Mains Daily Question
Dec. 1, 2023
Q.1) Trace the evolution of rock cut architecture in Ancient India with suitable examples. (10M/150W)
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Approach to the answer: Understanding and structuring the answer: Write about Rock cut architecture and show evolution of architecture from Mauryan Period to Pallavas of South India in chronological order. Introduction: Type 1: Give a brief background about Rock Cut Architecture and highlight their importance. Type 2: Define Rock cut architecture and mention various forms of it. Body: Show evolution of rock cut architecture from Mauryan Period to Pallavas of South India in chronological order. Conclusion: Type 1: Conclude with overall contribution of Rock cut architecture. Type 2: Govt initiatives to protect and preserve this Rock cut architecture. |
Answer:
Rock-cut architecture is a form of architecture that involves carving into natural rock formations to create structural elements, such as caves, temples, and monuments. In ancient India, rock-cut architecture was a popular method of construction as it developed over several centuries and went through various evolutionary phases.
Evolution of rock-cut architecture in ancient India:
Early Buddhist phase (3rd century BCE – 1st century CE)
- Simple rock-cut caves with basic architectural features such as a pillared veranda and a small shrine room.
- Carved out of a single rock and are believed to have been created using primitive tools.
- Examples: The Barabar Caves and Nagarjuni Caves in Bihar.
Hinayana Buddhist phase (1st century BCE – 1st century CE)
- Larger and more elaborate rock-cut caves with multiple chambers and spacious halls i.e., chaitya halls, viharas, and monasteries.
- Emphasis on the depiction of the Buddha and Buddhist motifs in the architecture and frescoes.
- Examples: Karla Caves and the Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra.
Mahayana Buddhist phase (2nd century CE – 6th century CE)
- Elaborate sculpture and decoration depicting the scenes from the life of the Buddha were continued.
- Examples: Ellora Caves in Maharashtra and the Bhaja Caves in Maharashtra.
Brahmanical and Jain phase (6th century CE – 12th century CE)
- Influence of Hindu and Jain architecture on rock-cut buildings. The temples are carved out of sandstone cliffs and feature elaborate carvings and sculptures.
- Examples include the Elephanta Caves in Maharashtra and the Badami Caves in Karnataka.
Rock Cut architecture by Pallavas (7th century CE – 9th century CE)
- Relief Sculpture: The Pallavas were pioneers in the creation of rock-cut temples and Relief sculpture, which were carved out of solid rock.
- Examples: Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram; Ganga coming down on earth or Arjuna's penance.
Overall, rock-cut architecture in ancient India evolved over time, from simple rectangular chambers to elaborate temples and shrines. These structures are a testament to the skill and artisanship of ancient Indian artisans and continue to inspire awe and wonder today.
