Answer

Citizens are full members of the Indian State, possessing full civil and political rights while owing allegiance to the country. On the contrary, aliens, who are citizens of other states, do not enjoy the same level of civil and political rights. Aliens are further categorized into friendly aliens, subjects of nations with positive relations with India, and enemy aliens, subjects of nations at war with India. Enemy aliens have reduced rights compared to friendly aliens, such as lacking protection against arrest and detention as outlined in Article 22.

Differences between Citizens and Aliens (Non- Citizens):

• Fundamental Rights: Citizens enjoy Fundamental Rights, which are constitutionally guaranteed. Non-citizens, on the other hand, may have limited access to these rights. 
• For example, rights such as prohibition of discrimination on grounds of race,religion etc (Article 15), equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16), freedom of speech and expression(Article 19), cultural and educational rights(Article 29-30), are primarily conferred upon citizens. 
• Political Rights: Citizens have the right to vote and participate in the political process by standing for elections. Non-citizens are generally excluded from participating in the electoral process.
• Government Jobs: Certain government jobs in India are reserved for citizens. Non-citizens may be restricted from holding specific government positions.
• Only citizens are eligible to hold certain public offices, that is, President of India, Vice-President of India, judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts, Governor of states, Attorney General of India and Advocate General of states.
• Legal Protections: Citizens have the right to legal protection and can seek redressal through the judicial system. Non-citizens, including undocumented immigrants, may have limited access to legal remedies.
• Citizenship Rights: Citizens enjoy the right to claim the protection and privileges of Indian citizenship, including the right to a passport. Non-citizens do not have these citizenship-related rights.

Along with the above rights, the citizens also owe certain duties towards the Indian State, as for example, paying taxes, respecting the national flag and national anthem, defending the country and so on

Therefore, the delineation between citizens and aliens in India underscores the fundamental distinctions in rights and allegiance. This distinction reflects the nuanced framework governing the rights and status of individuals in the diverse landscape of the Indian constitutional framework. As India continues to evolve, the recognition of these categories becomes crucial in maintaining the delicate balance between inclusive governance and the protection of national interests.