Why in news?

The Supreme Court has eased its previous condition for appointing ad hoc judges in High Courts to clear pending criminal cases.

It ruled that ad hoc appointments can be made even if vacancies do not exceed 20% of the sanctioned strength.

The 20% condition was imposed by the Supreme Court in an April 2021 judgment in the Lok Prahari versus Union of India case.

What’s in today’s article?

• Article 224A: Appointment of Retired Judges in High Courts
• Lok Prahari versus Union of India
• Condition for appointment of ad hoc judges to HCs relaxed

Article 224A: Appointment of Retired Judges in High Courts

• The Chief Justice of a High Court, with the President’s prior consent, can request a retired judge of that or any other High Court to serve as a judge in that state’s High Court.
• Such judges will have the same jurisdiction, powers, and privileges as regular judges but will not be considered permanent judges.
• Their allowances will be determined by the President’s order.

Lok Prahari versus Union of India

• In Lok Prahari v. Union of India (2021), the Supreme Court invoked Article 224-A of the Constitution to allow the appointment of ad hoc judges in High Courts to address the backlog of cases.
• It set guidelines ensuring such appointments occur only after efforts to fill regular vacancies.
• The Chief Justice of a High Court may exercise this discretion if:
  • vacancies exceed 20% of the sanctioned strength,
  • cases in a category have been pending for over five years,
  • over 10% of pending cases are older than five years, or
  • the disposal rate is lower than the rate of new case filings.

Condition for appointment of ad hoc judges to HCs relaxed

• The Supreme Court has allowed High Courts across India to appoint retired judges on an ad-hoc basis to address the backlog of criminal cases.
• These judges will only hear criminal appeals in benches headed by a sitting High Court judge.
• Guidelines for Appointment
  • A special bench comprising Chief Justice of India Sanjiv Khanna and Justices BR Gavai and Surya Kant ruled that:
    • Chief Justices of High Courts can recommend retired judges for appointment.
    • Each High Court may appoint 2 to 5 ad-hoc judges, not exceeding 10% of its sanctioned strength.
• Modification of Earlier Conditions
• The Supreme Court modified and kept in abeyance certain conditions set in its April 2021 ruling by then CJI SA Bobde, including:
• The earlier requirement that vacancies should not exceed 20% of sanctioned strength before appointing ad-hoc judges.
• The restriction that ad-hoc judges could sit separately on benches to deal with cases.
• No Fixed Timeline for Appointments
  • The Supreme Court declined a request to set a fixed timeline for appointing ad-hoc judges but emphasized that the process should begin immediately.
• Addressing the Pendency Crisis
  • The ruling was prompted by the acute backlog of cases.
    • The High Courts have over 60 lakh cases pending, of which nearly 20 lakh are criminal appeals.
  • The 80% working strength condition from the 2021 ruling had prevented ad-hoc appointments in several High Courts, such as Allahabad HC (80 judges out of 160 sanctioned strength).

Why in news?

A stampede at the Mahakumbh Mela in Allahabad on January 29 claimed several lives. UP CM attributed the tragedy to the overwhelming crowd gathering for Mauni Amavasya.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) had in 2014 published a report on crowd management at big events and prevention of stampedes. The report said, “Majority of the crowd disasters in India and developing countries have occurred at religious places.”

What’s in today’s article?

• Causes of Stampedes
• Role of Crowd Behaviour in Stampedes
• Past Stampede Incidents
• Proactive Planning for Crowd Control
• Importance of Infrastructure and Information in Crowd Control

Causes of Stampedes

• Stampedes can result from multiple factors, including structural weaknesses (poor barricading, weak guardrails, narrow exits, inadequate lighting), fire or electrical failures, poor crowd control, and lack of coordination among stakeholders.
• Failures in Crowd Control
  • The NDMA report highlights key reasons for crowd control failures, such as:
    • Underestimation of expected crowd size
    • Exceeding venue capacity
    • Limited holding areas before entry
    • Locked or closed exits
    • Weak railings and lack of queue management
    • Absence of sectoral partitions to regulate movement
• Consequences of Poor Management
  • Inadequate arrangements often trigger panic or excitement, leading to overcrowding or rapid movement.
  • This, in turn, results in crushing, suffocation, and trampling.
  • The report identifies compressive asphyxia as the leading cause of fatalities in such disasters.

Role of Crowd Behaviour in Stampedes

• Understanding crowd behaviour is crucial for preventing stampedes.
• The actions of a few individuals can influence many, sometimes leading to panic or disorder.
• A community-based approach to crowd control is more effective than force-based methods.
• Impact of Overcrowding
  • At many events, demand exceeds available space, leading to overcrowding.
  • To manage this, input control—such as restricting entry through a mandatory registration process—can help regulate the crowd.
• Risks of Poor Crowd Management
  • Long wait times may prompt individuals to climb fences, causing others to follow and leading to congestion in another area.
  • Additionally, poorly executed control measures, such as police chasing unruly groups toward an incoming crowd, can create dangerous collisions, worsening the situation.

Past Stampede Incidents

• The NDMA report references several past stampedes, including:
  • Nashik Kumbh (August 2003): 29 pilgrims died due to overcrowding at barricades, sudden reverse crowd flow, sadhus moving in procession with pilgrims, and unforeseen influx of pilgrims at various points.
  • Kalubai Yatra Mandhardevi (January 2005): 293 people were killed due to wrong crowd estimates, inadequate temple space, narrow, slippery paths with illegal vendors, lack of safety measures, and poor infrastructure.
• Causes Identified in Investigations
  • Nashik Kumbh: The stampede was triggered by crowd pressure at barricades and the unplanned movement of pilgrims and sadhus.
  • Kalubai Yatra: Causes included inaccurate crowd estimates, narrow paths, illegal activities, lack of safety and medical facilities, and poor coordination between stakeholders.

Proactive Planning for Crowd Control

• The NDMA report stresses that most stampedes can be avoided with proactive planning and effective execution. It outlines a holistic approach that includes:
  • Controlling the crowd inflow
  • Regulating the crowd within the venue
  • Managing the crowd outflow
• Understanding Demand and Supply
  • To manage demand, authorities must analyze:
    • Historical crowd data
    • Arrival patterns and peak times (e.g., festivals, holidays)
    • Advance registration and ticketing systems
    • Public transport schedules
  • For supply management, the venue's capacity must be calculated to avoid overcrowding.
• Role of Online Registration
  • Examples from Vaishnodevi and Sabarimala show that online registration can help manage crowd arrivals and influence patterns.
• Dealing with Limited Supply Capacity
  • In places where increasing supply is not feasible due to religious beliefs or geography, authorities should focus on making waiting times more comfortable for visitors.

Importance of Infrastructure and Information in Crowd Control

• The report highlights the need for adequate infrastructure for crowd management at religious sites.
• It recommends setting up staging points for visitors, equipped with necessary facilities like rest areas, food, water, and hygiene. These points should be monitored effectively.
• The report also emphasizes the role of information management and the need for effective dissemination of information to guide visitors and maintain order.

Why in the News?

The Indian government has announced plans to develop its own large language model (LLM) as part of the ₹10,370 crore IndiaAI Mission.

The initiative aims to boost India’s artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystem by creating a bias-free, culturally contextualized AI model.

The move comes amid global advancements in AI, including China's recent launch of the DeepSeek foundational model.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Govt Strategy (Key Developments, India’s AI Model, Companies Selected, Reasons, Challenges, etc.)

Key Developments and Government Strategy:

• Building India’s AI Model
  • Union IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw confirmed that the government has been actively engaging with startups, researchers, and academic institutions over the past 1.5 years to develop a world-class foundational AI model.
  • The initiative is expected to take 4-8 months for completion.
  • The government is currently in discussions with six AI developers to work on the project, though specific details about costs and involved companies remain undisclosed.
• Hardware Support: 18,693 GPUs Approved
  • To facilitate AI model training and research, the government has selected 10 companies to supply a total of 18,693 high-end Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), which are crucial for developing machine learning and AI models.

Companies Selected for GPU Supply:

• Yotta (Hiranandani Group-backed) – 9,216 GPUs (largest contributor), Jio Platforms, Tata Communications, E2E Networks, CMS Computers, Ctrls Datacenters, Locuz Enterprise Solutions, NxtGen Datacenter, Orient Technologies, Vensysco Technologies
• According to Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw, 10,000 GPUs are ready for immediate installation to support AI projects.

Affordable Compute Power for AI Developers:

• The government plans to launch a common compute facility to provide startups and researchers with affordable access to GPU resources.
• Pricing for Compute Access:
  • High-end GPUs: ₹150 per hour
  • Lower-end GPUs: ₹115.85 per hour
• Government Subsidy: 40% discount for startups and research institutions
• Competitive Pricing: Post-subsidy rates will be around $1 per hour, significantly lower than global GPU access costs of $2.5-$3 per hour.

Application-Level AI Development:

• Under the IndiaAI Mission, the government has selected 18 AI-based applications for funding in its first phase.
• These applications focus on agriculture, learning disabilities, and climate change—key sectors where AI can drive social and economic impact.

Reasons for India Investing in AI Development:

• With AI emerging as a key driver of innovation and economic growth, India aims to:
  • Reduce dependency on foreign AI models and promote indigenous AI research.
  • Support multilingual AI capabilities to cater to India’s diverse linguistic and cultural landscape.
  • Enhance computational capabilities to strengthen AI startups and research institutions.
  • Compete with global AI advancements, ensuring India remains a major player in AI development.

Challenges and Future Outlook:

• While India’s AI mission is ambitious, certain challenges remain:
  • Infrastructure Development: Ensuring seamless GPU availability and processing capacity.
  • Skilled Workforce: Training researchers and developers to build high-quality AI models.
  • Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing AI ethics, data privacy, and security guidelines.
• The government’s proactive approach in setting up funding, compute infrastructure, and industry collaborations positions India strongly in the global AI race.
• If successfully executed, the IndiaAI Mission could transform India into a major AI hub, reducing reliance on foreign AI systems while driving technological progress across sectors.

Context:

The issue of the Yamuna river’s contamination has turned into a political controversy, with Ex. Delhi Chief Minister accusing Haryana of polluting Delhi’s water supply.

As legal battles ensue and the Election Commission intervenes, it is essential to examine the health of the Yamuna beyond political rhetoric.

Key Issues Related to the Yamuna: Three major concerns regarding the Yamuna and Delhi's water supply are:

• Drinking Water Supply
• Pollution
• Environmental Flow

Drinking Water Supply:

• The supply challenges:
  • Delhi's drinking water comes primarily from Haryana, with major inlets at Wazirabad Barrage, which depends on releases from Haryana’s Hathni Kund Barrage.
  • Delhi’s treatment plants (Wazirabad, Chandrawal, Okhla, Haiderpur, and Bawana) rely entirely on Haryana’s water supply.
  • Water shortages arise during lean seasons, forcing plant shutdowns and leading to supply of untreatable water and water scarcity crisis.
• The ammonia issue in Delhi’s water:
  • Ammonia, a colorless gas with a sharp odor, dissolves in water and is widely used in industries, fertilizers, and cleaning agents.
  • It enters water bodies through industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage.
  • High ammonia levels in the Yamuna, caused by industrial discharge from Panipat and Sonipat and sewage from colonies, impact water quality by reducing dissolved oxygen.
  • Water treatment plants in Delhi cannot process ammonia levels above 1 part per million (ppm), leading to disruptions in the capital’s water supply.
• How is ammonia-laden water treated?
  • The Delhi Jal Board (DJB) uses chlorine to neutralize ammonia in water treatment plants.
  • Approximately 11.5 kg of chlorine is needed per litre of water per hour to counteract one ppm of ammonical nitrogen.
  • Efficiency of treatment plants drops in winter due to increased ammonia levels.
• Government actions on ammonia contamination:
  • A long-term solution has yet to be implemented by Delhi and Haryana governments.
  • In March 2023, Delhi proposed an in-situ ammonia treatment plant at Wazirabad, but it remains under development.
  • Haryana has not completed laying pipelines to prevent pollutant mixing in the river. 

Pollution - A Lingering Threat:

• Apart from ammonia contamination, multiple factors contribute to Yamuna’s pollution:
  • Unregulated sewage discharge: Sewage flows into stormwater drains due to incomplete sewer connections in unauthorized colonies.
  • Industrial waste: Unlicensed household industries discharge untreated effluents.
  • Solid waste dumping: Illegal dumping continues despite regulations.
• Key findings and unfulfilled commitments:
  • The National Green Tribunal’s Yamuna Monitoring Committee (YMC) (2018–2021) identified 16 major polluters, including Delhi Jal Board and authorities from Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
  • The Najafgarh, Supplementary, and Shahdara drains are major contributors to pollution.
  • Haryana had committed to setting up Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) but failed to implement them fully.
  • Delhi’s Interceptor Project aimed at treating sewage before discharge has seen partial success but remains ineffective due to incomplete execution.

Environmental Flow - The Need for Sustained Water Levels:

• The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) study highlighted that excessive water withdrawals upstream drastically reduce Yamuna’s flow through Delhi.
• Reduced flow increases pollutant concentration and disrupts aquatic life.
• The YMC recommended revisiting the 1994 water-sharing agreement between Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh for fairer water distribution.
• Regulatory intervention by the central government or courts is necessary to ensure a sustainable environmental flow.

Conclusion - The Need for Political Will and Action:

• While reports and recommendations exist, implementation remains weak due to political and bureaucratic inertia.
• Unless policymakers, engineers, and administrators take decisive action, neither political promises nor manifestos will have any real impact.
• Citizens must recognize the gravity of the crisis and demand accountability to ensure the Yamuna’s restoration and sustainable management.

Context

• India's decision to name the Jaffna Cultural Centre after the Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar is a symbolic move that underscores its deep historical and cultural ties with Sri Lanka.
• This gesture not only acknowledges the Tamil heritage but also serves as a diplomatic tool to reinforce India's influence in Sri Lanka, particularly among the Tamil-speaking population.
• However, beyond the cultural significance, the relationship between the two nations has been shaped by decades of political complexities, particularly regarding the Tamil issue and the implementation of the 13th Amendment (13A) to Sri Lanka’s Constitution.

Historical and Political Context of 13^th Amendment and India’s Stance

• Historical and Political Context of 13^th Amendment
  • India’s involvement in Sri Lanka’s Tamil issue dates back to the 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom, which led to its role as a mediator and later as an active player in resolving the ethnic conflict.
  • This culminated in the Indo-Lanka Accord of 1987, which resulted in the 13th Amendment, introducing Provincial Councils with limited autonomy.
  • However, the amendment has remained a contentious issue, facing resistance from both Sinhalese nationalist groups and Tamil separatist forces.
  • The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), the party of Sri Lankan President Anura Kumara Dissanayake, has traditionally opposed 13A, viewing it as an imposition by India.
  • Similarly, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), though advocating Tamil autonomy, rejected the amendment as inadequate.
• India’s Stance on the 13th Amendment
  • Despite over 35 years since its introduction, the full implementation of 13A remains elusive, especially in Tamil-majority areas.
  • Successive Indian governments have consistently urged Sri Lanka to implement the amendment fully.
  • However, recent developments, such as Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s omission of any direct mention of 13A during Sri Lankan President Dissanayake’s visit in December 2024, have raised questions about whether India is shifting its stance.
  • While Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar reiterated India’s call for devolution, Modi’s silence suggests a possible recalibration of India's approach, potentially influenced by Sri Lanka’s evolving domestic politics.

