Why in the News?

• Mobile internet services were shut down in parts of Central Delhi during the 'Chalo Sansad' protest, raising fresh concerns about the legal framework governing internet shutdowns and their impact on fundamental rights.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Internet Shutdowns (Definition, Types, Legal Framework, Supreme Court Rulings, etc.)
• News Summary (Legal Recourse Against Shutdowns, Way Forward)

About Internet Shutdowns

• An internet shutdown, as defined by the web rights advocacy organisations, is "an intentional disruption of internet or electronic communications, rendering them inaccessible or effectively unusable, for a specific population or within a location, often to control the flow of information."
• Forms of Internet Shutdowns

• Full network disruptions: complete blackout of internet services.
• Slowing down internet speed: throttling connectivity.
• Blocking specific platforms: restricting access to particular websites or apps.
• Mobile-only shutdowns: disabling mobile internet while keeping broadband active.

• When Are They Ordered?
  • According to the International Federation of Journalists, most internet shutdowns are ordered when:

• Large numbers of people gather for political reasons.
• Peaceful demonstrations are expected to take place.
• Violent protests may occur.
• Religious celebrations draw large crowds.
• Public examinations are being conducted to prevent cheating.

Legal Framework Governing Internet Shutdowns

• Earlier Framework
  • Internet shutdowns in India were earlier governed by:
    • Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.
    • Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017.
• Current Framework
• Section 20 of the Telecommunications Act, 2023.
• Telecommunications (Temporary Suspension of Services) Rules, 2024.
• Under Section 20(2)(b) of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, telecommunication services may be suspended only:
  • On the occurrence of a public emergency.
  • In the interest of public safety.
  • On the grounds specified in the provision.
  • For reasons recorded in writing.
• Procedural Requirements
  • Be reasoned and published.
  • Be limited in area and duration.
  • Be issued by the competent authority under the 2024 Rules.
  • Consider whether less restrictive measures would be sufficient.
  • Not remain in force for over 15 days.
  • A protest, by itself, is not a lawful ground for suspending internet services.

Continued Use of Outdated Provisions

• Despite the updated legal framework, a review by the Digital Defenders Network found that several shutdown orders issued by State governments since late 2024 continue to invoke the older Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 and the 2017 Rules.
• For instance:
  • The Secretary, Home Department, Uttar Pradesh, issued an internet suspension order for Bareilly district on October 2, 2025.
  • The order invoked Section 7 of the Telegraph Act read with Rule 2(1) of the 2017 Rules.
• By continuing to rely on these outdated provisions, some States appear to have bypassed the procedural safeguards introduced under the 2024 Rules.

Supreme Court Rulings on Internet Shutdowns

• The Anuradha Bhasin Case (2020)
  • In the landmark Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case, the Supreme Court held that access to the internet is closely connected to fundamental freedoms under the Constitution:
    • Article 19(1)(a): freedom of speech and expression.
    • Article 19(1)(g): freedom of trade and profession.
• The Court held that any shutdown must:
• Be backed by law.
• Pursue a legitimate objective.
• Be necessary and proportionate.
• Be the least restrictive measure available.
• Be limited in scope and duration.
• Be accompanied by detailed reasons.
• Be published for public scrutiny.
• Be reviewed by a competent committee.
• The Court observed that "complete broad suspension of telecom services, be it the internet or otherwise, must be considered by the State only if 'necessary' and 'unavoidable'."

India's Track Record on Internet Shutdowns

• India continues to record one of the highest numbers of internet shutdowns in the world:
  • Access Now's 2025 report recorded 65 shutdowns across 12 States and Union Territories.
  • India has recorded about 24 shutdowns in 2026 so far.
• According to the SFLC Internet Shutdown Tracker:
  • Jammu & Kashmir: the highest number with about 449 since 2012.
  • Rajasthan: 115 shutdowns.
  • Manipur: 62 shutdowns.

News Summary

• Mobile internet services were shut down in parts of Central Delhi during the 'Chalo Sansad' protest organised by the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP). Key aspects include:
  • Thousands of people gathered on the opening day of Parliament's Monsoon Session.
  • Protesters demanded the resignation of Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan.
  • The protest followed the NEET paper leaks and irregularities in the CBSE school examination process.
  • The internet shutdown remained in place until the evening.
  • The Ministry of Home Affairs imposed the order across 150 cell sites, according to an industry source.
• The order was imposed under Clause (b) of Sub-section (2) of Section 20 of the Telecommunication Act, 2023, read with the 2024 Rules.

Legal Recourse Against Shutdown Orders

• A shutdown order may be challenged in court through:
  • High Court under Article 226: for writ petitions within a state's jurisdiction.
  • Supreme Court under Article 32: in appropriate cases involving fundamental rights.
• Courts can examine whether the order was:
  • Lawful and issued by the competent authority.
  • Proportionate to the situation.
  • Properly limited in area and duration.
  • Supported by valid reasons.
• Indefinite suspensions are unlawful. The government must publish its orders and provide reasons capable of judicial review.

Way Forward

• Legislative Reforms
  • Ensure strict compliance with the Telecommunications Act, 2023 and the 2024 Rules.
  • Discontinue the use of outdated Telegraph Act provisions.
  • Establish clearer criteria for what constitutes a public emergency.
  • Provide for automatic judicial review of shutdown orders.
• Institutional Safeguards
  • Strengthen the review committee mechanism.
  • Ensure timely publication of all shutdown orders.
  • Maintain a central public database of shutdowns.
  • Enable easier legal challenges to shutdown orders.
• Policy Approaches
  • Explore less restrictive alternatives such as targeted platform blocking.
  • Provide advance notice where possible.
  • Ensure the shortest possible duration of shutdowns.
  • Consider the cumulative impact on affected populations.
• Transparency Measures
  • Regular reporting to Parliament on shutdowns.
  • Public consultations on the framework.
  • Enhanced judicial oversight of orders.
  • Civil society engagement in policy formulation.