Avian Botulism

About Avian Botulism:

• It is caused by the ingestion of a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which leads to paralysis and can be fatal for birds.
• These bacterial spores are widespread in wetland sediments and are found in most wetland habitats, including invertebrates such as insects, molluscs, and crustaceans, as well as in many vertebrates, including healthy birds.
• There are seven types of botulism toxins (A-G). Wild birds are affected by type C and type E.
• Environmental conditions thought to contribute to toxin production include high water temperatures and low oxygen levels in the water. 

Key facts about Sambar Lake

• It is the largest saltwater lake in India. 
• It is located in the districts of Nagaur and Jaipur in Rajasthan.
• It covers an area in excess of 200 sq.km., surrounded on all sides by the Aravalli hills.
• The water from two major ephemeral streams, namely Mendha and Runpangarh, along with numerous rivulets and surface runoff feed the lake.
• It was designated as a Ramsar site in the year 1990.
• Several migrating birds visit the waterbody during the winter.