Sri Lanka’s Political Landscape and Devolution Debate

• The JVP and the NPP’s Stance on Devolution
  • A critical factor shaping the debate on devolution today is the stance of the JVP, a left-wing nationalist party that has historically opposed 13A.
  • The party, which played a significant role in two armed uprisings (in 1971 and 1987-89), viewed the Indo-Lanka Accord and its resulting constitutional amendment as an infringement on Sri Lanka’s sovereignty.
  • This position has persisted even as the JVP evolved into a mainstream political force.
  • Currently, the JVP leads the National People’s Power (NPP) coalition, which has emerged as a dominant political force in Sri Lanka.
  • President Anura Kumara Dissanayake, who hails from the JVP, has not explicitly stated whether his government will fully implement 13A.
  • During his 2024 parliamentary election campaign in Jaffna, he largely avoided discussing the issues of power devolution and a political settlement for the Tamils, raising concerns that his administration may not prioritize Tamil autonomy.
• The Ambiguity in the NPP’s Constitutional Promises
  • The NPP’s 2024 election manifesto promised to draft a new constitution that strengthens democracy and ensures equality for all citizens.
  • However, it did not explicitly mention greater autonomy for the Tamil-majority Northern and Eastern provinces.
  • Instead, it proposed a "devolution of political and administrative power to every local government, district, and province", suggesting a broader but less concrete approach to decentralisation.
  • The manifesto also committed to holding provincial and local government elections within a year, a crucial step given that provincial councils have been defunct since 2019.
  • However, it remains unclear whether these elections will lead to meaningful devolution or if they will merely reinforce existing administrative structures without addressing Tamil political demands.
• The Risk of Local Government Supplanting Provincial Councils
  • One of the key debates in Sri Lanka’s devolution discourse is whether local government bodies can serve as an alternative to provincial councils.
  • Local bodies, such as municipal and district councils, have a much longer history in Sri Lanka than provincial councils and are responsible for grassroots governance.
  • However, they lack the financial and administrative capacity to address broader regional challenges, particularly in the Tamil-majority areas, which continue to struggle with post-war reconstruction and economic underdevelopment.
  • The fear among many Tamil leaders is that the government may prioritise strengthening local government institutions while ignoring provincial councils, thereby sidestepping the core issue of regional autonomy.
  • Unlike provincial councils, which were established as a direct outcome of 13A, local bodies function under a different administrative framework with limited powers.
  • If the government focuses only on local bodies without empowering provincial councils, Tamil aspirations for meaningful self-governance may remain unfulfilled.
• The Role of Sinhalese Nationalism in the Devolution Debate
  • The broader devolution debate in Sri Lanka is also influenced by Sinhalese nationalist sentiment, which opposes granting more autonomy to Tamil-majority regions.
  • Many nationalist groups fear that implementing 13A fully—especially provisions related to land and police powers—could lead to a gradual push for separatism.
  • This sentiment has historically shaped government policies, leading to reluctance in implementing devolution measures despite repeated Indian diplomatic pressure.

The Way Forward: Towards a Durable Solution

• For Sri Lanka to achieve long-term stability and reconciliation, the ruling coalition must recognize that the Provincial Councils are not merely an Indian creation but a product of Sri Lanka’s own political evolution.
• The country’s constitutional framework has historically drawn from global models, including British, American, and French systems.
• Therefore, dismissing 13A as an external imposition overlooks its potential to provide a democratic solution to the ethnic conflict.
• With a two-thirds majority in Parliament and a popular President, the NPP has a unique opportunity to enact meaningful reforms.
• A balanced approach that respects the aspirations of the Tamil population while maintaining national unity is essential.
• Implementing the full provisions of 13A, including holding provincial council elections, would be a significant step in addressing Tamil grievances and reinforcing Sri Lanka’s democratic credentials.

Conclusion

• India’s decision to rename the Jaffna Cultural Centre after Thiruvalluvar symbolises its commitment to cultural diplomacy and its historical ties with Sri Lanka, however, the deeper issue of Tamil political rights remains unresolved.
• The 13th Amendment, despite its flaws, remains the most viable framework for addressing Tamil aspirations within a united Sri Lanka.
• While India’s stance on the issue may be evolving, Sri Lanka’s leadership must recognise that meaningful devolution is not merely a diplomatic obligation but a necessity for national harmony.

Context

• The recent disaster at the Maha Kumbh in India, which claimed 30 lives, is another reminder of the dangers posed by high-density crowds.
• Despite scientific research offering clear solutions, local governments and event organisers often fail to take the necessary precautions.
• Therefore, it is important to explore the causes of crowd crushes, examines their global impact, stricter regulations and better crowd management strategies to prevent future tragedies.

The Science Behind Crowd Crushes and Similar Past Incidents

• The Science Behind Crowd Crushes
  • Crowd crushes occur when too many people are compressed into a confined space, increasing the density beyond safe limits.
  • Research shows that injuries begin occurring at a density of five people per square meter, while a density of seven people per square meter or more can lead to severe injuries or fatalities.
  • This is because, at such high densities, individuals lose the ability to control their movements, and breathing itself can become difficult.
  • The recent Maha Kumbh disaster is a textbook example of how crowd density can spiral out of control.
  • Reports suggest that a large crowd formed behind a barrier, leading to intense pressure on those at the front.
  • When movement is restricted, even minor disturbances, such as pushing or sudden shifts in direction, can trigger a deadly crush.
• Similar Incidents
  • Similar incidents have occurred worldwide, including the 2021 Astroworld concert in Houston, the 2022 Itaewon Halloween tragedy in South Korea, the 2023 Yemen charity distribution stampede, and the 2024 religious festival disaster in Nigeria.
  • These examples highlight the widespread nature of the problem and emphasize the need for proactive crowd management strategies.

Misconceptions Surrounding Crowd Crush Incidents and Economic Incentives Behind the Inaction

• The Myth of Crowd Behaviour as the Cause
  • Historically, people have believed that crowd crushes are caused by panic, with individuals recklessly pushing and trampling others in an attempt to escape.
  • However, scientific studies on crowd dynamics have consistently debunked this notion.
  • In reality, crowd crushes occur due to extreme density, not panic or aggression.
  • When too many people are forced into a small space, physical movement becomes restricted, and individuals lose their ability to control their own actions.
  • At this point, even minor pressure from behind—whether intentional or not—can cause people at the front to be squeezed against barriers, walls, or other individuals, leading to asphyxiation and fatal injuries.
  • Furthermore, once a crowd reaches a critical density, people inside the mass are unable to see or understand what is happening around them.
  • Even if they sense danger, they may have no way to escape or influence the movement of the crowd.
  • This is why crowd crushes often occur even in calm settings, such as religious pilgrimages, where there is no aggressive or reckless behaviour.
• The Economic Incentives Behind Inaction
  • Despite the clear benefits of proper crowd management, many event organisers fail to implement these strategies.
  • A major reason for this is financial incentive.
  • Large-scale events, whether concerts, religious gatherings, or sports matches, generate significant revenue through ticket sales, concessions, and merchandise.
  • Organisers often have a vested interest in packing as many people as possible into a venue to maximize profits.
  • Implementing safety measures, such as limiting attendance, expanding venue space, or hiring trained crowd managers, is often seen as an unnecessary expense.
  • Governments also share some of the blame. In many countries, there are no strict regulations requiring event organisers to follow best practices for crowd safety.
  • As a result, safety measures are often left to the discretion of private promoters, who may prioritise cost-cutting over public safety.
  • Without legal mandates and strict enforcement, profit-driven decision-making can put thousands of lives at risk.

Key Actions to Prevent Dangerous Crowd Densities

• Venue Design and Capacity Management
  • Ensuring that event spaces are designed to accommodate the expected number of attendees without creating choke points, bottlenecks, or dead ends.
  • Calculating crowd capacity based on scientifically proven density limits is essential.
• Sufficient Entry and Exit Points
  • Having enough well-spaced entry and exit routes prevents dangerous congestion.
  • Restricted or blocked exits have been a major factor in past crowd disasters, trapping people in deadly situations.
• Staggered Arrivals and Departures
  • Large crowds do not necessarily have to move all at once.
  • Organisers can schedule staggered entry and exit times, reducing the likelihood of mass surges at any given moment.
• Real-Time Crowd Monitoring
  • Using surveillance cameras, drones, and other monitoring technologies can help organisers track crowd density and respond to potential dangers before they escalate.
• Crowd Segmentation Strategies
  • Dividing large crowds into smaller, controlled sections can significantly reduce the risk of dangerous surges.
  • New York City’s Times Square New Year’s Eve celebration is a prime example, where barriers segment the crowd into smaller groups, making it easier to manage.

The Way Forward: Shifting Responsibility to Where It Belongs

• Instead of blaming individuals for ‘chaotic behaviour’ in crowd crush incidents, governments and the public must hold event organisers accountable.
• Authorities must enforce strict safety regulations, requiring all large events to implement proven crowd management techniques.
• Penalties for negligence should be severe enough to deter reckless planning, and event permits should be contingent on organizers demonstrating clear safety protocols.

Conclusion

• The loss of life at the Maha Kumbh, like so many other crowds crush incidents, was not an accident but a preventable failure of planning and regulation.
• Scientific research has made it clear how and why these disasters occur, yet event organisers and governments continue to ignore basic safety measures.
• Until authorities take proactive steps to enforce proper crowd management, these tragedies will continue to claim innocent lives.
• Only through strict regulations, better planning, and a commitment to safety, we can prevent future crowd crush disasters.

Why in the News?

The Union government has approved a mission which aims to reduce import dependence on critical minerals.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• National Critical Minerals Mission (Objectives, Features, Significance, Challenges, Way Forward, etc.)

National Critical Minerals Mission:

• The Indian government has approved the National Critical Minerals Mission (NCMM) with a total outlay of ₹34,300 crore over seven years.
• The mission aims to reduce import dependence on critical minerals, boost domestic exploration and processing, and accelerate India’s shift towards green energy technologies.
• Objectives and Key Features of the Mission:
  • Enhancing Domestic Exploration: A significant portion of the mission's funds will be allocated to intensifying mineral exploration across the country and in offshore areas.
  • Reducing Import Dependence: India heavily relies on imports for critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements, essential for electric vehicles (EVs), battery manufacturing, and renewable energy technologies. This mission aims to curb that dependence.
  • Developing Processing and Recycling Capabilities: The mission will encourage investment in mineral processing parks, recycling technologies, and research on sustainable extraction methods.
  • Overseas Mineral Acquisitions: Public sector enterprises and private companies will be encouraged to acquire mineral assets abroad to ensure a steady supply of critical minerals.
  • Regulatory and Financial Support: The mission will streamline regulatory approvals and offer financial incentives for mineral exploration and development.

Significance of Critical Minerals:

• Critical minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements are essential raw materials for modern industries. They are widely used in:
  • Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Wind turbines, solar panels, and electricity networks.
  • Electric Vehicles (EVs): Batteries and charging infrastructure.
  • Electronics & High-Tech Industries: Smartphones, defense equipment, and medical devices.
• As the world transitions to clean energy, demand for these minerals is soaring, making their domestic availability crucial for India’s long-term economic and technological security.

Government Strategy and Implementation:

• The Union Cabinet, chaired by PM Modi, has approved a government expenditure of ₹16,300 crore, while an additional ₹18,000 crore is expected to be invested by public sector undertakings (PSUs) and private companies.
• Key Implementation Measures:
  • Expedited Mining Approvals: The mission will establish a fast-track regulatory process for mineral mining projects.
  • Stockpile Development: A strategic stockpile of critical minerals will be built to safeguard India’s supply chains.
  • Policy Reforms: In 2023, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 was amended, enabling the auction of 24 strategic mineral blocks.
  • Geological Survey of India (GSI) Exploration Projects: Over the past three years, the GSI has initiated 368 mineral exploration projects, with 227 projects planned for 2025-26.
  • Import Duty Waivers: The government has removed customs duties on several critical minerals in the FY25 budget to encourage domestic processing and manufacturing.

Impact on India’s Energy Transition:

• The NCMM is expected to:
  • Secure mineral supply chains for India’s clean energy sector.
  • Boost domestic manufacturing of EV batteries and renewable energy components.
  • Strengthen India’s position in the global critical minerals market.
  • Attract foreign and private investment in mining and mineral processing.

Challenges & Way Forward:

• While the mission is a significant step forward, certain challenges remain:
  • Geopolitical Risks: Acquiring mineral assets overseas can be influenced by global political dynamics.
  • Environmental Concerns: Increased mining activities must balance ecological conservation.
    Investment Risks: Private sector participation needs strong policy support.
• To address these challenges, the government plans to collaborate with research institutions, industries, and international partners to ensure a sustainable and efficient implementation of the mission.

Conclusion:

• The National Critical Minerals Mission is a landmark initiative aimed at reducing import dependence, strengthening domestic mining capabilities, and securing India's clean energy future.
• By integrating exploration, processing, recycling, and international collaboration, India is taking a strategic step towards self-reliance and global leadership in critical mineral supply chains.

Why in news?

India and China have taken significant steps to improve their bilateral relations, including resuming the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra this summer, restoring direct flights, issuing visas for journalists and think tanks, and sharing trans-border river data.

These decisions followed a meeting between India's Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Chinese officials.

What’s in today’s article?

• Fine print of India - China statements
• Analysis

Fine print of India - China statements

• On the framing of the meeting
  • India's Framing of the Meeting
    • India’s statement emphasized the review of the overall state of India-China bilateral relations, with a focus on people-centric steps to stabilize and rebuild ties.
    • India highlighted the agreed actions from the previous meeting between PM Modi and President Xi Jinping in Kazan, conveying a cautious and nuanced approach to the discussions.
  • China's Framing of the Meeting
    • China, on the other hand, framed the discussions as being focused on the improvement and development of bilateral relations, noting that the two sides reached a consensus on specific measures.
    • Beijing presented a more optimistic assessment of the talks, with a focus on progress and forward-looking outcomes.
• Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
• The statements from both India and China are similar regarding the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, but the Chinese statement reflects more urgency, specifying it will happen "as soon as possible."
• India stated that the yatra will resume in summer 2025, with discussions on modalities taking place as per existing agreements.
• China, however, mentioned the visit would be to the Xizang Autonomous Region and emphasized that discussions on arrangements would be initiated quickly.
• Direct Flights
  • India and China also agreed in principle to resume direct flights, but with slight differences in emphasis.
  • India’s statement highlighted the need for a new pact and for technical authorities from both sides to meet and negotiate an updated framework.
  • China’s statement, meanwhile, connected the resumption of flights with facilitating personnel flows and exchanges of resident journalists.
  • Before the flights were suspended due to the pandemic and the Galwan clash in 2020, the two countries had 539 direct flights per month, with a total seat capacity of over 1.25 lakh.
  • Currently, India has only one resident journalist in China, while China has none.
• Trans-Border River Cooperation
  • India and China have agreed to hold an early meeting of the India-China Expert Level Mechanism to discuss issues related to trans-border rivers, including the sharing of hydrological data.
  • This follows concerns raised by India about China’s construction of the world’s largest dam on the Brahmaputra River, which was cleared in January.
  • India stated that the meeting would focus on the resumption of hydrological data provision and other forms of cooperation concerning trans-border rivers.
  • China, similarly, emphasized the advancement of trans-border river cooperation and maintaining communication for an early meeting of the Expert Level Mechanism.

