astronauts on the Moon by 2030.
• The success of Chang’e-6 is seen as an important step towards achieving this goal by China.