Byzantine Empire

About Byzantine Empire:

• It traces its beginnings to the year 330 CE, when Emperor Constantine split the Roman Empire into a western and eastern
• It was the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived for nearly 1,000 years after the western half of the empire collapsed.
• It is often called the Eastern Roman Empire or simply Byzantium.
• It was based at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), and at its peak it controlled territory stretching from southern Spain to Syria.
  • Strategically located on the Bosphorus Strait, Constantinople quickly rose to become Europe’s most significant urban hub.
• Throughout their history, the Byzantines rarely controlled Rome and spoke mainly Greek. Despite this, the people of Byzantium continued to refer to themselves as "Romans," .
• Their broader empire was considered to be a "Roman" empire even though it rarely controlled Rome.
• The Byzantine Empire flourished and experienced a "golden age" during the reign of Justinian (A.D. 527 to 565), during which the empire's territories extended into Western Europe, and the emperor's builders constructed the Hagia Sophia, a great cathedral that still stands and is now used as a mosque.
• The governance of the Byzantine Empire was marked by the absolute authority of emperors, who were seen as divinely appointed rulers.
• The Byzantines developed their own political systems, religious practices, art, and architecture.
• However, the empire faced numerous challenges, including territorial losses to emerging Muslim powers and internal religious schisms that eventually led to the split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
• Decline:
  • After Justinian's death, the Byzantine Empire weakened and lost territory.
  • In 1204, during the Crusades, the Byzantines were betrayed when crusaders from the west sacked Constantinople in an attempt to gain money.
  • The Byzantine Empire eventually fell when Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 CE following a siege.
  • The Byzantine Empire was the longest-lasting medieval power, and its influence continues today, especially in the religion, art, architecture, and laws of many Western states, Eastern and Central Europe, and Russia.