Analysis

• India's Approach
  • India advocated for a step-by-step approach to address areas of mutual interest and concern, particularly focusing on the border situation.
  • The Indian statement highlighted the resumption of existing dialogues, agreeing to take a gradual approach in addressing each side’s priorities through these mechanisms.
• China's Approach
  • China maintained its long-term strategy for handling bilateral relations, emphasizing that both sides should view and manage relations based on the fundamental interests of their countries and peoples.
  • The Chinese statement stressed the importance of advancing exchanges and practical cooperation with a constructive attitude, while enhancing mutual trust and managing differences.
  • China called for promoting relations along a sound and stable track from a strategic and long-term perspective.
• Trade Concerns
  • India raised specific concerns regarding market access and discussed the need for policy transparency and predictability in economic and trade areas.
  • However, the Chinese statement did not address these concerns, leaving the issue unmentioned on their side.
• Support for SCO Presidency
  • China mentioned that India would extend full support for China’s presidency of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and actively participate in the meetings under the SCO umbrella.
  • In contrast, India did not comment on this aspect in its statement.
• Differing Views on Mutual Relations
  • China emphasized the importance of avoiding mutual suspicion, estrangement, and exhaustion in relations between the two countries.
  • This framing contrasts with India’s approach, as outlined by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, who has described India’s approach as focusing on mutual respect, mutual sensitivity, and mutual interests.
  • The differences in these three mutuals reflect divergent perspectives on the nature of their relationship.

Context:

• While the Union Budget is not the primary forum for trade-related announcements, it has become an important medium to communicate India’s global economic policy.
• The upcoming budget is expected to address trade deficits, currency stability, and export promotion.
• However, questions arise regarding the frequent policy changes and their impact on India’s external trade objectives.

Challenges with Frequent Tariff Adjustments:

• Policy instability: Frequent changes in customs duties create uncertainty and hinder investment and trade expansion.
• Example of mobile phone components: The fluctuating tariffs on lenses, Printed Circuit Board Assemblies (PCBAs), and chargers demonstrate inconsistency in trade policies, negatively impacting manufacturers.
• Impact on exports and FDI: Instability in trade policy discourages foreign investment and stagnates India’s export growth, which remains at around 2% of global exports.

The Need for Comprehensive Trade Policy Reform:

• Lowering tariffs alone is insufficient: Trade reforms should go beyond tariff reductions to ensure long-term consistency.
• Policy consistency: A dedicated committee should be established to draft and maintain a stable trade policy.
• India’s Trade Agreements dilemma: The government remains hesitant to join global trade blocs like RCEP and CPTPP due to concerns about trade deficits and protecting domestic industries.

RCEP vs CPTPP:

• RCEP: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. It is a free trade agreement between 15 Asia-Pacific countries, signed in November 2020 and came into effect on January 1, 2022.
• CPTPP: Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. It is a free trade agreement between Canada and 10 other countries in the Indo-Pacific.
• Some difference between RCEP and CPTPP:
  • CPTPP has an Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provision, which allows foreign investors to sue states in international arbitration tribunals. RCEP does not have an ISDS provision.
  • CPTPP includes provisions for labor issues and environmental protections, while RCEP does not.

Reevaluating Trade Agreements - RCEP vs CPTPP:

• Impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): India’s trade deficit is often driven by intermediate goods imports, which improve domestic manufacturing.
• Growth in finished goods exports: Despite concerns, India has maintained a surplus in finished goods trade with ASEAN countries.
• Simulation analysis:
  • RCEP risks: Heavily dominated by China, RCEP could exacerbate India’s trade deficit.
  • CPTPP benefits: With the exclusion of both the US and China, CPTPP offers a more balanced trade environment, potential for export growth, and alignment with India’s long-term economic goals.

The Way Forward:

• Trade openness alone is not enough: Structural reforms must accompany trade liberalization to address domestic inefficiencies.
• Reevaluation of trade pessimism: India must base its trade policy on informed discourse rather than nationalistic narratives.
• Strategic engagement with Global Value Chains (GVCs): A well-thought-out trade policy can help India achieve its ambitious export target of $2 trillion by 2030.

Conclusion:

• India’s trade policy needs a shift from protectionism to strategic global integration.
• A stable and well-structured trade approach, supported by long-term policy consistency, will enhance India’s competitiveness in the global market.

Context

• Carnatic music, an ancient and revered form of Indian classical music, has long existed outside the strict boundaries of copyright law.
• This exclusion is due to both historical factors and the unique nature of Carnatic music, which emphasises improvisation and oral tradition.
• However, as the recent Margazhi music season in Chennai demonstrated, copyright concerns are becoming increasingly relevant.
• The existing legal framework does not adequately protect performers, raising pressing questions about whether the law should evolve to reflect the realities of Indian classical music.

The Legal Dilemma: Copyright and Carnatic Music

• A Unique Dilemma
  • The relationship between copyright law and Carnatic music presents a unique dilemma that stems from the nature of classical compositions, the role of improvisation, and the historical context of Indian copyright legislation.
  • Unlike Western classical music, which relies heavily on written scores, Carnatic music is primarily an oral tradition, passed down from teacher to student over generations.
  • This fundamental difference raises complex legal questions about how intellectual property rights should apply to an art form that thrives on fluidity and creative reinterpretation.
• The Western Influence on Indian Copyright Law
  • Copyright law in India, originally enacted in 1914 during British rule, was influenced by Western legal frameworks, particularly British copyright law.
  • The legislation, which was revised in 1957, continued to operate under the assumption that music is a composition that can be reduced to written notation.
  • This perspective is aligned with the Western classical tradition, where composers write detailed scores specifying every note, dynamic, and articulation.
  • The role of a performer in Western classical music is often to faithfully interpret these compositions rather than to improvise or innovate.
• The Challenges of Implementation of Copyright Law in Carnatic Music
  • Carnatic music, by contrast, does not function in the same way, while written notation exists, it serves only as a skeletal framework for a composition.
  • The essence of Carnatic music lies in its improvisatory aspects, manodharma sangeetam, which includes raga alapana (melodic improvisation), neraval (improvised elaboration of a phrase), and kalpana swaras (spontaneous note sequences).
  • Because these elements are not fixed in writing, they do not fit neatly into the legal definition of a ‘musical work’ under copyright law.
  • This raises the fundamental question: Should copyright law define music based on a Western understanding, or should it evolve to accommodate non-Western traditions like Carnatic music?

The Public Domain and the Question of Improvisation

• One of the major reasons Carnatic music has remained outside mainstream copyright discussions is that most of its foundational compositions belong to the public domain.
• The works of composers such as Tyagaraja, Purandara Dasa, and Gopalakrishna Bharati were created before copyright laws existed, meaning their compositions are freely available for anyone to perform.
• However, Carnatic musicians do not merely reproduce these compositions—they reinterpret them, often introducing complex improvisations and personal stylistic touches.
• These additions, while artistically significant, do not currently receive copyright protection. This leads to several critical legal questions:
  • If a musician improvises a section of a song, does that improvisation qualify as a new, copyrightable work?
  • If a performer reinterprets a composition by changing its raga or tempo, should they have rights over that specific rendition?
  • Should a performer’s unique style, such as Madurai Mani Iyer’s distinctive approach to Eppo Varuvaro, be considered an intellectual property right?

Existing Copyright Protections and Their Limitations

• Composer and Lyricist Rights
  • The composer and lyricist of a song receive copyright protection for their lifetime plus 60 years.
  • This ensures that their work cannot be commercially exploited without permission.
  • However, in the case of Carnatic music, most compositions by great composers like Tyagaraja, Muddusvami Dikshitar, and Shyama Shastri are already in the public domain, meaning anyone can perform or record them without seeking permission.
• Mechanical Rights (Rights Over Sound Recordings)
  • When a song is recorded onto a tangible medium, such as an audio CD or a digital file, the entity that records the song (such as a record label or an individual artist) gains mechanical rights over that specific recording for 60 years.
  • While this provides some form of protection, it does not extend to live performances where improvisation plays a significant role.
• Performers' Rights
  • Performers, including singers and instrumentalists, have the right to prevent unauthorised recordings of their performances.
  • This is particularly relevant for live concerts, where artists might not wish their music to be recorded and distributed without consent.
  • In theory, performers should also be entitled to royalties from streams or sales of their music.

The Need for Legal Reform

• The spontaneous nature of Carnatic improvisation complicates its protection under existing copyright laws.
• Unlike compositions that are formally documented, improvisations are often ephemeral, making it difficult to claim ownership.
• Yet, the contributions of performers should not be overlooked. Musicians should have the right to commercially benefit from their unique interpretations, just as composers and lyricists do.

Necessary Measures Towards a More Inclusive Framework

• Recognising Improvisation as Intellectual Property: Laws should account for original variations and improvisations in a performance, granting musicians limited rights over their unique contributions.
• Stronger Performers’ Rights
  • Existing laws on performers’ rights should be enforced, ensuring that artists can control and monetise recordings of their concerts.
  • Unauthorised uploads to streaming platforms should be subject to stricter penalties.
• Fair Royalty Distribution
  • Streaming services and concert venues should be required to compensate artists for performances.
  • The royalty flow from digital platforms should be strengthened, ensuring that musicians benefit financially from their work.

Conclusion

• The current copyright framework in India does not reflect the realities of Carnatic music, leaving performers vulnerable to exploitation.
• While classical compositions are in the public domain, the creativity infused into their rendition deserves recognition and protection.
• Instead of forcing music to fit outdated legal definitions, copyright law should evolve to safeguard the rights of musicians.
• By reforming copyright laws to include improvisation and strengthening performers' rights, India can ensure that Carnatic musicians receive the recognition and financial security they deserve.

Context

• India’s dairy sector has long been celebrated for its remarkable supply-side achievements, with the White Revolution transforming the country into the world’s largest milk producer.
• However, while production has surged, an equally pressing issue remains unaddressed—the stark disparities in milk consumption across socio-economic groups, regions, and social categories.
• As the Union Budget 2025-26 approaches, policymakers must shift their focus toward equitable distribution to ensure that milk reaches the most vulnerable populations.

The Nutritional Importance of Milk

• Milk is an essential source of protein, calcium, and micronutrients, playing a crucial role in supplementing predominantly plant-based Indian diets.
• Research indicates that milk consumption is linked to improved child growth outcomes, reducing the risks of stunting, underweight, and other anthropometric failures among children aged six months to five years.
• Despite these benefits, access to milk remains highly inequitable, with significant disparities based on income, geography, and social background.

The Extent of Inequality in Milk Consumption and the Challenges in Ensuring Equitable Access

• Income-Based Disparities
  • According to the latest Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys (HCES) conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), households in the top income decile (the richest 10%) consume three to four times more milk per capita than those in the lowest-income decile (the poorest 10%).
  • While consumption has increased among lower-income groups, this growth has not been sufficient to bridge the gap.
  • The poorest 30% of Indian households account for only 18% of total milk consumption, despite making up a much larger share of the population.
  • Wealthier households not only consume more milk but also have access to value-added dairy products like cheese, flavoured milk, and packaged dairy sweets.
  • For low-income households, the high cost of milk forces them to prioritise more affordable calorie-dense foods, often leading to poor nutrition.
  • Although India has a robust dairy industry, the affordability gap means that even though milk is widely produced, it does not necessarily reach those who need it most.
• Urban-Rural Divide
  • India’s milk production is largely concentrated in rural areas, yet paradoxically, urban households consume about 30% more milk per capita than rural households.
  • Higher purchasing power in urban areas allows for greater consumption of milk and dairy products.
  • The presence of organised retail chains and supermarkets in cities provides easier access to processed and packaged milk.
  • Urban diets are more diverse, and milk is often included in multiple forms, such as coffee, tea, milkshakes, and yogurt-based products.
  • In contrast, rural populations—despite producing most of India’s milk—consume less due to lower incomes, traditional dietary habits, and limited access to refrigeration.
• Regional Disparities
  • Milk consumption varies drastically across different states, reflecting regional differences in dietary preferences, economic conditions, and dairy industry development.
  • Northern and Western states (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat) consume 333 to 421 grams of milk per capita daily at home.
  • These regions have a strong dairy culture, with milk being a staple in their diets.
  • Eastern states (Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal) consume only 75 to 171 grams per capita daily, much lower than the recommended levels.
  • Dairy consumption is lower in these states due to factors such as dietary traditions, economic constraints, and weaker dairy supply chains.
  • States with strong dairy cooperative movements, such as Gujarat (home to Amul), have higher per capita milk consumption, whereas states with weaker dairy infrastructures struggle with accessibility and affordability.
• Social and Cultural Disparities
  • Scheduled Tribe (ST) households consume four litres less milk per capita per month than General Category households.
  • Many ST communities belong to lower-income groups, making milk a luxury rather than a dietary staple.
  • Certain communities historically rely more on plant-based diets, with milk playing a lesser role in their nutrition.
  • Many ST populations live in remote areas with poor market infrastructure, making regular milk consumption challenging.
• Out-of-Home Consumption and Underreporting
  • The NSSO Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys mainly capture at-home consumption, but this does not represent total milk consumption.
  • Approximately 50% of India’s total milk production is consumed outside the home, in forms such as:
    • Tea and coffee sold in restaurants, tea stalls, and roadside vendors.
    • Dairy-based sweets like rasgulla, gulab jamun, and paneer dishes consumed in eateries.
    • Packaged dairy drinks and flavoured milk products purchased from supermarkets.
  • This underreporting of out-of-home consumption likely worsens the perception of inequities because wealthier individuals, who dine out more frequently, are not fully accounted for in consumption surveys.

Policy Interventions for Equitable Milk Distribution

• Enhancing Milk Access in Government Nutrition Programs
  • Government schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (POSHAN) program and the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) should integrate milk provisions to improve nutrition for children and mothers.
  • While states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, and Telangana have already implemented milk distribution in such programs, existing allocations remain insufficient.
  • Additionally, some states, such as Chhattisgarh, have discontinued milk provisions due to financial constraints.
  • Increased budgetary allocations and innovative funding mechanisms, such as social bonds and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, could help sustain and expand these programs.
• Leveraging Dairy Markets for Targeted Support
  • In areas with strong dairy cooperative networks, governments could introduce milk coupons for low-income households.
  • This would enhance access while simultaneously supporting local dairy producers and reducing distribution costs.
• Raising Awareness About Nutrition and Equitable Consumption
  • Awareness campaigns should emphasise the health benefits of milk while addressing consumption imbalances.
  • Grassroots initiatives, such as Maharashtra and Bihar’s campaigns during Poshan Maah 2024, demonstrate how targeted education can improve dietary diversity.
  • Outreach efforts through Anganwadi centres, self-help groups, and healthcare providers can further enhance nutrition literacy among women, who play a crucial role in household food decisions.
• Encouraging Balanced Consumption Among Affluent Groups: Lesson from the UK
  • While addressing undernutrition is vital, overconsumption of high-fat dairy products among wealthy households must also be curbed.
  • Inspired by the United Kingdom’s Change4Life Sugar Swaps campaign, India could implement similar public health initiatives to promote balanced dairy consumption.
  • Collaborations with doctors, influencers, and media campaigns could help shift consumer behaviour, making milk more affordable and accessible for vulnerable populations.

Conclusion

• India’s milk revolution has undoubtedly been a success in terms of production, but equitable access remains an urgent challenge.
• Addressing consumption disparities through policy interventions, targeted subsidies, awareness campaigns, and innovative financing will ensure that milk benefits all sections of society.
• By prioritising vulnerable populations while promoting balanced consumption among affluent groups, India can fulfil Verghese Kurien’s vision of a nutritionally secure nation.

Why in news?

ISRO achieved its 100th rocket launch with the first launch of 2025, as the GSLV-F15 successfully placed the NVS-02 navigation satellite into orbit.

The GSLV-F15 is the 17th flight of India’s Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and 11th flight with Indigenous Cryo stage. It is the 8th operational flight of GSLV with an indigenous Cryogenic stage. 

What’s in today’s article?

• NVS-02
• NavIC: India’s Regional Navigation System
• ISRO’s journey
• Upcoming Developments in ISRO

About NVS-02

• NVS-02 is one of the five replacement satellites for the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), also referred to as NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation).
  • It is the second satellite in the NVS series, part of the NavIC system.
  • NVS-01, launched in May 2023, was the first second-gen NavIC satellite and carried India’s first indigenous atomic clock.
• Enhanced Features
  • Heavier and longer mission life than previous satellites.
  • Indigenously developed atomic clock for improved accuracy.
  • Enabled with L1 frequency, widely used in the US GPS system, allowing better compatibility with personal trackers and other devices.
• NVS-02 enhances the reliability and accessibility of India's navigation system for both civilian and strategic applications.

NavIC: India’s Regional Navigation System

• NavIC is a seven-satellite regional positioning system that can provide location data on the Indian mainland and up to 1,500 kilometres around.
• Coverage and Accuracy
  • Provides position accuracy of up to 20 meters under the standard service.
  • A restricted service offers even better accuracy for specific users.
• Advantages Over GPS
  • More accurate in India than GPS due to satellites positioned directly overhead.
  • Better signal availability in difficult terrains like valleys and forests, unlike GPS signals, which reach India at an angle.
• Global Navigation Systems
  • NavIC is the only regional system in the world.
  • Japan’s QZSS augments GPS signals but is not independent.
  • Four global systems exist:
    • GPS (USA)
    • GLONASS (Russia)
    • Galileo (Europe)
    • Beidou (China)

ISRO’s Journey

• Historical Background
  • ISRO traces its origins to the Indian National Committee for Space Research (1962) under the Department of Atomic Energy.
  • It was formally established in 1969, the same year the U.S. sent astronauts to the Moon. A dedicated Department of Space was created in 1972.
• Advancements in Rockets
  • ISRO has developed six generations of launch vehicles, with four currently in operation:
    • PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) – Workhorse rocket with 62 flights, capable of carrying nearly 2,000 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Only two launches have failed.
    • GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) – Initially used Russian cryogenic engines, later replaced by India's indigenously developed cryogenic stage. The GSLV-F15, used for the 100th launch, is part of this series.
    • GSLV MkIII (LVM3) – India’s heaviest rocket, carrying up to 8,500 kg to LEO. Used for Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3, and will be adapted for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission.
    • SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle) – Designed for commercial small satellite launches, with three developmental flights so far.
• Milestone Achievements
  • 100 launches have placed 548 satellites (120 tonnes) into orbit, including 433 foreign satellites (23 tonnes).
  • ISRO has launched various communication, earth observation, navigation, and experimental satellites.
  • Scientific Missions include AstroSat, Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), Chandrayaan 1, 2, and 3, XpoSat, and solar mission Aditya-L1.

Upcoming Developments in ISRO

• Ambitious Future Missions
  • A sample return mission from the Moon
  • A mission to Venus
  • Establishing an Indian space station
  • Manned Moon mission
• Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)
  • To support these missions, ISRO is developing the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV):
    • Capable of carrying 30,000 kg to Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
    • Stands 91 meters tall, more than double the 43 meters of LVM3
    • Features a reusable first stage, designed for 15–20 reuses, making launches more cost-effective
• New Infrastructure – Third Launch Pad
  • Approved by the Indian Cabinet at an estimated cost of ₹3,984.86 crores over four years
  • Designed to support NGLV and human spaceflight missions
  • Will enhance LVM3 launch capacity, boosting ISRO’s capability for heavy commercial missions

Why in news?

SEBI plans to launch a “when-listed” platform for trading of shares of companies that have finished their initial public offering (IPO) and are yet to be listed on stock exchanges.

What’s in today’s article?

• When-Listed Platform
• Benefits of the “When-Listed” Facility for Investors
• Current timeline for listing of shares
• Grey Market Trading in IPOs

When-Listed Platform

• This platform will facilitate trading of shares between IPO allotment and official listing, addressing concerns around unregulated markets.
• Reducing Grey Market Activity
  • The grey market involves unofficial, unregulated trading of IPO shares based on demand and supply before listing. It operates in cash with no actual delivery of shares.
  • Many retail investors use grey market premiums to evaluate IPO investments.
• Addressing Grey and Kerb Trading
  • SEBI aims to eliminate grey and kerb trading during the T+3 period (time from IPO closure to listing) by introducing a regulated alternative.
    • Grey market trading and kerb trading both refer to buying and selling shares outside official stock exchanges.
    • This usually happens before a company’s shares are officially listed after an IPO.
    • Investors trade these shares at a grey market premium based on demand.
    • The term "kerb trading" comes from the idea of trading on the street, highlighting its unofficial nature.
  • It emphasized that this platform would formalize trading already happening unofficially, providing a transparent, regulated system.
• Collaboration with Stock Exchanges
  • SEBI is working with stock exchanges to implement this platform, aiming to provide investors a safe and formal way to trade shares during the pre-listing period.

Benefits of the “When-Listed” Facility for Investors

• Regulated Trading:
  • Investors who have received IPO allotment can sell their entitlement in a regulated market, instead of the unregulated grey market.
  • Sebi aims to eliminate the informal grey market trading and allow formal trading through an official platform.
• Reducing Market Volatility:
  • The grey market is seen as a source of volatility and distorted market sentiments.
  • The new platform will help control market instability by ensuring all trading is monitored by the regulator.
• Protecting Retail Investors:
  • Market participants suggest that Sebi should address grey market activity starting from the IPO announcement to safeguard retail investors’ interests.

Current timeline for listing of shares

• Currently, after an IPO bidding closes, shares must be listed on stock exchanges within three working days (T+3). Shares are allotted on T+1 day.
• In the gap between allotment and listing, investors engage in grey market trading.
• Sebi aims to reduce this pre-listing grey market activity.

Grey Market Trading in IPOs

• How it Works:
  • Investors, due to low chances of IPO allotment, often enter the grey market.
  • Trading begins once an IPO announcement is made, with brokers focusing solely on the grey market.
  • A premium is added above the IPO price band (e.g., Rs 90-100 per share with a premium of Rs 10-30).
  • Investors place bids with grey market operators to buy or sell shares.
• Settlement:
  • The opening price on the official listing day determines the settlement.
  • If the stock opens higher than the grey market price, operators pay the difference.
  • If the stock opens lower, investors incur a loss.

Why in news?

Chinese startup DeepSeek has launched AI models that compete with top U.S. models at a much lower cost.

In December 2024, the company revealed that training its DeepSeek-V3 model cost less than $6 million using Nvidia H800 chips. DeepSeek’s AI Assistant is now the top-rated free app on Apple’s U.S. App Store, beating ChatGPT.

This has raised questions about why U.S. tech companies are spending billions on AI. It has also affected the stock prices of big companies like Nvidia.

What’s in today’s article?

• DeepSeek: A New Chatbot Rival to ChatGPT
• DeepSeek: Causing a stir
• The AI Race: A Strategic Moment for India

DeepSeek: A New Chatbot Rival to ChatGPT

• DeepSeek is a free AI-powered chatbot that functions similarly to ChatGPT. It can perform various tasks, though its effectiveness compared to rivals remains debated.
• 
• Performance and Efficiency
  • DeepSeek’s R1 model is reportedly as powerful as OpenAI’s o1, excelling in mathematics and coding.
  • It is a "reasoning" model that processes responses incrementally, using less memory and reducing operational costs.
• Censorship and Limitations
  • Like other Chinese AI models, DeepSeek avoids politically sensitive topics.
  • When asked about the Tiananmen Square massacre, it refused to provide details, highlighting Chinese government-imposed censorship.
• Cost-Effective AI Development
  • DeepSeek claims to have trained its model for just $6 million, significantly lower than the over $100 million OpenAI spent on GPT-4.
  • The company’s founder reportedly stockpiled Nvidia A100 chips—banned from export to China since 2022—pairing them with cheaper chips to develop the AI.
• Security Challenges and Outages
  • After becoming the most-downloaded free app on Apple’s U.S. App Store, DeepSeek faced large-scale cyberattacks, forcing temporary registration limits.
  • The company also experienced website outages.

DeepSeek: causing a stir

• DeepSeek Challenges U.S. AI Dominance
  • The launch of OpenAI’s ChatGPT in 2022 spurred Chinese tech firms to develop their own AI chatbots.
  • However, early models, such as Baidu’s, failed to meet expectations, highlighting a gap between Chinese and U.S. AI capabilities.
  • DeepSeek has reversed this perception with high-quality and cost-efficient models.
• DeepSeek’s Cost-Effective Advantage
  • DeepSeek’s AI models, DeepSeek-V3 and DeepSeek-R1, have received praise from Silicon Valley executives and engineers.
  • The company claims its models match OpenAI and Meta’s best AI systems while being significantly cheaper to use.

The AI Race: A Strategic Moment for India

• PM Modi's upcoming participation in the AI summit in Paris highlights India’s need to carefully assess the implications of the escalating AI competition between the US and China, especially following the release of DeepSeek R1.
• The DeepSeek-Sputnik Parallel
  • DeepSeek R1’s release is being compared to the Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957, which shocked the US and spurred an intense space race.
  • Similarly, DeepSeek has intensified the technological rivalry between the US and China, setting a new frontier for great power competition.
• US-China AI Rivalry: A Bipolar Landscape
  • China, with its large GDP and investments in frontier technologies, is a formidable AI competitor to the US.
  • The competition is expected to remain bipolar, leaving other nations, including India, struggling to keep pace. However, how this rivalry unfolds remains uncertain.
• Doing More with Less: Lessons for Middle Powers
  • DeepSeek has demonstrated the potential to achieve innovation with limited resources.
  • This provides hope for middle powers like India and France, which cannot match US-China spending but can still remain relevant in the AI domain by focusing on strategic innovation and cooperation.
• Sovereign AI and Partnerships
  • India and France advocate for “Sovereign AI,” focusing on balancing cooperation with the US and independent AI development.
  • A partnership model between the US and its allies, including India, could help compete with China.
  • However, India must address US concerns about technology leakage to Russia to strengthen this partnership.
• Cooperation Amid Rivalry
  • Historical examples like US-Soviet cooperation in outer space during the Cold War suggest that the US and China could eventually collaborate on global AI governance.
  • Such cooperation may focus on preventing AI misuse and controlling its destabilizing effects, much like nuclear deterrence regimes.
• India's Strategic Role in Global AI Governance
  • India must avoid past mistakes, such as being sidelined in the global nuclear governance framework, by clearly defining its AI strategy.
  • Delhi has the opportunity to shape global AI governance rather than remain a passive participant.
• Conclusion
  • The AI race presents both challenges and opportunities for India. By leveraging partnerships, investing in innovation, and ensuring strategic clarity, India can play a pivotal role in the evolving AI landscape.

Context:

• The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 is a nationwide rural household survey (facilitated by NGO Pratham) to assess children’s schooling status and their basic reading and arithmetic skills.
• Key findings of the ASER 2024 survey are presented separately for three groups of children: Pre-primary (age group 3-5), elementary (age group 6-14), and older children (age group 15-16).
• The findings highlight a strong recovery from pandemic-induced learning losses and point towards the effectiveness of recent educational reforms.

Key Findings from ASER 2024:

• Enrollment trends:
  • The overall school enrollment rate among 6-14-year-olds stood at 98.1% in 2024, close to 98.4% in 2022.
  • Pre-school enrollment among 3-5-year-olds increased, with a sharp rise among 5-year-olds from 58.5% in 2018 to 71.4% in 2024.
• Recovery in reading skills:
  • The proportion of Class III students able to read at a Class II level has fully recovered from the pandemic setback, reaching 27.1% in 2024 (up from 20.5% in 2022).
  • For Class V students, the percentage of children who can read Class II level text has risen to 48.7% in 2024, compared to 42.8% in 2022, approaching the 50.4% level of 2018.
• Progress in arithmetic skills:
  • The percentage of Class III students able to do basic subtraction rose to 33.7% in 2024, the highest in a decade.
  • The proportion of Class V students who can perform division increased to 30.7% in 2024, surpassing pre-pandemic levels of 27.8% in 2018.
• Digital literacy insights:
  • ASER 2024 included a section on digital literacy for the first time, focusing on smartphone access, ownership, and basic digital skills among 14-16-year-olds.
  • More boys (85.5%) than girls (79.4%) reported knowing how to use a smartphone.

Performance of Government Schools:

• Improvements in enrollment trends: Government school enrollment, which increased during the pandemic, has nearly returned to pre-pandemic levels - 66.8% in 2024, compared to 65.6% in 2018 and 72.9% in 2022.
• Improvements in learning outcome:
  • In arithmetic, government schools witnessed a 36.6% improvement in subtraction skills in Class III, compared to a 10.2% rise in private schools.
  • The number of Class III children in government schools who can read a Class II textbook stands at 23.4%, up from 16.3% in 2022 and 20.9% in 2018.
• Factors behind the improvement:
  • The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s focus on foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) appears to have played a crucial role.
  • The Union Education Ministry’s Nipun Bharat Mission has been a key driver of learning initiatives in primary education.

State-wise Progress:

• Remarkable recovery in low-performing States:
  • States like UP, Bihar, MP, and Tamil Nadu have shown significant learning gains.
  • In UP, the proportion of Class III government school students reading at Class II level rose from 12.3% in 2018 to 27.9% in 2024.
  • Bihar saw an increase in Class III reading levels from 12.1% in 2018 to 20.1% in 2024 and arithmetic levels from 18% to 28.2%.
• Improvement in high-performing States:
  • States like Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Haryana, and Odisha showed a 10-percentage point increase in reading levels from 2022 to 2024.
  • Uttarakhand recorded a sharp rise in Class III reading levels from 24.7% in 2018 to 35.6% in 2024.

 Conclusion:

• ASER 2024 highlights not just recovery but a transformative shift in India's approach to foundational learning.
• The NEP 2020 has provided a common goal for all states, allowing them to adopt unique strategies for FLN improvement.
• The data underscores a nationwide effort to ensure foundational literacy and numeracy among primary school children, marking a historic milestone in India’s education system.

Why in the News?

• After three years of research, the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) have for the first time systematically categorized 268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes across India.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Historical Background (About Denotified Tribes, Various Commissions, etc.)
• Key Findings of the Report (Major Highlights, Way Forward, etc.)

Historical Background and the Need for Classification:

• Denotified tribes were once labelled as "criminal" under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1924, which was repealed in 1949.
• However, since then, various commissions—including the Kaka Kalelkar Commission (1955), the Mandal Commission (1980), the Renke Commission (2008), and the Idate Commission (2017)—have attempted but failed to fully classify these communities.
• The Idate Commission’s 2017 report identified 1,200 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes and highlighted 267 unclassified communities.
• This led the Indian government to form a Special Committee under the NITI Aayog in 2019, which assigned AnSI and TRIs the task of ethnographic classification.

Key Findings of the Study:

• 268 communities classified: For the first time, these tribes have been systematically documented.
• 179 communities recommended for SC/ST/OBC inclusion: This inclusion aims to provide reservation benefits.
• 63 communities found untraceable: These groups may have merged with other communities, changed names, or migrated.
• Political and legal implications: The classification has sparked debates on reservations and special status.

Impact on Reservation and Welfare Policies:

• With this classification, denotified tribes could access government welfare schemes reserved for SCs, STs, and OBCs, including education and employment opportunities.
• However, this move has also raised political concerns.
• There are two competing views within the Development and Welfare Board for Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Communities:
• Support for Inclusion in SC/ST/OBC Lists
  • Ensures access to education, jobs, and social welfare schemes.
  • Provides legal recognition and identity to these communities.
• Demand for a Separate Reservation Category
  • Advocates argue that denotified tribes should have their own classification, similar to SCs and STs, rather than being merged into existing categories.
  • Some fear that merging them into SC/ST/OBC groups might dilute reservation benefits for other communities.

Challenges and Concerns:

• Political Controversies: Activists in states like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat are questioning the basis of classification, fearing it may impact existing reservation structures.
• Delays in Implementation: Despite multiple commissions advocating for classification, government action has been slow, delaying welfare benefits.
• Historical Misclassification: Earlier census data mistakenly categorized some tribes as castes, creating confusion over their identity and legal status.

Way Forward:

• The AnSI and TRIs have submitted their final report to the Special Committee under the NITI Aayog.
• Currently, the committee is reviewing recommendations before preparing a final report for the government.
• If the recommendations are accepted:
  • State governments will have an easier pathway to include these tribes in reservation lists.
  • New welfare policies could be introduced to address socio-economic inequalities faced by these communities.
  • The debate on creating a separate category for denotified tribes may gain momentum.

Conclusion:

• The classification of denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes is a crucial step toward rectifying historical injustices and ensuring their access to government welfare schemes.
• However, the implementation process remains complex, with political and legal challenges ahead.
• The government’s final decision on this matter will shape the socio-political landscape of reservation policies in India.

Context

• Every year, when the Union Budget is announced, discussions primarily revolve around taxation, infrastructure, and defence.
• However, the budget allocation for India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is equally significant, as it shapes the country’s foreign policy capabilities and global influence.
• Despite being one of the least-funded ministries, the MEA plays a crucial role in realising India’s global ambitions.
• While India is committed to expanding its diplomatic and strategic footprint, the financial resources allocated to the MEA often fall short of expectations.

India’s Vision for a ‘Viksit Bharat’ and the Role of Diplomacy

• India's vision of achieving a ‘Viksit Bharat’ (developed India) by 2047 is closely tied to developing and maintaining strong global partnerships.
• The government has articulated its ambition to emerge as a leader on the world stage, particularly in engaging with the Global South and strengthening ties with key regional actors like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
• Additionally, India has sought to enhance regional connectivity and play a more active role in multilateral groups such as the Quad (comprising India, Australia, Japan, and the United States).
• India’s creation of institutions like the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure are also central to its growing global influence.
• However, these aspirations necessitate a well-funded and well-equipped Ministry of External Affairs.

Shortcomings of MEA Budget

• Inadequate Funding for Expanding Diplomatic Initiatives
  • India’s foreign policy ambitions are broad, encompassing regional, bilateral, and multilateral engagements.
  • However, the financial resources allocated to the MEA are insufficient to match the scale of India’s diplomatic outreach.
  • Despite a 23% increase in the MEA’s budget in 2024-25, this bump still falls short of what is needed to effectively execute the country’s ambitious foreign policy goals.
  • Given the complex and dynamic nature of global diplomacy, the MEA is tasked with managing a broad range of activities, including international negotiations, participation in multilateral organisations, and fostering strategic partnerships with key global powers.
  • The current budget allocation simply does not provide the Ministry with enough financial flexibility to pursue these goals comprehensively.
• Understaffing and Overstretching of Resources
  • One of the most significant shortcomings of the MEA’s budget is its chronic understaffing.
  • The Indian Foreign Service (IFS), the backbone of India’s diplomatic corps, remains significantly understaffed.
  • Despite the vital role played by the IFS in shaping foreign policy and managing international relations, the Ministry has faced delays in expanding the diplomatic corps and lacks sufficient lateral entry mechanisms to bring in fresh expertise from outside the traditional diplomatic training.
  • The IFS's overburdened diplomats often find themselves stretched thin, leading to issues with the quality and timeliness of India’s diplomatic efforts.
• Limited Capacity for Regional Integration and Economic Diplomacy
  • Another area in which the MEA’s budget falls short is the financing of India’s economic diplomacy and regional integration efforts.
  • India’s regional connectivity initiatives, such as the ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, are critical to maintaining stability and creating cooperation in South Asia.
  • However, these initiatives often require substantial financial backing to be effective.
  • As India faces growing competition from China, which has significantly ramped up its investment in South Asia, India needs to counterbalance this influence with stronger diplomatic, economic, and infrastructural support.
• Lack of Funding for Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power Projection
  • India has made significant strides in using cultural diplomacy as a means of strengthening its global influence.
  • Initiatives such as the promotion of yoga, Indian art, and academic exchanges are key components of India’s ‘soft power.’
  • However, the MEA’s budget for cultural diplomacy and foreign missions has been relatively modest, with a mere 7% increase in the recent Budget.
  • Cultural diplomacy requires sustained investment to expand the reach and effectiveness of India’s soft power initiatives.
  • Without adequate funding, India risks losing out on the opportunity to strengthen its global image and cultural footprint.

Regional Connectivity Challenges and the Need for Financial Backing

• India’s regional connectivity is facing numerous challenges, particularly in South Asia.
• The political upheaval in Bangladesh, Myanmar’s instability, strained relations with Nepal, and the Maldives’ India Out’ campaign have all added layers of complexity to India’s foreign policy.
• However, recent high-level visits, including those by Sri Lanka’s President and Bhutan’s Prime Minister, have provided some hope for sustaining cross-border projects.
• The government’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy requires a robust economic support structure to continue pushing regional connectivity initiatives, particularly in the face of increasing Chinese influence in the region.
• While India’s financial aid to foreign countries declined by 10% in 2024-25, loans to foreign governments saw a sharp increase of 29%.
• Much of India’s foreign aid, particularly through lines of credit (LoCs), is directed towards its neighbourhood, with Bangladesh receiving the largest share.

The Path Forward

• Institutional Capacity Building: A Necessity for Long-term Growth
  • Beyond direct financial support, there is a pressing need for strengthening the MEA’s institutional capacity.
  • While India has made some strides in increasing its training budget, up by 30% in 2024-25, overall capacity-building initiatives remain inadequate.
  • The MEA’s funding for foreign missions, training programs, and cultural diplomacy saw only a modest 7% increase in the recent Budget, while critical academic institutions such as Nalanda University and South Asian University experienced significant cuts.
  • A more substantial investment in research and academic expertise is essential to develop a deeper understanding of foreign policy, based on evidence and analysis, which could, in turn, inform decision-making at the diplomatic level.
• The Need for Declassification and Digitisation of Diplomatic Records
  • A critical, yet often overlooked, component of India’s diplomatic strategy is the declassification and digitisation of its vast diplomatic archives.
  • As External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar has noted, India’s diplomatic efforts have traditionally been led by government officials (Track 1), with scholarly research (Track 2) playing a secondary role.
  • However, the digitisation of India’s diplomatic records would provide greater access to scholars, enabling them to map India’s diplomatic history, challenge prevailing myths, and gain a more nuanced understanding of the historical and political contexts that shape India’s foreign policy.
  • This initiative could also assist current policymakers in drawing valuable lessons from past successes and failures, thereby improving India’s approach to global diplomacy.

Conclusion

• The Ministry of External Affairs plays a crucial role in advancing India’s foreign policy and global ambitions.
• However, the current budget allocation falls short of what is needed to fulfil the country’s strategic objectives.
• To position India as a global leader by 2047, the government must prioritise increasing the MEA’s budget, especially in areas related to regional cooperation, institutional capacity building, and research.

Context

• The global competition for skilled talent is reshaping economies and innovation landscapes
• The United States, historically a hub for technological advancements, has long benefited from skilled immigrants who not only fill jobs but create them.
• However, restrictive immigration policies, particularly concerning H-1B visas, threaten to undermine this advantage.

A Closer Examination of the Flawed Logic of H-1B Visa Restrictions

• A Misguided Notion
  • At the heart of the H-1B visa debate lies a pervasive yet misguided notion: that restricting skilled immigration will create more opportunities for native workers.
  • On the surface, this argument appears intuitive, but a deeper dive into the data reveals a far more complex and counterproductive reality.
  • Policies that limit skilled immigration fail to account for the interconnected nature of global labour markets.
  • Also, these restrictions impact the dynamics of innovation-driven economies, and the tangible contributions of foreign talent to economic growth and job creation in the United States.
• Displacing Jobs, Not Protecting Them
  • When H-1B visas are restricted, American companies rarely respond by hiring more U.S. workers; instead, they shift their focus to hiring abroad.
  • This trend is not speculative; it is supported by substantial evidence.
  • A study by Britta Glennon found that when faced with stricter visa policies, U.S. firms accelerate foreign hiring, often relocating entire teams and operations to countries with more accessible talent pools, such as India and China.
  • For every 10 H-1B visa applications denied, U.S. multinational companies hire an average of eight foreign workers in offshore locations.
  • These are not simply replacement hires; they represent the relocation of innovation ecosystems, jobs, teams, and expertise, all moving overseas.
• Myths About Wage Suppression
  • Another argument against the H-1B program is that it suppresses wages for native workers.
  • Critics often claim that companies hire foreign workers to save on labour costs, but research debunks this myth.
  • According to the American Immigration Council, the median wage for H-1B workers in 2021 was more than double that of the general U.S. workforce.
  • Furthermore, between 2003 and 2021, wages for H-1B workers rose by 52%, compared to a 39% increase for all U.S. workers.
  • Giovanni Peri’s research demonstrates that hiring foreign STEM workers increases native wages, particularly in technical fields where innovation leads to higher productivity.
  • These gains, which range from 30% to 50% of aggregate productivity growth, underscore the positive economic impact of skilled immigration.

Economic and Technological Benefits of Skilled Immigration

• Employment Generation
  • The contributions of skilled immigrants extend beyond employment figures.
  • Research has consistently shown that H-1B visa holders stimulate job creation.
  • Each H-1B worker, on average, generates 1.83 additional jobs for native-born American workers over a seven-year period.
  • Additionally, immigrant-founded companies in the U.S. tend to attract higher investments and create more jobs than those founded by native-born entrepreneurs.
  • According to the National Foundation for American Policy, more than half of America’s billion-dollar startups were founded by immigrants.
• Innovation Driven Benefits
  • The innovation-driven benefits of skilled immigration are undeniable.
  • A 10% increase in foreign STEM workers correlates with a 0.5% to 0.6% rise in native wages and a 0.3% to 0.7% increase in patents per capita.
  • Research by Jennifer Hunt reveals that a 1% rise in immigrant college graduates leads to a remarkable 9% to 18% surge in patents per capita.
  • Given that up to 71% of tech workers in Silicon Valley are foreign-born, restrictive policies risk eroding America’s technological leadership and global competitiveness.

Broader Implications of H-1B Visa Restrictions

• Innovation at Risk
  • One of the most concerning consequences of H-1B restrictions is the impact on innovation.
  • Skilled immigrants are disproportionately responsible for patents, technological breakthroughs, and high-growth startups.
  • Studies reveal that a 10% increase in foreign STEM workers leads to a 0.3% to 0.7% increase in patents per capita and a corresponding rise in native wages.
  • Immigrants, many of whom arrive in the U.S. through programs like the H-1B, account for a significant share of technological advancements, particularly in tech hubs like Silicon Valley.
• Stalling Broader Economic Growth
  • The U.S. labour market operates differently in knowledge-driven sectors, where talent scarcity is a pressing issue.
  • In such industries, skilled workers, especially in STEM fields, are not interchangeable with less specialised labour.
  • Rather than protecting domestic jobs, these caps restrict American companies from scaling their operations, which hinders job creation for native workers.
  • Research shows that H-1B visa holders are job multipliers: each one generates 1.83 additional jobs for native-born Americans over a seven-year period.
  • By limiting access to skilled immigration, policymakers are not only curtailing the potential of individual companies but also stalling broader economic growth.

‘Brain Circulation’ and the Indian Experience

• India plays a crucial role in the global skilled migration landscape, receiving approximately 70% of H-1B visas issued annually.
• What was once perceived as a brain drain is now recognised as ‘brain circulation’; a phenomenon where skilled Indian professionals gain experience abroad and later contribute to India’s growing innovation ecosystem.
• This cycle benefits both the U.S. and India, developing cross-border knowledge exchange, investment, and technological advancements.
• While the H-1B debate in the U.S. continues, India must position itself not just as a talent exporter but as a hub of innovation and entrepreneurship.

India’s Role in the Global Innovation Network

• Developing Innovation Clusters: India needs globally competitive innovation hubs with tax incentives, research grants, and high-quality infrastructure to attract and retain talent.
• Setting Global Standards: Rather than playing catch-up, India must pioneer new technological paradigms, as seen with successful initiatives like IndiaStack and UPI.
• Creating a Risk-Taking Culture: A vibrant startup ecosystem requires policies that encourage experimentation, such as a dedicated startup visa program to attract international entrepreneurs.
• Balancing: Short-term reforms (such as streamlined overseas citizenship processes and pension portability agreements) with long-term strategies (such as automated talent mobility systems and shared patent applications) will be crucial in integrating India into global innovation networks.

Conclusion

• Skilled immigration is not a zero-sum game, it is a driving force behind economic growth, job creation, and technological advancement.
• The U.S. must recognise that restricting skilled immigration undermines its own economic and technological leadership, while India must leverage its global talent network to fuel domestic innovation.
• In an era of intense global competition for talent and innovation, policies must shift from protectionism to strategic collaboration, ensuring that knowledge economies continue to thrive.

Why in news?

Amid concerns over regulating AI without stifling innovation, global leaders will meet in Paris on February 10 for a two-day AI Action Summit.

This builds on the 2023 AI Safety Summit in Bletchley Park, which focused on "doomsday" concerns and resulted in 25 states, including the US and China, signing the Bletchley Declaration on AI Safety.

Additionally, the 2024 Seoul summit saw 16 leading AI companies voluntarily commit to transparent AI development.

What’s in today’s article?

• 2023 Bletchley Declaration
• 2024 AI Seoul Summit
• Paris AI Summit
• Paris Summit and Europe's AI Challenge
• Diverse Approaches to AI Regulation

2023 Bletchley Declaration

• The UK-hosted AI Safety Summit led 28 countries and the EU to adopt the Bletchley Declaration, addressing AI's promises and risks.
• It emphasizes aligning AI with human intent, safeguarding rights, and ensuring safety, ethics, and accountability.
• It highlights civil society's role and developers' responsibility for testing and mitigating AI risks.

2024 AI Seoul Summit

• The 2024 AI Seoul Summit was a two-day event that took place in May 2024.
• The summit was co-hosted by the Republic of Korea and the UK government.
• The summit's goal was to advance global discussions on AI safety, innovation, and inclusivity.
• The summit confirmed a shared understanding of the opportunities and risks posed by AI.
• It set minimum guardrails for AI use.
• It established a roadmap for ensuring AI safety.

About Paris AI Summit

• The Paris AI Summit, an initiative of French President Emmanuel Macron, focuses on global AI governance, innovation, and advancing public interest.
• Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi will co-chair the summit and has accepted the invitation to attend.
• Key Objectives
  • The summit aims to tackle the concentration of power in the AI market, particularly concerning foundational models controlled by companies like Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, and Meta.
• Event Structure
  • February 10 – Multistakeholder Forum:
    • This forum will bring together global representatives from governments, businesses, civil society, researchers, artists, and journalists.
    • Activities include conferences, round tables, and presentations, focusing on AI-driven solutions.
  • February 11 – Summit of Heads of State and Government:
    • Leaders will convene at the Grand Palais to discuss key collaborative actions for AI governance.

Paris Summit and Europe's AI Challenge

• The Paris AI Summit is crucial for Europe as AI development is increasingly seen as a race dominated by American tech giants and Chinese state power.
• French President Emmanuel Macron’s personal initiative underscores Europe’s need to compete in this field.
  • Many reports have highlighted European red tape and regulatory barriers hindering its tech sector's growth.
  • Brussels is perceived as lagging behind, with limited chances of catching up.
• US AI Ambitions
  • The summit follows Washington’s announcement of the Stargate Project, a $500 billion initiative involving OpenAI, SoftBank, Oracle, Microsoft, and Nvidia to build cutting-edge AI infrastructure.
  • This major investment highlights the US’s commitment to dominating AI capabilities over the next four years.
• China’s Rapid AI Advancements
  • China’s significant AI progress remains a key topic of concern.
  • Despite US efforts to curtail its advancements, Chinese firms like DeepSeek have demonstrated cost-effective foundational AI models that rival OpenAI’s o1 reasoning model in math, coding, and reasoning benchmarks.
  • Similarly, Alibaba released a new AI model, reportedly comparable to OpenAI’s GPT-o1 series, showcasing China's competitive edge in AI development.

Diverse Approaches to AI Regulation

• Policymakers worldwide have intensified regulatory scrutiny of generative AI, focusing on three key concerns: privacy, system bias, and intellectual property violations.
• However, their approaches differ significantly.
• European Union: Strict and Use-Based Regulation
  • The EU has proposed a stringent regulatory framework that categorizes AI based on its use case, degree of invasiveness, and associated risks, reflecting its cautious stance on AI governance.
• United Kingdom: Light-Touch Approach
  • UK has adopted a more lenient, innovation-friendly approach, emphasizing minimal regulatory barriers to foster growth in this emerging field.
• United States: Balanced but Shifting
  • The US approach has been moderate, positioned between strict regulation and innovation promotion.
  • However, recent developments could lead to further deregulation.
• China: Structured Measures for Control
  • China has introduced its own regulatory measures, balancing AI advancements with oversight, particularly in areas critical to state interests.
• India: Emphasis on Safety and Trust
  • India advocates for AI to ensure safety, trust, and ethical use, while also recognizing its transformative potential.
  • The government emphasizes addressing the "weaponization" of technologies like social media to create a secure digital landscape.

Why in news?

Uttarakhand government officially implemented the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) on January 27, 2025, making it the first Indian state to adopt the UCC post-Independence.

The UCC, which excludes Scheduled Tribes and natives who have migrated out of the state, was passed by the State Assembly in February 2024.

What’s in today’s article?

• Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
• Key highlights of Uttarakhand’s UCC

Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

• The Uniform Civil Code is a law that seeks to establish a common set of legal provisions for all citizens, regardless of religion or community.
• It will standardise marriage, divorce, inheritance, property rights, and adoption laws.

Key highlights of Uttarakhand’s UCC

• Vision
  • UCC as a constitutional measure aims to eliminate discrimination and ensure women's empowerment.
  • It promotes equality and does not discriminate based on gender, caste, or religion.
  • Scheduled Tribes, as defined under Article 342 of the Constitution, have been exempted from the UCC to protect their rights.
• Key Features of the UCC
  • Banned Practices: Prohibits halala, iddat, and talaq from Muslim Personal Law.
  • Equal Rights for Women: Ensures equal property and inheritance rights.
  • Mandatory Online Registrations: Marriage, divorce, and live-in relationships must be registered on the government portal ucc.uk.gov.in.
• Marriage Laws
  • Legal marriage age: 21 years for men and 18 years for women.
  • Mandatory marriage registration.
  • Prohibits polygamy, child marriage, and triple talaq.
• Inheritance and Property Rights
  • Equal inheritance rights for sons and daughters.
  • Recognizes children of live-in couples as "legitimate," granting them equal inheritance rights.
• UCC Online Portal
  • Aadhaar-Based Verification: Ensures user authenticity.
  • Multilingual Translation: AI-based service translates content into 22 languages.
  • Integrated Database: Linked with 13 government departments, including police and courts.
  • Tatkal Facility: Emergency processing available for a nominal fee.
• Registration Deadlines
  • Marriages Since 2010: Must be registered within six months.
  • New Marriages: Register within 60 days of marriage.
  • Live-In Relationships: Register within one month of UCC implementation.
• Live-In Relationship Rules
  • Mandatory registration for couples aged 21 and above.
    • Parental consent required for couples under 21 years.
  • Applicable to Uttarakhand residents, including those in live-in relationships outside the state.
  • Termination: Can be applied for online or offline, requiring mutual consent.
  • Pregnancy Notification: Mandatory to report pregnancy within 30 days of childbirth.
  • Housing Rights: Landlords cannot deny housing to registered live-in couples.
• Registration of Wills
  • The UCC portal offers three methods for will registration:
    • Online form submission.
    • Uploading handwritten/typed wills.
    • Recording a three-minute video.
• Registration Process
• Applications are reviewed within 15 days or 3 days in emergencies.
• Sub-registrars and registrars will handle documentation and appeals.
• Appeals against rejections must be filed within 30 days, with decisions taken within 60 days.
• Penalties for Violations
  • Initial warnings for non-compliance.
  • Fines for repeated violations.

Conclusion

The UCC aims to abolish practices like halala, polygamy, child marriage, and triple talaq, fostering equality among citizens. By removing gender biases in inheritance laws and legitimizing live-in children, it seeks to promote gender equality.

Why in the News?

After three months of negotiations, India and China have agreed to concrete measures to resume direct flights, visas, a number of exchanges, and the Mansarovar Yatra for pilgrims this summer.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Historical Context & Recent Developments
• Key Agreements (Mansarovar Yatra, Direct Flights, Economic Relations, People-to-People Ties, Challenges, Way Forward, etc.)

Historical Context and Recent Developments:

• India and China, two of Asia's largest economies, share a complex relationship shaped by cultural, historical, and geopolitical dynamics.
• After a prolonged military standoff at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, both nations are taking steps to restore bilateral ties.
• The disengagement process completed in November 2024 marked a significant diplomatic breakthrough.
• Following this, meetings between Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong in Beijing, as well as discussions between Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping, paved the way for renewed cooperation.

Key Agreements and Initiatives:

• During the high-level meetings, both nations agreed on several initiatives aimed at rebuilding trust and enhancing collaboration:
  • Resumption of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra: Scheduled for the summer of 2025, this pilgrimage holds significant cultural and religious importance for Indian devotees.
  • Direct Flights and Visa Services: Both sides committed to restoring air connectivity between major cities and facilitating visas for media, think tanks, and business representatives.
  • Hydrological Data Sharing: Dialogues will resume under the India-China Expert Level Mechanism to discuss data sharing on trans-border rivers, a critical issue for downstream water management.

Focus on Economic and Trade Relations:

• Despite record trade volumes exceeding $125 billion in 2023, tensions persist due to restrictions imposed by both countries.
• India expressed concerns over China's curbs on pharmaceutical and high-tech exports, while China raised issues regarding India's investment policies and regulatory hurdles for Chinese businesses.
• A joint statement emphasized the need for long-term policy transparency and predictability in economic and trade relations.
• By addressing these concerns, both countries aim to foster a more balanced trade partnership.

Enhancing People-to-People Ties:

• As part of the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2025, India and China plan to organize cultural events, media exchanges, and academic collaborations.
• These initiatives aim to restore mutual trust and foster deeper understanding among citizens.

Challenges in Bilateral Relations:

• While the agreements mark a positive step, several challenges remain:
  • Border Issues: The LAC dispute and unresolved de-escalation measures continue to strain relations.
  • Strategic Distrust: Historical tensions and competing geopolitical interests in the Indo-Pacific region contribute to mutual suspicion.
  • Economic Barriers: Trade imbalances and protectionist policies hinder seamless economic collaboration.

Path Forward: Building Sustainable Partnerships

• Chinese Foreign Minister emphasized the importance of reducing “mutual suspicion and estrangement” to strengthen bilateral ties.
• Similarly, Indian officials highlighted the need for mutual respect, sensitivity, and shared interests to sustain long-term cooperation.
• Key areas of focus include:
  • Maritime Cooperation: Enhancing collaboration in the Indo-Pacific to ensure regional stability.
  • Technology and Innovation: Promoting joint research and innovation in fields like renewable energy and healthcare.
  • Cultural Diplomacy: Leveraging shared heritage to foster goodwill.

Conclusion:

• The renewed dialogues between India and China represent a significant step toward stabilizing a complex relationship.
• While challenges persist, the agreements on cultural exchanges, trade transparency, and environmental cooperation underscore both nations’ commitment to fostering mutual growth and regional stability.
• By addressing underlying issues and prioritizing constructive engagement, India and China can pave the way for a more harmonious and prosperous future.

Context

• A recent judgment of the Supreme Court of India in Bhagwati Medical Hall vs Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation has reignited debate on a pressing public health issue: the regulation of alcoholic tinctures marketed as homeopathic remedies.
• The judgment highlights the complex regulatory architecture, economic implications, and public health hazards associated with these products.
• Despite sporadic attempts to address the issue, regulatory hurdles and industry resistance have left state governments grappling with an impossible challenge.

The Complexity of Regulatory Framework Governing Alcoholic Tinctures in India

• Constitutional Provisions and Division of Powers
  • The governance of alcoholic tinctures is shaped by multiple entries in the Constitution's Seventh Schedule, which allocates legislative authority between the Union and state governments.
  • According to Schedule VII, states have the exclusive power to legislate on public health and the taxation of alcohol under List II (State List).
  • This makes states the primary authority responsible for public health measures and alcohol-related laws within their territories.
  • However, an exception exists: alcohol meant for medicinal purposes falls under Entry 84 of List I (Union List), granting the Union government the authority to regulate its taxation.
  • This constitutional division creates a regulatory grey area.
  • While the states are tasked with ensuring public health, they have limited powers to regulate medicinal alcohol due to the Union’s jurisdiction over its taxation and standards.
  • This dual control creates a situation where neither authority can fully address the issue.
• Concurrent Jurisdiction Over Drugs
  • Drugs, including homeopathic products, fall under the Concurrent List (List III), which allows both the Union and state governments to legislate.
  • However, the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, a central legislation, lays down the quality standards for homeopathic drugs, including alcoholic tinctures.
  • This Act prevents states from unilaterally amending provisions or introducing stricter regulations without presidential assent.
  • As a result, states have limited scope to address local public health concerns arising from the misuse of these tinctures.
• Quality Regulation and Taxation Loopholes
  • The regulatory complexity has allowed manufacturers of homeopathic alcoholic tinctures to largely escape oversight.
  • Unlike alcoholic beverages, which are subject to rigorous quality checks and taxation by state excise departments, these tinctures operate under the more lenient framework of medicinal alcohol.
  • Manufacturers have exploited these loopholes to produce and market tinctures with alcohol content as high as 12%, which is legally permissible under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
  • In contrast, popular alcoholic beverages such as ‘strong beer’ contain only 7% alcohol by volume.
  • This disparity not only makes tinctures an attractive alternative for those seeking intoxication but also undermines the efforts of state governments to regulate alcohol consumption.

Challenges in Regulating Alcoholic Tinctures

• Industry Lawfare
  • Efforts to regulate alcoholic tinctures have been consistently thwarted by the homeopathic industry's aggressive legal strategies.
  • After the Union government introduced Rule 106B to the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 in 1994—capping the alcohol content at 12% and limiting retail bottle sizes—the industry mounted a legal challenge.
  • Over two decades, these lawsuits questioned the rule's constitutionality, its scientific basis, and procedural lapses in its enactment.
• Regulatory Hurdles and Systematic Inefficiencies
  • Although the Supreme Court and multiple High Courts upheld the rule, subsequent litigation targeted technical flaws, such as the failure to table the rule in Parliament.
  • Despite the simplicity of resolving this issue, placing the rule before Parliament for 30 days, the Union government chose prolonged litigation delaying enforcement.
  • By 2017, the Supreme Court consolidated these cases, but the matter remains unresolved.
  • These delays highlight systemic inefficiencies that jeopardize public health.

Broader Implications of Alcoholic Tinctures

• Revenue Concerns
  • Revenue losses arise when consumers opt for these low-tax tinctures over higher-taxed alcoholic beverages.
  • More alarmingly, states like Gujarat and Bihar, which prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages, report fatalities linked to the consumption of spurious homeopathic tinctures.
  • Such incidents undermine state-level alcohol prohibition policies, creating a public health crisis.
• Health Concerns
  • Unsuspecting consumers, often unaware of the alcohol content in these tinctures, may develop severe conditions like alcoholic hepatitis.
  • Doctors have observed a worrying trend of patients exhibiting symptoms typically associated with chronic alcohol consumption after using these so-called remedies.
  • The industry's labelling and marketing practices do little to inform consumers of the potential harm.

The Way Forward

• Comprehensive Overhaul of Laws Governing Medicinal Alcohol
  • The persistent legal battles and regulatory inertia underscore the need for a comprehensive overhaul of laws governing medicinal alcohol.
  • The Union government must prioritise the public health implications of alcoholic tinctures, especially as other countries consider mandatory cancer warnings on alcoholic beverages.
  • Beyond addressing taxation disparities, it is essential to scrutinise the use of alcohol in traditional medicine systems like homeopathy and Ayurveda.
• Striking a Balance
  • At a time when the efficacy of these remedies is increasingly questioned, allowing them to cause harm is unacceptable.
  • Policymakers must strike a balance between respecting cultural practices and safeguarding public health.
  • Regulatory clarity, scientific evaluation, and robust enforcement mechanisms are imperative to curbing the misuse of alcoholic tinctures.

Conclusion

• The regulation of alcoholic tinctures in India exemplifies the challenges of balancing federalism, public health, and industry interests.
• The Supreme Court's judgment in the Bhagwati Medical Hall case serves as a reminder of the urgent need for coordinated action.
• Addressing this issue requires not only legal reforms but also a paradigm shift in how public health and consumer protection are prioritized in policymaking.

Context

• The Union Budget 2026 presents a critical juncture for India as it grapples with the dual challenge of climate change and economic resilience.
• With just five years remaining to achieve the first interim Net-Zero target, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman must navigate an intricate balancing act—addressing the urgency of climate adaptation and mitigation while ensuring economic growth.
• The Budget can catalyse transformative policy measures that can safeguard vulnerable communities, boost India’s global competitiveness, and accelerate progress toward sustainable development.

India’s Progress in Climate Action

• PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
  • This flagship initiative aims to promote solar energy adoption in residential households, enhancing energy access while reducing carbon footprints.
  • Over 1.45 crore households have registered under this scheme, showcasing strong public interest.
• National Green Hydrogen Mission
  • With an increased budgetary allocation, this initiative seeks to position India as a global hub for green hydrogen production.
  • This is a critical step toward decarbonizing industries like steel, cement, and transportation.
• Viability Gap Funding for Offshore Wind Energy
  • The government’s support for offshore wind energy projects reflects its ambition to diversify renewable energy sources.
  • Offshore wind energy holds significant potential for reducing dependency on fossil fuels and achieving long-term energy security.
• Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure Support
  • By investing in EV charging infrastructure, India is addressing one of the key barriers to EV adoption, range anxiety.
  • This initiative is pivotal to reducing emissions from the transport sector, which accounts for a significant portion of urban pollution.

Remaining Gaps in India’s Climate Action Plan

• Renewable Energy Capacity Gap
  • India’s installed renewable energy capacity stands at 203.18 GW, significantly short of the 500 GW target set for 2030.
  • Bridging this gap requires unprecedented levels of investment, improved policy frameworks, and streamlined execution.
• Implementation Challenges in Solar Energy
  • The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana highlights the disparity between policy intent and execution.
  • While registrations for the scheme have crossed 1.45 crore households, the actual completion rate remains dismal, with only 6.34 lakh installations (4.37%).
  • This points to systemic issues such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, funding shortages, and a lack of robust monitoring mechanisms.
• Dependence on Imports for Solar Modules
  • India’s solar manufacturing ecosystem remains underdeveloped, fulfilling only 40% of domestic demand.
  • This reliance on imports makes renewable energy projects more expensive and vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions.
  • Additionally, domestically manufactured solar panels cost 65% more than imported alternatives, discouraging their adoption.
• Underutilised Potential in Railways
  • India’s vast railway network, which includes extensive land banks and track corridors, offers untapped opportunities for renewable energy generation.
  • Estimates suggest the network could host up to 5 GW of solar and wind installations, yet this potential remains largely unexplored due to a lack of targeted public-private partnerships and investment incentives.
• Lack of Comprehensive Fiscal and Policy Measures
  • Existing fiscal incentives and subsidies often fall short of addressing critical barriers to renewable energy adoption.
  • For instance, the high upfront costs associated with solar installations deter low-income households, despite the availability of schemes like the Renewal Energy Service Company (RESCO) model.
  • Comprehensive measures to reduce these costs and increase affordability are urgently needed.

Expectations from Union Budget 2026 Pertaining to Transformative Policy Measures

• Adapting to International Market Dynamics
  • India’s export sector faces a looming challenge with the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), set to take effect in 2026.
  • This measure, imposing carbon levies on imports, could impact India’s exports to the EU, valued at $8.22 billion annually.
  • The implications for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), contributing 30% of GDP and 45% of exports, are profound.
  • To mitigate this, the Budget should establish a dedicated ‘Climate Action Fund’ modelled on Japan’s Green Transformation Fund.
  • This fund can support industrial decarbonisation in vulnerable sectors and build MSME capacity to comply with CBAM regulations, ensuring export competitiveness.
• Transitioning to a Circular Economy
  • The adoption of a circular economy offers India significant economic and environmental benefits.
  • A recent study estimates a potential profit of ₹40 lakh crore annually by 2050 and a 44% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
  • The FY26 Budget should incentivize investments in recycling and refurbishment technologies by offering a weighted deduction of 150% and accelerated depreciation benefits.
• Strengthening Climate Resilience and Green Finance
  • India’s vulnerability to climate change necessitates urgent measures to enhance resilience.
  • Alarmingly, insurance penetration has declined to 3.7% in FY24, highlighting the need for innovative solutions.
  • Tax deductions for climate-linked insurance policies and reduced GST rates on disaster protection premiums could encourage broader adoption.
  • Simultaneously, the Budget should prioritize standardising green finance definitions, building investor confidence, and securing a share of the ₹162.5 trillion required to meet India’s climate goals by 2030.
• Enhancing RESCO Support and Expanding PLIs for Solar Manufacturing
  • By transforming prohibitive upfront costs into manageable operating expenses through innovative financial instruments and credit guarantees, the government can make renewable energy more accessible to low-income households.
  • Production-linked incentives across the entire solar module supply chain can reduce the cost of domestically produced panels and build economies of scale.
  • This would not only boost India’s manufacturing capacity but also reduce its reliance on imports.

The Importance of Climate-Linked Policies

• Climate-linked economic policies are no longer peripheral concerns but central to maintaining India’s competitiveness in global trade and investment.
• The rising demand for low-carbon goods and the growing alignment of capital markets with sustainability metrics necessitate decisive action.
• Integrating climate competitiveness into India’s fiscal framework is imperative to secure its position in an evolving global economy.

Conclusion

• The Union Budget 2026 represents a pivotal opportunity for India to align its fiscal priorities with its climate commitments.
• By addressing implementation gaps in renewable energy, safeguarding export competitiveness, creating a circular economy, and strengthening climate resilience, the government can pave the way for a sustainable and prosperous future.
• This Budget will be a litmus test of India’s seriousness in integrating climate action into its economic strategy, reflecting the nation’s readiness to lead in a low-carbon global economy.

Context:

Albert Einstein’s analogy of compound interest as the “eighth wonder of the world” applies aptly to economic growth.

India’s long-term growth potential is immense, with a projected GDP per capita increase from $2,650 to $10,000 by 2045 at a 6% real growth rate.

Even a slightly lower growth rate of 5.5% can achieve the same target, albeit by 2047. The key lies in sustainable, low-risk growth over extended periods.

Key Challenges to India’s Economic Growth:

• Debt-fueled growth and rising household indebtedness:
  • Changing borrowing patterns: Unlike earlier generations, modern households borrow not just for emergencies or appreciating assets but increasingly for depreciating assets and experiences.
  • Click-driven EMIs: The proliferation of e-commerce and the ease of borrowing through digital platforms have encouraged debt-led consumption. While this boosts short-term growth, it shifts the burden to the future.
  • Impact on consumption and growth: Rising household debt and increasing retail non-performing assets (NPAs) necessitate measures to slow personal loan growth, ensuring more sustainable consumption patterns.
  • Need for conscious choices: Encouraging cash-down purchases through better pricing over EMIs can promote financial discipline, akin to the lessons of the marshmallow test, which emphasizes delayed gratification.
• Competitive pressure from China:
  • China’s manufacturing dominance:
    • Despite the China+1 strategy, India faces stiff competition due to China’s strong manufacturing base, policy support, and surplus capacity.
    • Weak domestic demand in China has led to export price deflation, complicating matters for Indian exporters.
  • India’s gradual progress: While India has the potential to increase its manufacturing share, achieving competitiveness requires sustained effort and investment.
• Global and domestic economic headwinds:
  • Rising US interest rates: Higher US rates and a strong dollar have reduced the yield gap between India and the US, impacting foreign investments.
  • Decline in net FDI: Sales of stakes by multinational corporations in Indian arms, driven by valuations rather than pessimism, have contributed to the fall in foreign direct investment.
  • Stock market overvaluation:
    • The enthusiasm for small and mid-cap stocks, fueled by post-Covid recoveries and new retail investors, may lead to overvaluation risks.
    • Investors should heed the principle of “reversion to the mean” for long-term stability.

Strategies for Sustainable Growth:

• Disciplined borrowing practices: Regulating personal loans and promoting conscious financial decisions can build a more resilient economy.
• Boosting manufacturing competitiveness: Long-term policies, investments in infrastructure, and skill development are essential for India to compete with China’s manufacturing prowess.
• Cautious investment approach: Educating new retail investors about market cycles and avoiding speculative tendencies in IPOs and mid-cap investments will foster stability.
• Policy and structural support: The government’s proactive role in supporting manufacturing, tackling inflation, and encouraging foreign investments will be critical.

Conclusion - The Path to $10,000 Per Capita GDP:

• India’s journey to achieving a GDP per capita of $10,000 is plausible with sustainable growth strategies.
• However, this requires addressing challenges like debt-fueled consumption, global competition, and market exuberance.
• By fostering financial discipline, bolstering manufacturing, and adopting a cautious investment approach, India can ensure long-term economic resilience and prosperity.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Historical Context (Governor’s Role, Origin, Power, etc.)
• Current System (Challenges, Insights from Commissions, Reform Models, etc.)

Historical Context of the Governor’s Role:

• The role of Governors as Chancellors of State universities in India traces its roots to colonial-era policies.
• Introduced in 1857 with the establishment of universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, this model aimed to maintain British control over educational institutions.
• Post-independence, the system was retained without reconsideration of its relevance in a democratic and federal context.
• Governors, in their capacity as Chancellors, wield significant authority over universities, including appointing Vice-Chancellors, nominating syndicate members, and approving university statutes.
• However, this role has often led to conflicts, especially in states governed by opposition parties.

Challenges of the Current System:

• Politicization of the Role:
  • From the late 1960s, Governors transitioned from neutral figures to politically influenced appointees.
  • Studies reveal that 52% of Governors between 1950 and 2015 were active politicians, undermining the credibility of the position.
• Conflicting Authorities:
  • The dual accountability of universities to both state governments and Governors has led to governance challenges, including delays in appointments and decision-making.
• Lack of Expertise:
  • Many Governors lack the academic qualifications necessary to guide universities effectively.
  • This gap often results in non-transparent decisions and political interference.
• Erosion of Federal Principles:
  • Allowing centrally appointed Governors to control state-funded institutions dilutes federalism, reducing universities’ accountability to state governments.

Insights from Commissions and Alternatives:

• Several commissions have highlighted the limitations of the Governor’s role:
  • Sarkaria Commission (1983-88): Recognized the Governor’s statutory role but recommended consultations with Chief Ministers in university matters.
  • M. M. Punchhi Commission (2007-10): Advocated for separating the Governor’s constitutional and statutory roles, suggesting that states appoint eminent academicians as Chancellors.

Reform Models:

• Ceremonial Role: States like Gujarat, Karnataka, and Maharashtra have redefined the Governor’s role to a ceremonial one, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• State-Appointed Chancellors: Telangana and Kerala propose appointing distinguished academicians or public figures as Chancellors, but such reforms face delays in Presidential assent.
• University-Elected Chancellors: Global practices, like those in Oxford and Melbourne, allow university bodies to elect Chancellors, ensuring autonomy and accountability.

Need for Progressive Reforms:

• The colonial legacy of Governors as Chancellors must be dismantled to ensure university autonomy, foster academic excellence, and minimize political interference.
• Reforming university governance aligns with global best practices and reinforces India’s federal structure.
• States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal await Presidential assent for their reform Bills, highlighting the need for equitable and timely decision-making at the national level.

Conclusion:

• Reforming the role of Governors as Chancellors is essential for fostering transparent, accountable, and autonomous university governance.
• By adopting models that prioritize academic independence and minimize political entanglements, India can create an educational framework aligned with democratic principles and global standards.

Context

• Eighty years ago, on January 27, 1945, Soviet soldiers liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau, encountering a horrific scene of emaciated prisoners and remnants of systematic murder.
• Among the haunting artifacts were 44,000 pairs of shoes and mounds of spectacles, silent witnesses to the atrocities committed against  ~1.1 million people, predominantly European Jews.
• This tragic moment in history epitomised the devastating consequences of hatred and indifference, compelling the world to collectively vow ‘never again’ to the horrors of genocide.
• Yet, as history has painfully demonstrated, this promise remains unfulfilled, and the shadows of such atrocities continue to loom over humanity.

The Crime of Genocide: An Enduring Stain

• The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
• This definition underscores the systematic nature of such crimes, rooted in prejudice and power.
• The Holocaust, with its meticulous Nazi codification of Jewish persecution beginning in 1933, culminated in the industrialised killing of six million Jews alongside countless Roma, Sinti, political dissidents, and others deemed inferior.
• While the Allies were not fully aware of the extent of this horror, the Nuremberg Laws, the Kristallnacht pogroms, and accounts from Jewish refugees foreshadowed the genocide to come.
• Tragically, bureaucratic barriers, xenophobia, and antisemitism hindered timely intervention, leaving millions to face annihilation.

The Reality of ‘Never Again’

• The Cambodian Genocide (1975–1979)
  • One of the most harrowing examples of the world’s failure occurred during the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia.
  • Pol Pot and his government pursued a radical vision of agrarian communism, systematically targeting intellectuals, professionals, religious groups, and ethnic minorities.
  • Over two million people perished due to executions, forced labour, starvation, and disease.
  • The genocide unfolded while global powers prioritised Cold War allegiances over humanitarian concerns.
  • China and the West supported the Khmer Rouge to counter Vietnam and its Soviet-aligned government, even after Vietnam intervened and ousted Pol Pot in 1979.
  • International condemnation was overshadowed by political calculations, leaving millions of victims to suffer in silence.
• The Rwandan Genocide (1994)
  • In Rwanda, the genocide unfolded at a staggering pace, with nearly one million people, mostly minority Tutsi and moderate Hutu, slaughtered within 100 days.
  • The world watched in horror but failed to act. The United Nations peacekeepers in Rwanda, under-resourced and constrained by strict mandates, were powerless to stop the violence.
  • Despite clear warning signs, including hate propaganda disseminated by Rwandan radio stations and the stockpiling of weapons, the global community delayed its response.
  • When help did arrive, it was too little, too late. Rwanda stands as a grim reminder of how bureaucratic inertia, lack of political will, and international indifference can result in catastrophic consequences.
• The Srebrenica Massacre (1995)
  • The Srebrenica massacre in Bosnia further exemplifies the world’s failure to prevent genocide.
  • Declared a UN safe zone during the Bosnian War, Srebrenica became a symbol of false security.
  • In July 1995, Bosnian Serb forces overran the enclave, separating men and boys from women and children.
  • Over 8,000 Bosnian Muslims were systematically executed in what became Europe’s worst atrocity since World War II.
  • UN peacekeepers, under Dutch command, were unable to prevent the massacre, as requests for reinforcements from NATO and the UN went unanswered.
  • This tragedy was not merely a failure of protection but also of recognition, as the global community grappled with how to respond to ethnic cleansing within Europe.
• The Darfur Genocide (2003–2005)
  • In Darfur, Sudan, another genocide unfolded under the world’s gaze.
  • The Sudanese government, in collaboration with Janjaweed militias, targeted non-Arab ethnic groups through systematic killings, displacement, and sexual violence.
  • By the time the international community acknowledged the scale of the atrocities, over 200,000 people had been killed, and millions were displaced.
  • While the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Sudanese leaders, including President Omar al-Bashir, geopolitical interests and diplomatic inertia limited the enforcement of justice.
  • Today, violence continues to plague Sudan, with fears of renewed genocide as global attention shifts elsewhere.

Gaza: A Contemporary Crisis

• The ongoing humanitarian catastrophe in Gaza adds another layer to this grim narrative.
• As the world commemorates the liberation of Auschwitz, Gazans sift through rubble, searching for loved ones among the estimated 10,000 missing.
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) is investigating allegations of genocide, with arrest warrants issued for both Israeli and Hamas leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
• However, the international response reflects a troubling inconsistency. While the United States and Western Europe condemn the ICC’s actions, a hierarchy of suffering appears to dictate their reactions.
• Arms continue to flow to Israel, even as Gaza suffers staggering devastation: over 47,000 deaths, predominantly women and children, widespread destruction of homes, healthcare, and schools, and the displacement of entire populations.
• Gaza’s plight forces the global community to confront uncomfortable questions about the boundaries between self-defence and genocide, and the moral cost of inaction.

A Path Forward: Lessons from the Past

• The UN Secretary-General, aptly noted in 2020 that genocide is always preceded by clear warning signs.
• Yet, these warnings are often ignored or dismissed, enabling perpetrators to act with impunity.
• To honour the victims of past and present genocides, the world must transcend geopolitical interests and embrace a genuine commitment to justice and prevention.
• This includes strengthening international institutions, ensuring accountability for crimes against humanity, and addressing the systemic inequalities and prejudices that fuel such violence.

Conclusion

• The liberation of Auschwitz serves as a stark reminder of the depths of human cruelty and the resilience of the human spirit.
• The recurring failures to prevent genocide, from Auschwitz to Gaza, expose deep flaws in humanity’s collective conscience.
• As we reflect on this dark chapter, let it inspire a renewed resolve to uphold the promise of ‘never again’, not as an empty refrain, but as a guiding principle for a more just and compassionate world.

Context

• The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 47th President of the United States marks an extraordinary political comeback, reshaping American politics and signalling a critical moment in global geopolitics.
• Central to the vision of Trump’s administration is the Indo-Pacific region, which plays a vital role in shaping global trade, security, and stability.
• Therefore, it is crucial to explore the Indo-Pacific's growing significance, analyses the evolution of U.S. policy, and outlines the potential trajectory of Trump’s approach to the region.

The Indo-Pacific Region Under Trump’s First Term: Redefining the Indo-Pacific

• A New Geopolitical Lens
  • Trump’s administration popularised the term ‘Indo-Pacific,’ moving beyond the narrower Asia-Pacific framework to encompass a broader geographical and strategic focus.
  • This semantic shift underscored the significance of the Indian Ocean alongside East Asia, reflecting Washington’s commitment to countering China's growing influence in both maritime and terrestrial spheres.
  • The Indo-Pacific narrative emphasised securing vital sea lines of communication, addressing maritime security challenges, and maintaining a balance of power in a region central to global trade and security.
• Institutional and Structural Reforms
  • Significant structural adjustments further cemented the region's importance in U.S. strategic thinking.
  • The renaming of the U.S. Pacific Command to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command in 2018 symbolised the operational prioritisation of the region.
  • Moreover, the Office of the Secretary of Defence reorganised its framework to establish specialised units focusing on partnerships with Indo-Pacific allies, signalling a long-term commitment to safeguarding regional stability.
• Revival of the Quad
  • Perhaps most crucially, the Trump administration revitalised the Quad, elevating it from an informal dialogue to a ministerial-level engagement.
  • This reflected a pragmatic convergence of interests among the United States, India, Japan, and Australia in countering shared challenges, including China's assertiveness in the South China Sea and the need for resilient supply chains.
  • Maritime security, technological cooperation, and standards-setting became focal points of the Quad, laying the groundwork for deeper collaboration in maintaining a rules-based order.

Indo-Pacific Under Biden

• Continuity with a Broader Agenda
  • The Biden administration inherited Trump’s Indo-Pacific framework, maintaining its strategic centrality while expanding its scope.
  • Biden elevated the Quad further by organising the first Quad leaders’ summit in 2021, broadening its focus beyond defence to include pressing global challenges like vaccine distribution, climate change, and critical infrastructure development.
  • This approach reflected a blend of hard and soft power, emphasising multilateralism and inclusive development to strengthen the Indo-Pacific's stability and prosperity.
• Introduction of Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)
  • Biden also introduced the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) in 2022 to complement strategic priorities with economic engagement.
  • These efforts underlined a bipartisan consensus in Washington on the Indo-Pacific's critical role, providing a solid foundation for Trump’s second term to build upon.

Potential Trajectory of Trump’s Approach to the Indo-Pacific Region

• Countering China’s Assertiveness
  • The administration views China not only as a regional competitor but also as a global adversary with ambitions to challenge the U.S.-led world order.
  • Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s remarks, describing China as the most formidable adversary, underscore the administration’s commitment to adopting a more confrontational stance.
  • This may involve increased freedom-of-navigation operations in contested areas like the South China Sea, expanded sanctions against Chinese entities, and intensified efforts to counter Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative by offering alternative development projects to nations in the region.
  • The U.S. is expected to lead a coalition of like-minded countries to deter coercive actions by China, particularly those that seek to alter the status quo through force or intimidation.
• Strengthening the Quad as a Pillar of Regional Stability
  • The Quad remains a cornerstone of Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy.
  • The grouping of the U.S., India, Japan, and Australia is seen as a vital mechanism for promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific.
  • Trump’s administration will likely prioritise making the Quad more operational, with an emphasis on joint military exercises, intelligence sharing, and coordinated responses to maritime security challenges.
  • The revival of the Quad during Trump’s first term was a reflection of its strategic necessity, and his administration is poised to take it further.
  • Regular ministerial and leaders’ summits, such as the one planned to be hosted by India, will focus on institutionalising the Quad into a more robust platform for addressing regional challenges.
• Advancing Defence Cooperation
  • A central feature of Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy will be deepening defence ties with key regional allies and partners.
  • The renaming of the U.S. Pacific Command to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command during Trump’s first term was symbolic of this commitment.
  • In his second term, Trump is likely to accelerate efforts to build the defence capacities of allies like India, Japan, and Australia through technology transfers, joint exercises, and co-production agreements.
  • Trump’s administration may also expand trilateral or multilateral defence initiatives beyond the Quad.
  • For instance, enhancing military collaboration with Southeast Asian nations such as Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia could serve to reinforce regional deterrence against China.
• Promoting Economic and Technological Alliances
  • While hard power will dominate Trump’s Indo-Pacific strategy, economic and technological collaboration will remain critical components of his approach.
  • Recognising the importance of economic security in maintaining a free and open Indo-Pacific, Trump’s administration is likely to promote resilient supply chains that reduce dependency on China.
  • This could involve strengthening initiatives to diversify production networks, particularly in key sectors like semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, and critical minerals.
  • Furthermore, technological partnerships with Indo-Pacific allies are expected to gain prominence.
  • The U.S. may spearhead initiatives to develop and deploy 5G networks, artificial intelligence, and other advanced technologies, ensuring that these innovations align with democratic values and standards.
• Balancing Hard Power with Broader Agendas
  • While the focus on hard power will be a defining feature of Trump’s second term, the administration is also likely to support broader initiatives that align with U.S. strategic interests.
  • For example, efforts to address climate change, enhance vaccine distribution, and promote infrastructure development in the Indo-Pacific could serve as complementary strategies to reinforce regional stability.
  • These initiatives, however, will likely be pursued through bilateral or multilateral frameworks that prioritise U.S. leadership and align with the broader objective of countering China’s influence.

Conclusion

• Donald Trump’s second term as President heralds a renewed focus on the Indo-Pacific, reaffirming its centrality to U.S. foreign policy and global geopolitics.
• By building on the foundational work of his first term and leveraging bipartisan consensus, Trump’s administration is poised to adopt a more assertive posture against China while creating deeper collaboration with Quad partners.
• As the Indo-Pacific continues to shape the geopolitical dynamics of the 21st century, the U.S.'s role under Trump 2.0 will be critical in navigating this complex and evolving landscape.

Context: January, named after the Roman god Janus, symbolizes looking back at past lessons while planning for the future. Reflecting on 2024, India’s fiscal policies show a worrying return to outdated practices.

Retrospective Taxation - A Harmful Habit:

• GST Council’s decision: The 55th GST Council’s recommendation of retrospective tax amendments undermines judicial decisions, including Supreme Court verdicts.
• Impact on businesses: Retroactive nullification of court rulings damages India's reputation for the rule of law and discourages investment.
• Historical lessons: Similar actions, like the Vodafone case, led to India paying international Investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) awards, highlighting the need to avoid such policies.

The GST System - Challenges and Flaws:

• Revenue maximization over growth: The GST Council’s narrow focus on revenue collection leads to:
  • High tax rates suppressing demand and growth.
  • Complex exemptions, circulars, and show-cause notices.
  • A lack of a fair appellate system.
• Input tax credit issues: Denial of input tax credit for essential sectors (e.g., real estate) creates economic inefficiencies.
• High tax burden: Excessive GST on lease rentals, affordable housing, and infrastructure hampers economic progress.

Economic Impacts of High Tax Rates:

• Consumption and competition:
  • High taxes reduce consumption, while lower rates could boost demand and tax revenues.
  • Simplified and competitive tax rates could help Indian businesses compete with Chinese imports.
• Sectoral challenges:
  • Real estate: Multiple taxes increase costs, contradicting affordable housing goals.
  • Cement: A uniform 18% GST could lower infrastructure costs.
  • Hospitality: Standardizing GST rates for hotels and restaurants can drive growth.
• The Slide back to old practices:
  • India’s tax system (1950-1990) prioritized revenue over growth, leading to economic stagnation.
  • Signs of a return to these practices are evident in:
    • Rising imports from China ($70 billion in 2018-19 to $100 billion in 2023-24).
    • Declining manufacturing sector contribution to GDP (<15%).
    • Continued depreciation of the rupee.

A New Policy Framework for Growth:

• Reforms 2.0: After 1991, it’s time for the Reforms 2.0.
  • India needs to prioritize growth maximization, with taxes as a byproduct of growth.
  • Introduce empirical studies to evaluate tax impacts on consumption.
  • Simplify tax structures to encourage investment and growth.
  • Transition to a long-term fiscal policy (2025-2030) focused on a 9-10% annual growth rate.
• Urgency for change: The current system risks a downward spiral of low growth and high taxes, requiring immediate reforms.

Conclusion - A New Year, A New Vision:

• Just as individuals resolve to improve themselves, nations must do the same. The need of the hour is a bold fiscal overhaul, embracing growth-focused policies and respecting the rule of law.
• Without reform, India risks stifling its potential; with it, a brighter economic future is within reach.
• The GST Council and, indeed, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) must now adopt a new policy framework that focuses on growth maximisation.

Why in news?

Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar criticized the party whip system, stating it restricts MPs' freedom of expression and enforces servility by compelling them to follow the party line.

Speaking to students recently, he questioned the necessity of whips, arguing that they prevent representatives from using independent judgment.

The whip system is perceived as crucial for ensuring party discipline, particularly during significant votes in Parliament, with penalties like expulsion for non-compliance.

What’s in today’s article?

• Whip System
• Introduction to the Whip System in India
• Types of Whips
• Key Roles in the Whip System
• Significance of the Whip System

About Whip System

• The term "whip" originates from England's hunting fields, where a whipper-in was tasked with keeping stray hounds within the pack.
• Introduction to Politics
  • The political use of the term is credited to Edmund Burke, an Anglo-Irish politician and philosopher.
  • In a speech in the House of Commons, he described how the King’s ministers rallied their supporters, referring to it as “whipping them in.”

Introduction to the Whip System in India

• The whip system in India dates back to the beginning of its parliamentary history and plays a crucial role in maintaining party discipline, particularly during important votes.
• Legal and Democratic Context
  • The Anti-Defection Law, enacted in 1985, enforces compliance with the whip system to preserve the integrity of political parties in India’s parliamentary democracy.
  • While some view the system as restrictive, even the Supreme Court has upheld its necessity for maintaining party discipline and stability in governance.
• Purpose of the Whip System
  • Parties see voting on key issues as central to their political identity and expect MPs to align with the party line.
  • Non-compliance or absence during critical votes can cause significant embarrassment.
• Significance During Division Voting
  • For ruling parties or coalitions, unanimous attendance and compliance during division votes are vital to showcase their majority strength. Failure to do so could lead to a no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha.
• Role of the Party Whip
  • The party chief whip acts as the liaison between the leadership and MPs, communicating the party's stance on critical matters, ensuring attendance during votes, and coordinating which members speak on specific issues in Parliament.

Types of Whips

• One-Line Whip: Informs members about a vote but allows them to abstain.
• Two-Line Whip: Requires members to be present but does not dictate how to vote.
• Three-Line Whip: The strictest directive, instructing members to be present and vote as per the party line.
• Significance of the Three-Line Whip
  • The three-line whip, typically issued by the party’s chief whip, mandates strict adherence.
  • Violation can lead to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law, as recommended by the party leader to the House's Presiding Officer.

Key Roles in the Whip System

• The chief whip of a political party holds the most crucial role in enforcing the whip system, supported by additional whips within the party.
• Government’s Chief Whip
  • In the Lok Sabha, the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs acts as the government’s chief whip, coordinating with ruling alliance leaders to issue a three-line whip.
  • In the Rajya Sabha, the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs serves as the government’s chief whip.
• Consequences of Violating a Whip
  • If a member of the ruling alliance defies the chief whip’s directive, the party leader can recommend the member’s disqualification to the Presiding Officer.
  • For members, compliance with their party whip’s directions remains paramount.

Significance of the Whip System

• The whip system ensures discipline and coherence within political parties, crucial for the functioning of Parliamentary democracy.
• According to experts, the outcome of a single vote in Parliament can determine the fate of legislation or even the Council of Ministers.
• Role in Parliamentary Democracy
  • Former Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan emphasized that MPs elected on a party ticket represent the party’s ideology and policies.
  • While internal disagreements can be voiced within party forums, compliance with the party’s final decision is necessary, ensuring accountability and unity.
• Platform for Exchange: All-India Whips Conference
  • Since 1952, the All-India Whips Conference is organized by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs.
  • The Conference has provided a platform for whips from all political parties, both ruling and Opposition, to share views and strategies, promoting better coordination in Parliamentary processes

Why in news?

The Jammu & Kashmir government has launched the “Tree Aadhaar” mission to conserve the region’s declining chinar trees.

The initiative includes conducting a census of chinar trees and assigning each tree a unique identity to monitor and protect them effectively.

What’s in today’s article?

• Chinar Tree
• Importance of Chinar in Kashmir
• Chinar Conservation Project Overview

About Chinar Tree (Oriental plane tree)

• Characteristics:
  • Maple-like tree with a vast canopy.
  • Found in cool climates with sufficient water, mainly in the Eastern Himalayas.
  • Grows up to 30 metres tall with a girth of 10-15 metres.
  • Takes 30-50 years to mature and 150 years to reach full size.
• Origin of the Name 'Chinar'
  • Coined by the Mughals, possibly by Emperor Jahangir.
  • Derived from the Persian phrase “Che naar ast” meaning “What flame is that?” – inspired by the crimson red leaves in autumn.
• Mughal Influence on Chinar Plantations
  • Role: Mughals expanded chinar plantations in Kashmir and parts of Jammu’s Chenab region.
  • Symbol: Considered a “royal tree.”
  • Notable Contributions by Jahangir:
    • Created Naseem Bagh on Dal Lake’s banks with over 1,100 chinar trees.
    • Planted chinars on a small Dal Lake island, now known as Chaar Chinari (Four Chinars).

Importance of Chinar in Kashmir

• State Tree
  • The chinar is the "state tree" of Jammu & Kashmir (now a Union Territory).
• Tourist Attraction
  • The chinar becomes a major attraction in autumn when its leaves turn crimson red and golden.
• Cultural and Artistic Significance:
  • Chinar motifs are commonly seen in local papier mache, embroidery, hand-woven carpets, and walnut wood carvings.
  • The tree holds a special place in the art, literature, and craft traditions of Kashmir.
• Religious Significance:
  • Chinar trees are found near many Muslim and Hindu shrines in the region.
• Oldest Chinar Tree:
  • The oldest surviving chinar (around 700 years old) is located in Chattergam village in Budgam, central Kashmir, and was planted by a Sufi saint.

Chinar Conservation Project Overview

• Government Permission for Tree Cutting:
  • Cutting a chinar tree requires government approval, even on private property. Despite this, illegal cutting still occurs.
• Project Goals:
  • The initiative aims to track the status of each chinar tree across the Kashmir valley and Chenab region.
• Census and Tree Aadhaar:
  • A census of chinar trees has been conducted district-wise. Each tree has been assigned a unique Tree Aadhaar and geo-tagged for identification and monitoring.
• Current Status:
  • As of now, 28,560 chinar trees have been enumerated and geo-tagged, out of an estimated total of 32,000 to 33,000
• Challenges:
  • Some trees are inaccessible, such as those located near security installations or no-go areas.
• QR Code Implementation:
  • A metallic QR code is being placed on chinar trees. Scanning the code provides information on 25 parameters including:
    • Longitude and latitude
    • Age, height, and girth
    • Number of branches and tree health
    • Canopy size and eco-threats faced by the tree.